CMake/Help/manual/cmake-packages.7.rst

.. cmake-manual-description: CMake Packages Reference

cmake-packages(7)
*****************

.. only:: html or latex

   .. contents::

Introduction
============

Packages provide dependency information to CMake based buildsystems.  Packages
are found with the :command:`find_package` command.  The result of
using ``find_package`` is either a set of :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` targets, or
a set of variables corresponding to build-relevant information.

Using Packages
==============

CMake provides direct support for two forms of packages,
`Config-file Packages`_ and `Find-module Packages`_.
Indirect support for ``pkg-config`` packages is also provided via
the :module:`FindPkgConfig` module.  In all cases, the basic form
of :command:`find_package` calls is the same:

.. code-block:: cmake

  find_package(Qt4 4.7.0 REQUIRED) # CMake provides a Qt4 find-module
  find_package(Qt5Core 5.1.0 REQUIRED) # Qt provides a Qt5 package config file.
  find_package(LibXml2 REQUIRED) # Use pkg-config via the LibXml2 find-module

In cases where it is known that a package configuration file is provided by
upstream, and only that should be used, the ``CONFIG`` keyword may be passed
to :command:`find_package`:

.. code-block:: cmake

  find_package(Qt5Core 5.1.0 CONFIG REQUIRED)
  find_package(Qt5Gui 5.1.0 CONFIG)

Similarly, the ``MODULE`` keyword says to use only a find-module:

.. code-block:: cmake

  find_package(Qt4 4.7.0 MODULE REQUIRED)

Specifying the type of package explicitly improves the error message shown to
the user if it is not found.

Both types of packages also support specifying components of a package,
either after the ``REQUIRED`` keyword:

.. code-block:: cmake

  find_package(Qt5 5.1.0 CONFIG REQUIRED Widgets Xml Sql)

or as a separate ``COMPONENTS`` list:

.. code-block:: cmake

  find_package(Qt5 5.1.0 COMPONENTS Widgets Xml Sql)

or as a separate ``OPTIONAL_COMPONENTS`` list:

.. code-block:: cmake

  find_package(Qt5 5.1.0 COMPONENTS Widgets
                         OPTIONAL_COMPONENTS Xml Sql
  )

Handling of ``COMPONENTS`` and ``OPTIONAL_COMPONENTS`` is defined by the
package.

By setting the :variable:`CMAKE_DISABLE_FIND_PACKAGE_<PackageName>` variable to
``TRUE``, the ``PackageName`` package will not be searched, and will always
be ``NOTFOUND``.

Config-file Packages
--------------------

A config-file package is a set of files provided by upstreams for downstreams
to use. CMake searches in a number of locations for package configuration files, as
described in the :command:`find_package` documentation.  The most simple way for
a CMake user to tell :manual:`cmake(1)` to search in a non-standard prefix for
a package is to set the ``CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH`` cache variable.

Config-file packages are provided by upstream vendors as part of development
packages, that is, they belong with the header files and any other files
provided to assist downsteams in using the package.

A set of variables which provide package status information are also set
automatically when using a config-file package.  The ``<Package>_FOUND``
variable is set to true or false, depending on whether the package was
found.  The ``<Package>_DIR`` cache variable is set to the location of the
package configuration file.

Find-module Packages
--------------------

A find module is a file with a set of rules for finding the required pieces of
a dependency, primarily header files and libraries.  Typically, a find module
is needed when the upstream is not built with CMake, or is not CMake-aware
enough to otherwise provide a package configuration file.  Unlike a package configuration
file, it is not shipped with upstream, but is used by downstream to find the
files by guessing locations of files with platform-specific hints.

Unlike the case of an upstream-provided package configuration file, no single point
of reference identifies the package as being found, so the ``<Package>_FOUND``
variable is not automatically set by the :command:`find_package` command.  It
can still be expected to be set by convention however and should be set by
the author of the Find-module.  Similarly there is no ``<Package>_DIR`` variable,
but each of the artifacts such as library locations and header file locations
provide a separate cache variable.

See the :manual:`cmake-developer(7)` manual for more information about creating
Find-module files.

Package Layout
==============

A config-file package consists of a `Package Configuration File`_ and
optionally a `Package Version File`_ provided with the project distribution.

Package Configuration File
--------------------------

Consider a project ``Foo`` that installs the following files::

  <prefix>/include/foo-1.2/foo.h
  <prefix>/lib/foo-1.2/libfoo.a

It may also provide a CMake package configuration file::

  <prefix>/lib/cmake/foo-1.2/FooConfig.cmake

with content defining :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` targets, or defining variables, such
as:

.. code-block:: cmake

  # ...
  # (compute PREFIX relative to file location)
  # ...
  set(Foo_INCLUDE_DIRS ${PREFIX}/include/foo-1.2)
  set(Foo_LIBRARIES ${PREFIX}/lib/foo-1.2/libfoo.a)

If another project wishes to use ``Foo`` it need only to locate the ``FooConfig.cmake``
file and load it to get all the information it needs about package content
locations.  Since the package configuration file is provided by the package
installation it already knows all the file locations.

The :command:`find_package` command may be used to search for the package
configuration file.  This command constructs a set of installation prefixes
and searches under each prefix in several locations.  Given the name ``Foo``,
it looks for a file called ``FooConfig.cmake`` or ``foo-config.cmake``.
The full set of locations is specified in the :command:`find_package` command
documentation. One place it looks is::

 <prefix>/lib/cmake/Foo*/

where ``Foo*`` is a case-insensitive globbing expression.  In our example the
globbing expression will match ``<prefix>/lib/cmake/foo-1.2`` and the package
configuration file will be found.

Once found, a package configuration file is immediately loaded.  It, together
with a package version file, contains all the information the project needs to
use the package.

Package Version File
--------------------

When the :command:`find_package` command finds a candidate package configuration
file it looks next to it for a version file. The version file is loaded to test
whether the package version is an acceptable match for the version requested.
If the version file claims compatibility the configuration file is accepted.
Otherwise it is ignored.

The name of the package version file must match that of the package configuration
file but has either ``-version`` or ``Version`` appended to the name before
the ``.cmake`` extension.  For example, the files::

 <prefix>/lib/cmake/foo-1.3/foo-config.cmake
 <prefix>/lib/cmake/foo-1.3/foo-config-version.cmake

and::

 <prefix>/lib/cmake/bar-4.2/BarConfig.cmake
 <prefix>/lib/cmake/bar-4.2/BarConfigVersion.cmake

are each pairs of package configuration files and corresponding package version
files.

When the :command:`find_package` command loads a version file it first sets the
following variables:

``PACKAGE_FIND_NAME``
 The <package> name

``PACKAGE_FIND_VERSION``
 Full requested version string

``PACKAGE_FIND_VERSION_MAJOR``
 Major version if requested, else 0

``PACKAGE_FIND_VERSION_MINOR``
 Minor version if requested, else 0

``PACKAGE_FIND_VERSION_PATCH``
 Patch version if requested, else 0

``PACKAGE_FIND_VERSION_TWEAK``
 Tweak version if requested, else 0

``PACKAGE_FIND_VERSION_COUNT``
 Number of version components, 0 to 4

The version file must use these variables to check whether it is compatible or
an exact match for the requested version and set the following variables with
results:

``PACKAGE_VERSION``
 Full provided version string

``PACKAGE_VERSION_EXACT``
 True if version is exact match

``PACKAGE_VERSION_COMPATIBLE``
 True if version is compatible

``PACKAGE_VERSION_UNSUITABLE``
 True if unsuitable as any version

Version files are loaded in a nested scope so they are free to set any variables
they wish as part of their computation. The find_package command wipes out the
scope when the version file has completed and it has checked the output
variables. When the version file claims to be an acceptable match for the
requested version the find_package command sets the following variables for
use by the project:

``<package>_VERSION``
 Full provided version string

``<package>_VERSION_MAJOR``
 Major version if provided, else 0

``<package>_VERSION_MINOR``
 Minor version if provided, else 0

``<package>_VERSION_PATCH``
 Patch version if provided, else 0

``<package>_VERSION_TWEAK``
 Tweak version if provided, else 0

``<package>_VERSION_COUNT``
 Number of version components, 0 to 4

The variables report the version of the package that was actually found.
The ``<package>`` part of their name matches the argument given to the
:command:`find_package` command.

Creating Packages
=================

Usually, the upstream depends on CMake itself and can use some CMake facilities
for creating the package files. Consider an upstream which provides a single
shared library:

.. code-block:: cmake

  project(UpstreamLib)

  set(CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR ON)
  set(CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR_IN_INTERFACE ON)

  set(Upstream_VERSION 3.4.1)

  include(GenerateExportHeader)

  add_library(ClimbingStats SHARED climbingstats.cpp)
  generate_export_header(ClimbingStats)
  set_property(TARGET ClimbingStats PROPERTY VERSION ${Upstream_VERSION})
  set_property(TARGET ClimbingStats PROPERTY SOVERSION 3)
  set_property(TARGET ClimbingStats PROPERTY INTERFACE_ClimbingStats_MAJOR_VERSION 3)
  set_property(TARGET ClimbingStats APPEND PROPERTY
    COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING ClimbingStats_MAJOR_VERSION
  )

  install(TARGETS ClimbingStats EXPORT ClimbingStatsTargets
    LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
    ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
    INCLUDES DESTINATION include
  )
  install(
    FILES
      climbingstats.h
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/climbingstats_export.h"
    DESTINATION
      include
    COMPONENT
      Devel
  )

  include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
  write_basic_package_version_file(
    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ClimbingStats/ClimbingStatsConfigVersion.cmake"
    VERSION ${Upstream_VERSION}
    COMPATIBILITY AnyNewerVersion
  )

  export(EXPORT ClimbingStatsTargets
    FILE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ClimbingStats/ClimbingStatsTargets.cmake"
    NAMESPACE Upstream::
  )
  configure_file(cmake/ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake
    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ClimbingStats/ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake"
    COPY_ONLY
  )

  set(ConfigPackageLocation lib/cmake/ClimbingStats)
  install(EXPORT ClimbingStatsTargets
    FILE
      ClimbingStatsTargets.cmake
    NAMESPACE
      Upstream::
    DESTINATION
      ${ConfigPackageLocation}
  )
  install(
    FILES
      cmake/ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ClimbingStats/ClimbingStatsConfigVersion.cmake"
    DESTINATION
      ${ConfigPackageLocation}
    COMPONENT
      Devel
  )

The :module:`CMakePackageConfigHelpers` module provides a macro for creating
a simple ``ConfigVersion.cmake`` file.  This file sets the version of the
package.  It is read by CMake when :command:`find_package` is called to
determine the compatibility with the requested version, and to set some
version-specific variables ``<Package>_VERSION``, ``<Package>_VERSION_MAJOR``,
``<Package>_VERSION_MINOR`` etc.  The :command:`install(EXPORT)` command is
used to export the targets in the ``ClimbingStatsTargets`` export-set, defined
previously by the :command:`install(TARGETS)` command. This command generates
the ``ClimbingStatsTargets.cmake`` file to contain :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED`
targets, suitable for use by downsteams and arranges to install it to
``lib/cmake/ClimbingStats``.  The generated ``ClimbingStatsConfigVersion.cmake``
and a ``cmake/ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake`` are installed to the same location,
completing the package.

The generated :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` targets have appropriate properties set
to define their usage requirements, such as
:prop_tgt:`INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES`,
:prop_tgt:`INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS` and other relevant built-in
``INTERFACE_`` properties.  The ``INTERFACE`` variant of user-defined
properties listed in :prop_tgt:`COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING` and
other :ref:`Compatible Interface Properties` are also propagated to the
generated :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` targets.  In the above case,
``ClimbingStats_MAJOR_VERSION`` is defined as a string which must be
compatible among the dependencies of any depender.  By setting this custom
defined user property in this version and in the next version of
``ClimbingStats``, :manual:`cmake(1)` will issue a diagnostic if there is an
attempt to use version 3 together with version 4.  Packages can choose to
employ such a pattern if different major versions of the package are designed
to be incompatible.

A ``NAMESPACE`` with double-colons is specified when exporting the targets
for installation.  This convention of double-colons gives CMake a hint that
the name is an :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` target when it is used by downstreams
with the :command:`target_link_libraries` command.  This way, CMake can
issue a diagnostic if the package providing it has not yet been found.

In this case, when using :command:`install(TARGETS)` the ``INCLUDES DESTINATION``
was specified.  This causes the ``IMPORTED`` targets to have their
:prop_tgt:`INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES` populated with the ``include``
directory in the :variable:`CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`.  When the ``IMPORTED``
target is used by downsteam, it automatically consumes the entries from
that property.

In this case, the ``ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake`` file could be as simple as:

.. code-block:: cmake

  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ClimbingStatsTargets.cmake")

As this allows downstreams to use the ``IMPORTED`` targets.  If any macros
should be provided by the ``ClimbingStats`` package, they should
be in a separate file which is installed to the same location as the
``ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake`` file, and included from there.

Packages created by :command:`install(EXPORT)` are designed to be relocatable,
using paths relative to the location of the package itself.  When defining
the interface of a target for ``EXPORT``, keep in mind that the include
directories should be specified as relative paths which are relative to the
:variable:`CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`:

.. code-block:: cmake

  target_include_directories(tgt INTERFACE
    # Wrong, not relocatable:
    $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include/TgtName>
  )

  target_include_directories(tgt INTERFACE
    # Ok, relocatable:
    $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include/TgtName>
  )

The ``$<INSTALL_PREFIX>``
:manual:`generator expression <cmake-generator-expressions(7)>` may be used as
a placeholder for the install prefix without resulting in a non-relocatable
package.  This is necessary if complex generator expressions are used:

.. code-block:: cmake

  target_include_directories(tgt INTERFACE
    # Ok, relocatable:
    $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:$<INSTALL_PREFIX>/include/TgtName>>
  )

The :command:`export(EXPORT)` command creates an :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` targets
definition file which is specific to the build-tree, and is not relocatable.
This can similiarly be used with a suitable package configuration file and
package version file to define a package for the build tree which may be used
without installation.  Consumers of the build tree can simply ensure that the
:variable:`CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH` contains the build directory, or set the
``ClimbingStats_DIR`` to ``<build_dir>/ClimbingStats`` in the cache.

This can also be extended to cover dependencies:

.. code-block:: cmake

  # ...
  add_library(ClimbingStats SHARED climbingstats.cpp)
  generate_export_header(ClimbingStats)

  find_package(Stats 2.6.4 REQUIRED)
  target_link_libraries(ClimbingStats PUBLIC Stats::Types)

As the ``Stats::Types`` target is a ``PUBLIC`` dependency of ``ClimbingStats``,
downsteams must also find the ``Stats`` package and link to the ``Stats::Types``
library.  The ``Stats`` package should be found in the ``ClimbingStatsConfig.cmake``
file to ensure this.  The ``find_dependency`` macro from the
:module:`CMakeFindDependencyMacro` helps with this by propagating
whether the package is ``REQUIRED``, or ``QUIET`` etc.  All ``REQUIRED``
dependencies of a package should be found in the ``Config.cmake`` file:

.. code-block:: cmake

  include(CMakeFindDependencyMacro)
  find_dependency(Stats 2.6.4)

  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ClimbingStatsTargets.cmake")
  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ClimbingStatsMacros.cmake")

The ``find_dependency`` macro also sets ``ClimbingStats_FOUND`` to ``False`` if
the dependency is not found, along with a diagnostic that the ``ClimbingStats``
package can not be used without the ``Stats`` package.

If ``COMPONENTS`` are specified when the downstream uses :command:`find_package`,
they are listed in the ``<Package>_FIND_COMPONENTS`` variable. If a particular
component is non-optional, then the ``<Package>_FIND_REQUIRED_<comp>`` will
be true. This can be tested with logic in the package configuration file:

.. code-block:: cmake

  include(CMakeFindDependencyMacro)
  find_dependency(Stats 2.6.4)

  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ClimbingStatsTargets.cmake")
  include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ClimbingStatsMacros.cmake")

  set(_supported_components Plot Table)

  foreach(_comp ${ClimbingStats_FIND_COMPONENTS})
    if (NOT ";${_supported_components};" MATCHES _comp)
      set(ClimbingStats_FOUND False)
      set(ClimbingStats_NOTFOUND_MESSAGE "Specified unsupported component: ${_comp}")
    endif()
    include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/ClimbingStats${_comp}Targets.cmake")
  endforeach()

Here, the ``ClimbingStats_NOTFOUND_MESSAGE`` is set to a diagnosis that the package
could not be found because an invalid component was specified.  This message
variable can be set for any case where the ``_FOUND`` variable is set to ``False``,
and will be displayed to the user.