using AngleSharp;
using AngleSharp.Css;
using AngleSharp.Css.Dom;
using AngleSharp.Css.Parser;
using AngleSharp.Dom;
using AngleSharp.Html.Dom;
using AngleSharp.Html.Parser;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

namespace Ganss.Xss;

/// <summary>
/// Cleans HTML documents and fragments from constructs that can lead to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting">XSS attacks</a>.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// XSS attacks can occur at several levels within an HTML document or fragment:
/// <list type="bullet">
/// <item>HTML tags (e.g. the &lt;script&gt; tag)</item>
/// <item>HTML attributes (e.g. the "onload" attribute)</item>
/// <item>CSS styles (url property values)</item>
/// <item>malformed HTML or HTML that exploits parser bugs in specific browsers</item>
/// </list>
/// <para>
/// The HtmlSanitizer class addresses all of these possible attack vectors by using a sophisticated HTML parser (<a href="https://github.com/AngleSharp/AngleSharp">AngleSharp</a>).
/// </para>
/// <para>
/// In order to facilitate different use cases, HtmlSanitizer can be customized at the levels mentioned above:
/// <list type="bullet">
/// <item>You can specify the allowed HTML tags through the property <see cref="AllowedTags"/>. All other tags will be stripped.</item>
/// <item>You can specify the allowed HTML attributes through the property <see cref="AllowedAttributes"/>. All other attributes will be stripped.</item>
/// <item>You can specify the allowed CSS property names through the property <see cref="AllowedCssProperties"/>. All other styles will be stripped.</item>
/// <item>You can specify the allowed URI schemes through the property <see cref="AllowedSchemes"/>. All other URIs will be stripped.</item>
/// <item>You can specify the HTML attributes that contain URIs (such as "src", "href" etc.) through the property <see cref="UriAttributes"/>.</item>
/// </list>
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
/// <example>
/// <code>
/// <![CDATA[
/// var sanitizer = new HtmlSanitizer();
/// var html = @"<script>alert('xss')</script><div onload=""alert('xss')"" style=""background-color: test"">Test<img src=""test.gif"" style=""background-image: url(javascript:alert('xss')); margin: 10px""></div>";
/// var sanitized = sanitizer.Sanitize(html, "http://www.example.com");
/// // -> "<div style="background-color: test">Test<img style="margin: 10px" src="http://www.example.com/test.gif"></div>"
/// ]]>
/// </code>
/// </example>
public class HtmlSanitizer : IHtmlSanitizer
{
    private const string StyleAttributeName = "style";

    // from http://genshi.edgewall.org/
    private static readonly Regex CssUnicodeEscapes = new(@"\\([0-9a-fA-F]{1,6})\s?|\\([^\r\n\f0-9a-fA-F'""{};:()#*])", RegexOptions.Compiled);
    private static readonly Regex CssComments = new(@"/\*.*?\*/", RegexOptions.Compiled);
    // IE6 <http://heideri.ch/jso/#80>
    private static readonly Regex CssExpression = new(@"[eE\uFF25\uFF45][xX\uFF38\uFF58][pP\uFF30\uFF50][rR\u0280\uFF32\uFF52][eE\uFF25\uFF45][sS\uFF33\uFF53]{2}[iI\u026A\uFF29\uFF49][oO\uFF2F\uFF4F][nN\u0274\uFF2E\uFF4E]", RegexOptions.Compiled);
    private static readonly Regex CssUrl = new(@"[Uu][Rr\u0280][Ll\u029F]\((['""]?)([^'"")]+)(['""]?)", RegexOptions.Compiled);
    private static readonly Regex WhitespaceRegex = new(@"\s*", RegexOptions.Compiled);
    private static readonly IConfiguration defaultConfiguration = Configuration.Default.WithCss(new CssParserOptions
    {
        IsIncludingUnknownDeclarations = true,
        IsIncludingUnknownRules = true,
        IsToleratingInvalidSelectors = true,
    });

    private static readonly HtmlParser defaultHtmlParser = new(new HtmlParserOptions { IsScripting = true }, BrowsingContext.New(defaultConfiguration));

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="HtmlSanitizer"/> class
    /// with the default options.
    /// </summary>
    public HtmlSanitizer()
    {
        AllowedTags = new HashSet<string>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.AllowedTags, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedSchemes = new HashSet<string>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.AllowedSchemes, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedAttributes = new HashSet<string>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.AllowedAttributes, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        UriAttributes = new HashSet<string>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.UriAttributes, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedCssProperties = new HashSet<string>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.AllowedCssProperties, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedAtRules = new HashSet<CssRuleType>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.AllowedAtRules);
        AllowedClasses = new HashSet<string>(HtmlSanitizerDefaults.AllowedClasses);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="HtmlSanitizer"/> class
    /// with the given options.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="options">Options to control the sanitizing.</param>
    public HtmlSanitizer(HtmlSanitizerOptions options)
    {
        AllowedTags = new HashSet<string>(options.AllowedTags, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedSchemes = new HashSet<string>(options.AllowedSchemes, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedAttributes = new HashSet<string>(options.AllowedAttributes, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        UriAttributes = new HashSet<string>(options.UriAttributes, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedClasses = new HashSet<string>(options.AllowedCssClasses, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedCssProperties = new HashSet<string>(options.AllowedCssProperties, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        AllowedAtRules = new HashSet<CssRuleType>(options.AllowedAtRules);
        AllowCssCustomProperties = options.AllowCssCustomProperties;
        AllowDataAttributes = options.AllowDataAttributes;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default <see cref="Action{IComment}"/> method that encodes comments.
    /// </summary>
    public Action<IComment> EncodeComment { get; set; } = DefaultEncodeComment;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default <see cref="Action{IElement}"/> method that encodes literal text content.
    /// </summary>
    public Action<IElement> EncodeLiteralTextElementContent { get; set; } = DefaultEncodeLiteralTextElementContent;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default value indicating whether to keep child nodes of elements that are removed. Default is false.
    /// </summary>
    public static bool DefaultKeepChildNodes { get; set; } = false;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether to keep child nodes of elements that are removed. Default is <see cref="DefaultKeepChildNodes"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public bool KeepChildNodes { get; set; } = DefaultKeepChildNodes;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default <see cref="Func{HtmlParser}"/> object that creates the parser used for parsing the input.
    /// </summary>
    public static Func<HtmlParser> DefaultHtmlParserFactory { get; set; } = () => defaultHtmlParser;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the <see cref="Func{HtmlParser}"/> object the creates the parser used for parsing the input.
    /// </summary>
    public Func<HtmlParser> HtmlParserFactory { get; set; } = DefaultHtmlParserFactory;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default <see cref="IMarkupFormatter"/> object used for generating output. Default is <see cref="HtmlFormatter.Instance"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public static IMarkupFormatter DefaultOutputFormatter { get; set; } = HtmlFormatter.Instance;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the <see cref="IMarkupFormatter"/> object used for generating output. Default is <see cref="DefaultOutputFormatter"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public IMarkupFormatter OutputFormatter { get; set; } = DefaultOutputFormatter;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default <see cref="IStyleFormatter"/> object used for generating CSS output. Default is <see cref="CssStyleFormatter.Instance"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public static IStyleFormatter DefaultStyleFormatter { get; set; } = CssStyleFormatter.Instance;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the <see cref="IStyleFormatter"/> object used for generating CSS output. Default is <see cref="DefaultStyleFormatter"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public IStyleFormatter StyleFormatter { get; set; } = DefaultStyleFormatter;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the allowed CSS at-rules such as "@media" and "@font-face".
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The allowed CSS at-rules.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<CssRuleType> AllowedAtRules { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the allowed URI schemes such as "http" and "https".
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The allowed URI schemes.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<string> AllowedSchemes { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the allowed HTML tag names such as "a" and "div".
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The allowed tag names.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<string> AllowedTags { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the allowed HTML attributes such as "href" and "alt".
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The allowed HTML attributes.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<string> AllowedAttributes { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Allow all HTML5 data attributes; the attributes prefixed with <c>data-</c>.
    /// </summary>
    public bool AllowDataAttributes { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the HTML attributes that can contain a URI such as "href".
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The URI attributes.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<string> UriAttributes { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the allowed CSS properties such as "font" and "margin".
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The allowed CSS properties.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<string> AllowedCssProperties { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Allow all custom CSS properties (variables) prefixed with <c>--</c>.
    /// </summary>
    public bool AllowCssCustomProperties { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets a regex that must not match for legal CSS property values.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The regex.
    /// </value>
    public Regex DisallowCssPropertyValue { get; set; } = DefaultDisallowedCssPropertyValue;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the allowed CSS classes. If the set is empty, all classes will be allowed.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The allowed CSS classes. An empty set means all classes are allowed.
    /// </value>
    public ISet<string> AllowedClasses { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs after sanitizing the document and post processing nodes.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<PostProcessDomEventArgs>? PostProcessDom;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs for every node after sanitizing.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<PostProcessNodeEventArgs>? PostProcessNode;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs before a tag is removed.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<RemovingTagEventArgs>? RemovingTag;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs before an attribute is removed.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<RemovingAttributeEventArgs>? RemovingAttribute;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs before a style is removed.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<RemovingStyleEventArgs>? RemovingStyle;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs before an at-rule is removed.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<RemovingAtRuleEventArgs>? RemovingAtRule;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs before a comment is removed.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<RemovingCommentEventArgs>? RemovingComment;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs before a CSS class is removed.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<RemovingCssClassEventArgs>? RemovingCssClass;
    /// <summary>
    /// Occurs when a URL is being sanitized.
    /// </summary>
    public event EventHandler<FilterUrlEventArgs>? FilterUrl;

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:PostProcessDom" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="PostProcessDomEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnPostProcessDom(PostProcessDomEventArgs e)
    {
        PostProcessDom?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:PostProcessNode" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="PostProcessNodeEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnPostProcessNode(PostProcessNodeEventArgs e)
    {
        PostProcessNode?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:RemovingTag" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="RemovingTagEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnRemovingTag(RemovingTagEventArgs e)
    {
        RemovingTag?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:RemovingAttribute" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="RemovingAttributeEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnRemovingAttribute(RemovingAttributeEventArgs e)
    {
        RemovingAttribute?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:RemovingStyle" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="RemovingStyleEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnRemovingStyle(RemovingStyleEventArgs e)
    {
        RemovingStyle?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:RemovingAtRule" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="RemovingAtRuleEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnRemovingAtRule(RemovingAtRuleEventArgs e)
    {
        RemovingAtRule?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:RemovingComment" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="RemovingCommentEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnRemovingComment(RemovingCommentEventArgs e)
    {
        RemovingComment?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The default regex for disallowed CSS property values.
    /// </summary>
    public static readonly Regex DefaultDisallowedCssPropertyValue = new(@"[<>]", RegexOptions.Compiled);

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:RemovingCSSClass" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="RemovingCssClassEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnRemovingCssClass(RemovingCssClassEventArgs e)
    {
        RemovingCssClass?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Raises the <see cref="E:FilterUrl" /> event.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="e">The <see cref="FilterUrlEventArgs"/> instance containing the event data.</param>
    protected virtual void OnFilteringUrl(FilterUrlEventArgs e)
    {
        FilterUrl?.Invoke(this, e);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Return all nested subnodes of a node. The nodes are returned in DOM order.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="dom">The root node.</param>
    /// <returns>All nested subnodes.</returns>
    private static IEnumerable<INode> GetAllNodes(INode dom)
    {
        if (dom.ChildNodes.Length == 0) yield break;

        var s = new Stack<INode>();
        for (var i = dom.ChildNodes.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            s.Push(dom.ChildNodes[i]);
        }

        while (s.Count > 0)
        {
            var n = s.Pop();
            yield return n;

            for (var i = n.ChildNodes.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                s.Push(n.ChildNodes[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes the specified HTML body fragment. If a document is given, only the body part will be returned.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="html">The HTML body fragment to sanitize.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL relative URLs are resolved against. No resolution if empty.</param>
    /// <param name="outputFormatter">The formatter used to render the DOM. Using the <see cref="OutputFormatter"/> if null.</param>
    /// <returns>The sanitized HTML body fragment.</returns>
    public string Sanitize(string html, string baseUrl = "", IMarkupFormatter? outputFormatter = null)
    {
        using var dom = SanitizeDom(html, baseUrl);
        if (dom.Body == null) return string.Empty;
        var output = dom.Body.ChildNodes.ToHtml(outputFormatter ?? OutputFormatter);

        return output;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes the specified HTML body fragment. If a document is given, only the body part will be returned.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="html">The HTML body fragment to sanitize.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL relative URLs are resolved against. No resolution if empty.</param>
    /// <returns>The sanitized HTML document.</returns>
    public IHtmlDocument SanitizeDom(string html, string baseUrl = "")
    {
        var parser = HtmlParserFactory();
        var dom = parser.ParseDocument("<!doctype html><html><body>" + html);

        if (dom.Body != null)
            DoSanitize(dom, dom.Body, baseUrl);

        return dom;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes the specified parsed HTML body fragment.
    /// If the document has not been parsed with CSS support then all styles will be removed.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="document">The parsed HTML document.</param>
    /// <param name="context">The node within which to sanitize.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL relative URLs are resolved against. No resolution if empty.</param>
    /// <returns>The sanitized HTML document.</returns>
    public IHtmlDocument SanitizeDom(IHtmlDocument document, IHtmlElement? context = null, string baseUrl = "")
    {
        DoSanitize(document, context ?? (IParentNode)document, baseUrl);

        return document;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes the specified HTML document. Even if only a fragment is given, a whole document will be returned.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="html">The HTML document to sanitize.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL relative URLs are resolved against. No resolution if empty.</param>
    /// <param name="outputFormatter">The formatter used to render the DOM. Using the <see cref="OutputFormatter"/> if null.</param>
    /// <returns>The sanitized HTML document.</returns>
    public string SanitizeDocument(string html, string baseUrl = "", IMarkupFormatter? outputFormatter = null)
    {
        var parser = HtmlParserFactory();
        using var dom = parser.ParseDocument(html);

        DoSanitize(dom, dom, baseUrl);

        var output = dom.ToHtml(outputFormatter ?? OutputFormatter);

        return output;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes the specified HTML document. Even if only a fragment is given, a whole document will be returned.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="html">The HTML document to sanitize.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL relative URLs are resolved against. No resolution if empty.</param>
    /// <param name="outputFormatter">The formatter used to render the DOM. Using the <see cref="OutputFormatter"/> if null.</param>
    /// <returns>The sanitized HTML document.</returns>
    public string SanitizeDocument(Stream html, string baseUrl = "", IMarkupFormatter? outputFormatter = null)
    {
        var parser = HtmlParserFactory();
        using var dom = parser.ParseDocument(html);

        DoSanitize(dom, dom, baseUrl);

        var output = dom.ToHtml(outputFormatter ?? OutputFormatter);

        return output;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes all comment nodes from a list of nodes.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="context">The node within which to remove comments.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if any comments were removed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    private void RemoveComments(INode context)
    {
        foreach (var comment in GetAllNodes(context).OfType<IComment>().ToList())
        {
            EncodeComment(comment);

            var e = new RemovingCommentEventArgs(comment);
            OnRemovingComment(e);

            if (!e.Cancel)
                comment.Remove();
        }
    }

    private static void DefaultEncodeComment(IComment comment)
    {
        var escapedText = comment.TextContent.Replace("<", "&lt;").Replace(">", "&gt;");
        if (escapedText != comment.TextContent)
            comment.TextContent = escapedText;
    }

    private static void DefaultEncodeLiteralTextElementContent(IElement tag)
    {
        var escapedHtml = tag.InnerHtml.Replace("<", "&lt;").Replace(">", "&gt;");
        if (escapedHtml != tag.InnerHtml)
            tag.InnerHtml = escapedHtml;
        if (tag.InnerHtml != escapedHtml) // setting InnerHtml does not work for noscript
            tag.SetInnerText(escapedHtml);
    }

    private void DoSanitize(IHtmlDocument dom, IParentNode context, string baseUrl = "")
    {
        // remove disallowed tags
        foreach (var tag in context.QuerySelectorAll("*").Where(t => !IsAllowedTag(t)).ToList())
        {
            RemoveTag(tag, RemoveReason.NotAllowedTag);
        }

        // always encode text in raw data content
        foreach (var tag in context.QuerySelectorAll("*")
            .Where(t => t is not IHtmlStyleElement
                && t.Flags.HasFlag(NodeFlags.LiteralText)
                && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(t.InnerHtml)))
        {
            EncodeLiteralTextElementContent(tag);
        }

        SanitizeStyleSheets(dom, baseUrl);

        // cleanup attributes
        foreach (var tag in context.QuerySelectorAll("*").ToList())
        {
            // remove disallowed attributes
            foreach (var attribute in tag.Attributes.Where(a => !IsAllowedAttribute(a)).ToList())
            {
                RemoveAttribute(tag, attribute, RemoveReason.NotAllowedAttribute);
            }

            // sanitize URLs in URL-marked attributes
            foreach (var attribute in tag.Attributes.Where(IsUriAttribute).ToList())
            {
                var url = SanitizeUrl(tag, attribute.Value, baseUrl);

                if (url == null)
                    RemoveAttribute(tag, attribute, RemoveReason.NotAllowedUrlValue);
                else
                    tag.SetAttribute(attribute.Name, url);
            }

            // sanitize the style attribute
            var oldStyleEmpty = string.IsNullOrEmpty(tag.GetAttribute(StyleAttributeName));
            SanitizeStyle(tag, baseUrl);

            // sanitize the value of the attributes
            foreach (var attribute in tag.Attributes.ToList())
            {
                // The '& Javascript include' is a possible method to execute Javascript and can lead to XSS.
                // (see https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS_Filter_Evasion_Cheat_Sheet#.26_JavaScript_includes)
                if (attribute.Value.Contains("&{"))
                {
                    RemoveAttribute(tag, attribute, RemoveReason.NotAllowedValue);
                }
                else
                {
                    if (AllowedClasses.Any() && attribute.Name == "class")
                    {
                        var removedClasses = tag.ClassList.Except(AllowedClasses).ToArray();

                        foreach (var removedClass in removedClasses)
                            RemoveCssClass(tag, removedClass, RemoveReason.NotAllowedCssClass);

                        if (tag.ClassList.Length == 0)
                            RemoveAttribute(tag, attribute, RemoveReason.ClassAttributeEmpty);
                    }
                    else if (!oldStyleEmpty && attribute.Name == StyleAttributeName && string.IsNullOrEmpty(attribute.Value))
                    {
                        RemoveAttribute(tag, attribute, RemoveReason.StyleAttributeEmpty);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (context is INode node)
        {
            RemoveComments(node);
        }

        DoPostProcess(dom, context as INode);
    }

    private void SanitizeStyleSheets(IHtmlDocument dom, string baseUrl)
    {
        foreach (var styleSheet in dom.StyleSheets.OfType<ICssStyleSheet>())
        {
            var styleTag = styleSheet.OwnerNode;
            var i = 0;

            while (i < styleSheet.Rules.Length)
            {
                var rule = styleSheet.Rules[i];
                if (!SanitizeStyleRule(rule, styleTag, baseUrl) && RemoveAtRule(styleTag, rule))
                    styleSheet.RemoveAt(i);
                else i++;
            }

            styleTag.InnerHtml = styleSheet.ToCss(StyleFormatter).Replace("<", "\\3c ");
        }
    }

    private bool SanitizeStyleRule(ICssRule rule, IElement styleTag, string baseUrl)
    {
        if (!AllowedAtRules.Contains(rule.Type)) return false;

        if (rule is ICssStyleRule styleRule)
        {
            SanitizeStyleDeclaration(styleTag, styleRule.Style, baseUrl);
        }
        else
        {
            if (rule is ICssGroupingRule groupingRule)
            {
                var i = 0;

                while (i < groupingRule.Rules.Length)
                {
                    var childRule = groupingRule.Rules[i];
                    if (!SanitizeStyleRule(childRule, styleTag, baseUrl) && RemoveAtRule(styleTag, childRule))
                        groupingRule.RemoveAt(i);
                    else i++;
                }
            }
            else if (rule is ICssPageRule pageRule)
            {
                SanitizeStyleDeclaration(styleTag, pageRule.Style, baseUrl);
            }
            else if (rule is ICssKeyframesRule keyFramesRule)
            {
                foreach (var childRule in keyFramesRule.Rules.OfType<ICssKeyframeRule>().ToList())
                {
                    if (!SanitizeStyleRule(childRule, styleTag, baseUrl) && RemoveAtRule(styleTag, childRule))
                        keyFramesRule.Remove(childRule.KeyText);
                }
            }
            else if (rule is ICssKeyframeRule keyFrameRule)
            {
                SanitizeStyleDeclaration(styleTag, keyFrameRule.Style, baseUrl);
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Performs post processing on all nodes in the document.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="dom">The HTML document.</param>
    /// <param name="context">The node within which to post process all nodes.</param>
    private void DoPostProcess(IHtmlDocument dom, INode? context)
    {
        if (PostProcessNode != null)
        {
            dom.Normalize();

            if (context != null)
            {
                var nodes = GetAllNodes(context).ToList();
                foreach (var node in nodes)
                {
                    var e = new PostProcessNodeEventArgs(dom, node);
                    OnPostProcessNode(e);
                    if (e.ReplacementNodes.Count != 0)
                    {
                        ((IChildNode)node).Replace([.. e.ReplacementNodes]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (PostProcessDom != null)
        {
            var e = new PostProcessDomEventArgs(dom);
            OnPostProcessDom(e);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified attribute can contain a URI.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="attribute">The attribute.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the attribute can contain a URI; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    private bool IsUriAttribute(IAttr attribute)
    {
        return UriAttributes.Contains(attribute.Name);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified tag is allowed.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tag">The tag.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the tag is allowed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    private bool IsAllowedTag(IElement tag)
    {
        return AllowedTags.Contains(tag.NodeName);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified attribute is allowed.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="attribute">The attribute.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the attribute is allowed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
    private bool IsAllowedAttribute(IAttr attribute)
    {
        return AllowedAttributes.Contains(attribute.Name)
            // test html5 data- attributes
            || (AllowDataAttributes && attribute.Name != null && attribute.Name.StartsWith("data-", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes the style.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="element">The element.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL.</param>
    protected void SanitizeStyle(IElement element, string baseUrl)
    {
        // filter out invalid CSS declarations
        // see https://github.com/AngleSharp/AngleSharp/issues/101
        var attribute = element.GetAttribute(StyleAttributeName);
        if (attribute == null)
            return;

        if (element.GetStyle() == null)
        {
            element.RemoveAttribute(StyleAttributeName);
            return;
        }

        element.SetAttribute(StyleAttributeName, element.GetStyle().ToCss(StyleFormatter));

        var styles = element.GetStyle();
        if (styles == null || styles.Length == 0)
            return;

        SanitizeStyleDeclaration(element, styles, baseUrl);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Verify if the given CSS property name is allowed. By default this will
    /// check if the property is in the <see cref="AllowedCssProperties"/> set,
    /// or if the property is a custom property and <see cref="AllowCssCustomProperties"/> is true.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="propertyName">The name of the CSS property.</param>
    /// <returns>True if the property is allowed or not.</returns>
    protected virtual bool IsAllowedCssProperty(string propertyName)
    {
        return AllowedCssProperties.Contains(propertyName)
            || AllowCssCustomProperties && propertyName != null && propertyName.StartsWith("--");
    }

    private void SanitizeStyleDeclaration(IElement element, ICssStyleDeclaration styles, string baseUrl)
    {
        var removeStyles = new List<Tuple<ICssProperty, RemoveReason>>();
        var setStyles = new Dictionary<string, string>();

        foreach (var style in styles)
        {
            var key = DecodeCss(style.Name);
            var val = DecodeCss(style.Value);

            if (!IsAllowedCssProperty(key))
            {
                removeStyles.Add(new Tuple<ICssProperty, RemoveReason>(style, RemoveReason.NotAllowedStyle));
                continue;
            }

            if (CssExpression.IsMatch(val) || DisallowCssPropertyValue.IsMatch(val))
            {
                removeStyles.Add(new Tuple<ICssProperty, RemoveReason>(style, RemoveReason.NotAllowedValue));
                continue;
            }

            val = WhitespaceRegex.Replace(val, string.Empty);

            var urls = CssUrl.Matches(val).Cast<Match>().Select(m => (Match: m, Url: SanitizeUrl(element, m.Groups[2].Value, baseUrl)));

            if (urls.Any())
            {
                if (urls.Any(u => u.Url == null))
                    removeStyles.Add(new Tuple<ICssProperty, RemoveReason>(style, RemoveReason.NotAllowedUrlValue));
                else
                {
                    var sb = new StringBuilder();
                    var ix = 0;

                    foreach (var url in urls)
                    {
                        sb.Append(val, ix, url.Match.Index - ix);
                        sb.Append("url(");
                        sb.Append(url.Match.Groups[1].Value);
                        sb.Append(url.Url);
                        sb.Append(url.Match.Groups[3].Value);
                        ix = url.Match.Index + url.Match.Length;
                    }

                    sb.Append(val, ix, val.Length - ix);

                    var s = sb.ToString();

                    if (s != val)
                    {
                        if (key != style.Name)
                        {
                            removeStyles.Add(new Tuple<ICssProperty, RemoveReason>(style, RemoveReason.NotAllowedUrlValue));
                        }
                        setStyles[key] = s;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        foreach (var style in setStyles)
        {
            styles.SetProperty(style.Key, style.Value);
        }

        foreach (var style in removeStyles)
        {
            RemoveStyle(element, styles, style.Item1, style.Item2);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Decodes CSS Unicode escapes and removes comments.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="css">The CSS string.</param>
    /// <returns>The decoded CSS string.</returns>
    protected static string DecodeCss(string css)
    {
        var r = CssUnicodeEscapes.Replace(css, m =>
        {
            if (m.Groups[1].Success)
                return ((char)int.Parse(m.Groups[1].Value, NumberStyles.HexNumber)).ToString();
            var t = m.Groups[2].Value;
            return t == "\\" ? @"\\" : t;
        });

        r = CssComments.Replace(r, m => "");

        return r;
    }

    private static readonly Regex SchemeRegex = new(@"^([^\/#]*?)(?:\:|&#0*58|&#x0*3a)", RegexOptions.Compiled | RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);

    /// <summary>
    /// Tries to create a safe <see cref="Iri"/> object from a string.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="url">The URL.</param>
    /// <returns>The <see cref="Iri"/> object or null if no safe <see cref="Iri"/> can be created.</returns>
    protected Iri? GetSafeIri(string url)
    {
        url = url.TrimStart();

        var schemeMatch = SchemeRegex.Match(url);

        if (schemeMatch.Success)
        {
            var scheme = schemeMatch.Groups[1].Value;
            return AllowedSchemes.Contains(scheme, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? new Iri(url, scheme) : null;
        }

        return new Iri(url);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sanitizes a URL.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="element">The tag containing the URL being sanitized.</param>
    /// <param name="url">The URL.</param>
    /// <param name="baseUrl">The base URL relative URLs are resolved against (empty or null for no resolution).</param>
    /// <returns>The sanitized URL or <c>null</c> if no safe URL can be created.</returns>
    protected virtual string? SanitizeUrl(IElement element, string url, string baseUrl)
    {
        var iri = GetSafeIri(url);

        if (iri != null && !iri.IsAbsolute && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(baseUrl))
        {
            // resolve relative URI
            if (Uri.TryCreate(baseUrl, UriKind.Absolute, out Uri? baseUri))
            {
                try
                {
                    var sanitizedUrl = new Uri(baseUri, iri.Value).AbsoluteUri;
                    var ev = new FilterUrlEventArgs(element, url, sanitizedUrl);

                    OnFilteringUrl(ev);

                    return ev.SanitizedUrl;
                }
                catch (UriFormatException)
                {
                    iri = null;
                }
            }
            else iri = null;
        }

        var e = new FilterUrlEventArgs(element, url, iri?.Value);
        OnFilteringUrl(e);

        return e.SanitizedUrl;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes a tag from the document.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tag">Tag to be removed.</param>
    /// <param name="reason">Reason for removal.</param>
    private void RemoveTag(IElement tag, RemoveReason reason)
    {
        var e = new RemovingTagEventArgs(tag, reason);
        OnRemovingTag(e);

        if (!e.Cancel)
        {
            if (KeepChildNodes && tag.HasChildNodes)
                tag.Replace([.. tag.ChildNodes]);
            else
                tag.Remove();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes an attribute from the document.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tag">Tag the attribute belongs to.</param>
    /// <param name="attribute">Attribute to be removed.</param>
    /// <param name="reason">Reason for removal.</param>
    private void RemoveAttribute(IElement tag, IAttr attribute, RemoveReason reason)
    {
        var e = new RemovingAttributeEventArgs(tag, attribute, reason);
        OnRemovingAttribute(e);

        if (!e.Cancel)
            tag.RemoveAttribute(attribute.Name);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes a style from the document.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tag">Tag the style belongs to.</param>
    /// <param name="styles">Style rule that contains the style to be removed.</param>
    /// <param name="style">Style to be removed.</param>
    /// <param name="reason">Reason for removal.</param>
    private void RemoveStyle(IElement tag, ICssStyleDeclaration styles, ICssProperty style, RemoveReason reason)
    {
        var e = new RemovingStyleEventArgs(tag, style, reason);
        OnRemovingStyle(e);

        if (!e.Cancel)
            styles.RemoveProperty(style.Name);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes an at-rule from the document.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tag">Tag the style belongs to.</param>
    /// <param name="rule">Rule to be removed.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c>, if the rule can be removed; <c>false</c>, otherwise.</returns>
    private bool RemoveAtRule(IElement tag, ICssRule rule)
    {
        var e = new RemovingAtRuleEventArgs(tag, rule);
        OnRemovingAtRule(e);

        return !e.Cancel;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes a CSS class from a class attribute.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tag">Tag the style belongs to.</param>
    /// <param name="cssClass">Class to be removed.</param>
    /// <param name="reason">Reason for removal.</param>
    private void RemoveCssClass(IElement tag, string cssClass, RemoveReason reason)
    {
        var e = new RemovingCssClassEventArgs(tag, cssClass, reason);
        OnRemovingCssClass(e);

        if (!e.Cancel)
            tag.ClassList.Remove(cssClass);
    }
}