dbeaver/docs/sql1992.txt

 









                                                    Information Technology -

                                                       Database Language SQL

                                         (Proposed revised text of DIS 9075)






                                                                   July 1992

 


















         (Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database
         Language SQL- July 30, 1992








































         Digital Equipment Corporation
         Maynard, Massachusetts

 












        Contents                                                       Page


        Foreword.........................................................xi

        Introduction.....................................................xiii

        1  Scope ........................................................ 1

        2  Normative references ......................................... 3

        3  Definitions, notations, and conventions ...................... 5

        3.1  Definitions ................................................ 5

        3.1.1Definitions taken from ISO/IEC 10646 ....................... 5

        3.1.2Definitions taken from ISO 8601 ............................ 5

        3.1.3Definitions provided in this International Standard ........ 5

        3.2  Notation ................................................... 7

        3.3  Conventions ................................................ 9

        3.3.1Informative elements ....................................... 9

        3.3.2Specification of syntactic elements ........................ 9

        3.3.3Specification of the Information Schema ....................10

        3.3.4Use of terms ...............................................10

        3.3.4Exceptions .................................................10

        3.3.4Syntactic containment ......................................11

        3.3.4Terms denoting rule requirements ...........................12

        3.3.4Rule evaluation order ......................................12

        3.3.4Conditional rules ..........................................13

        3.3.4Syntactic substitution .....................................13

        3.3.4Other terms ................................................14

        3.3.5Descriptors ................................................14

        3.3.6Index typography ...........................................15

        3.4  Object identifier for Database Language SQL ................16

        4  Concepts .....................................................19

        4.1  Data types .................................................19

        4.2  Character strings ..........................................20

        4.2.1Character strings and collating sequences ..................20

        4.2.2Operations involving character strings .....................22

        4.2.2Operators that operate on character strings and return char-
             acter strings...............................................22

        4.2.2Other operators involving character strings ................23

        4.2.3Rules determining collating sequence usage .................23

        4.3  Bit strings ................................................26

        4.3.1Bit string comparison and assignment .......................27

        4.3.2Operations involving bit strings ...........................27

        4.3.2Operators that operate on bit strings and return bit strings
             ............................................................27

        4.3.2Other operators involving bit strings ......................27

        ii  Database Language SQL

 









         4.4  Numbers ....................................................27

         4.4.1Characteristics of numbers .................................28

         4.4.2Operations involving numbers ...............................29

         4.5  Datetimes and intervals ....................................29

         4.5.1Datetimes ..................................................30

         4.5.2Intervals ..................................................32

         4.5.3Operations involving datetimes and intervals ...............34

         4.6  Type conversions and mixing of data types ..................34

         4.7  Domains ....................................................35

         4.8  Columns ....................................................36

         4.9  Tables .....................................................37

         4.10 Integrity constraints ......................................40

         4.10.Checking of constraints ....................................41

         4.10.Table constraints ..........................................41

         4.10.Domain constraints .........................................43

         4.10.Assertions .................................................43

         4.11 SQL-schemas ................................................44

         4.12 Catalogs ...................................................45

         4.13 Clusters of catalogs .......................................45

         4.14 SQL-data ...................................................45

         4.15 SQL-environment ............................................46

         4.16 Modules ....................................................46

         4.17 Procedures .................................................47

         4.18 Parameters .................................................47

         4.18.Status parameters ..........................................47

         4.18.Data parameters ............................................48

         4.18.Indicator parameters .......................................48

         4.19 Diagnostics area ...........................................48

         4.20 Standard programming languages .............................49

         4.21 Cursors ....................................................49

         4.22 SQL-statements .............................................51

         4.22.Classes of SQL-statements ..................................51

         4.22.SQL-statements classified by function ......................52

         4.22.Embeddable SQL-statements ..................................55

         4.22.Preparable and immediately executable SQL-statements .......56

         4.22.Directly executable SQL-statements .........................58

         4.22.SQL-statements and transaction states ......................59

         4.23 Embedded syntax ............................................61

         4.24 SQL dynamic statements .....................................61

         4.25 Direct invocation of SQL ...................................64

         4.26 Privileges .................................................64

         4.27 SQL-agents .................................................66

         4.28 SQL-transactions ...........................................67

         4.29 SQL-connections ............................................70

         4.30 SQL-sessions ...............................................72

                                                      Table of Contents  iii

 









         4.31 Client-server operation ....................................74

         4.32 Information Schema .........................................75

         4.33 Leveling ...................................................75

         4.34 SQL Flagger ................................................76

         5  Lexical elements .............................................79

         5.1  <SQL terminal character> ...................................79

         5.2  <token> and <separator> ....................................82

         5.3  <literal> ..................................................89

         5.4  Names and identifiers ......................................98

         6  Scalar expressions ...........................................107

         6.1  <data type> ................................................107

         6.2  <value specification> and <target specification> ...........114

         6.3  <table reference> ..........................................118

         6.4  <column reference> .........................................121

         6.5  <set function specification> ...............................124

         6.6  <numeric value function> ...................................128

         6.7  <string value function> ....................................132

         6.8  <datetime value function> ..................................139

         6.9  <case expression> ..........................................141

         6.10 <cast specification> .......................................144

         6.11 <value expression> .........................................155

         6.12 <numeric value expression> .................................157

         6.13 <string value expression> ..................................160

         6.14 <datetime value expression> ................................165

         6.15 <interval value expression> ................................168

         7  Query expressions ............................................173

         7.1  <row value constructor> ....................................173

         7.2  <table value constructor> ..................................176

         7.3  <table expression> .........................................177

         7.4  <from clause> ..............................................178

         7.5  <joined table> .............................................180

         7.6  <where clause> .............................................185

         7.7  <group by clause> ..........................................187

         7.8  <having clause> ............................................189

         7.9  <query specification> ......................................191

         7.10 <query expression> .........................................196

         7.11 <scalar subquery>, <row subquery>, and <table subquery> ....203

         8  Predicates ...................................................205

         8.1  <predicate> ................................................205

         8.2  <comparison predicate> .....................................207

         8.3  <between predicate> ........................................211

         8.4  <in predicate> .............................................212

         iv  Database Language SQL

 









         8.5  <like predicate> ...........................................214

         8.6  <null predicate> ...........................................218

         8.7  <quantified comparison predicate> ..........................220

         8.8  <exists predicate> .........................................222

         8.9  <unique predicate> .........................................223

         8.10 <match predicate> ..........................................224

         8.11 <overlaps predicate> .......................................227

         8.12 <search condition> .........................................229

         9  Data assignment rules ........................................231

         9.1  Retrieval assignment .......................................231

         9.2  Store assignment ...........................................234

         9.3  Set operation result data types ............................237

         10 Additional common elements ...................................239

         10.1 <interval qualifier> .......................................239

         10.2 <language clause> ..........................................243

         10.3 <privileges> ...............................................245

         10.4 <character set specification> ..............................248

         10.5 <collate clause> ...........................................251

         10.6 <constraint name definition> and <constraint attributes> ...252

         11 Schema definition and manipulation ...........................255

         11.1 <schema definition> ........................................255

         11.2 <drop schema statement> ....................................258

         11.3 <table definition> .........................................260

         11.4 <column definition> ........................................262

         11.5 <default clause> ...........................................266

         11.6 <table constraint definition> ..............................270

         11.7 <unique constraint definition> .............................272

         11.8 <referential constraint definition> ........................274

         11.9 <check constraint definition> ..............................281

         11.10<alter table statement> ....................................283

         11.11<add column definition> ....................................284

         11.12<alter column definition> ..................................286

         11.13<set column default clause> ................................287

         11.14<drop column default clause> ...............................288

         11.15<drop column definition> ...................................289

         11.16<add table constraint definition> ..........................291

         11.17<drop table constraint definition> .........................292

         11.18<drop table statement> .....................................294

         11.19<view definition> ..........................................296

         11.20<drop view statement> ......................................300

         11.21<domain definition> ........................................301

         11.22<alter domain statement> ...................................304

         11.23<set domain default clause> ................................305

                                                        Table of Contents  v

 









         11.24<drop domain default clause> ...............................306

         11.25<add domain constraint definition> .........................307

         11.26<drop domain constraint definition> ........................308

         11.27<drop domain statement> ....................................309

         11.28<character set definition> .................................311

         11.29<drop character set statement> .............................313

         11.30<collation definition> .....................................314

         11.31<drop collation statement> .................................318

         11.32<translation definition> ...................................320

         11.33<drop translation statement> ...............................323

         11.34<assertion definition> .....................................325

         11.35<drop assertion statement> .................................328

         11.36<grant statement> ..........................................329

         11.37<revoke statement> .........................................333

         12 Module .......................................................341

         12.1 <module> ...................................................341

         12.2 <module name clause> .......................................344

         12.3 <procedure> ................................................346

         12.4 Calls to a <procedure> .....................................352

         12.5 <SQL procedure statement> ..................................368

         13 Data manipulation ............................................371

         13.1 <declare cursor> ...........................................371

         13.2 <open statement> ...........................................375

         13.3 <fetch statement> ..........................................377

         13.4 <close statement> ..........................................381

         13.5 <select statement: single row> .............................382

         13.6 <delete statement: positioned> .............................384

         13.7 <delete statement: searched> ...............................386

         13.8 <insert statement> .........................................388

         13.9 <update statement: positioned> .............................391

         13.10<update statement: searched> ...............................394

         13.11<temporary table declaration> ..............................397

         14 Transaction management .......................................399

         14.1 <set transaction statement> ................................399

         14.2 <set constraints mode statement> ...........................401

         14.3 <commit statement> .........................................403

         14.4 <rollback statement> .......................................405

         15 Connection management ........................................407

         15.1 <connect statement> ........................................407

         15.2 <set connection statement> .................................410

         15.3 <disconnect statement> .....................................412

         vi  Database Language SQL

 









         16 Session management ...........................................415

         16.1 <set catalog statement> ....................................415

         16.2 <set schema statement> .....................................417

         16.3 <set names statement> ......................................419

         16.4 <set session authorization identifier statement> ...........420

         16.5 <set local time zone statement> ............................422

         17 Dynamic SQL ..................................................425

         17.1 Description of SQL item descriptor areas ...................425

         17.2 <allocate descriptor statement> ............................431

         17.3 <deallocate descriptor statement> ..........................433

         17.4 <get descriptor statement> .................................434

         17.5 <set descriptor statement> .................................438

         17.6 <prepare statement> ........................................442

         17.7 <deallocate prepared statement> ............................449

         17.8 <describe statement> .......................................450

         17.9 <using clause> .............................................451

         17.10<execute statement> ........................................459

         17.11<execute immediate statement> ..............................462

         17.12<dynamic declare cursor> ...................................464

         17.13<allocate cursor statement> ................................465

         17.14<dynamic open statement> ...................................467

         17.15<dynamic fetch statement> ..................................469

         17.16<dynamic close statement> ..................................471

         17.17<dynamic delete statement: positioned> .....................472

         17.18<dynamic update statement: positioned> .....................474

         17.19<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ..........476

         17.20<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ..........477

         18 Diagnostics management .......................................479

         18.1 <get diagnostics statement> ................................479

         19 Embedded SQL .................................................489

         19.1 <embedded SQL host program> ................................489

         19.2 <embedded exception declaration> ...........................497

         19.3 <embedded SQL Ada program> .................................500

         19.4 <embedded SQL C program> ...................................504

         19.5 <embedded SQL COBOL program> ...............................508

         19.6 <embedded SQL Fortran program> .............................512

         19.7 <embedded SQL MUMPS program> ...............................515

         19.8 <embedded SQL Pascal program> ..............................517

         19.9 <embedded SQL PL/I program> ................................520

         20 Direct invocation of SQL .....................................525

         20.1 <direct SQL statement> .....................................525

         20.2 <direct select statement: multiple rows> ...................530

                                                      Table of Contents  vii

 









         21 Information Schema and Definition Schema .....................533

         21.1 Introduction ...............................................533

         21.2 Information Schema .........................................535

         21.2.INFORMATION_SCHEMA Schema ..................................535

         21.2.INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME base table .................536

         21.2.INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME_CARDINALITY assertion ......537

         21.2.SCHEMATA view ..............................................538

         21.2.DOMAINS view ...............................................539

         21.2.DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS view ....................................541

         21.2.TABLES view ................................................542

         21.2.VIEWS view .................................................543

         21.2.COLUMNS view ...............................................544

         21.2.TABLE_PRIVILEGES view ......................................546

         21.2.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES view .....................................547

         21.2.USAGE_PRIVILEGES view ......................................548

         21.2.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS view .....................................549

         21.2.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS view ...............................550

         21.2.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS view .....................................551

         21.2.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE view ......................................552

         21.2.ASSERTIONS view ............................................553

         21.2.CHARACTER_SETS view ........................................554

         21.2.COLLATIONS view ............................................555

         21.2.TRANSLATIONS view ..........................................556

         21.2.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE view ......................................557

         21.2.VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE view .....................................558

         21.2.CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE view ................................559

         21.2.CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE view ...............................561

         21.2.COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE view ...................................562

         21.2.SQL_LANGUAGES view .........................................563

         21.2.SQL_IDENTIFIER domain ......................................564

         21.2.CHARACTER_DATA domain ......................................564

         21.2.CARDINAL_NUMBER domain .....................................565

         21.3 Definition Schema ..........................................566

         21.3.Introduction ...............................................566

         21.3.DEFINITION_SCHEMA Schema ...................................567

         21.3.USERS base table ...........................................568

         21.3.SCHEMATA base table ........................................569

         21.3.DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR base table ............................570

         21.3.DOMAINS base table .........................................573

         21.3.DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS base table ..............................574

         21.3.TABLES base table ..........................................576

         21.3.VIEWS base table ...........................................578

         21.3.COLUMNS base table .........................................580

         21.3.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE base table ................................583

         21.3.VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE base table ...............................584

         viii  Database Language SQL

 









         21.3.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS base table ...............................585

         21.3.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE base table ................................588

         21.3.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS base table .........................590

         21.3.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS base table ...............................593

         21.3.CHECK_TABLE_USAGE base table ...............................595

         21.3.CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE base table ..............................596

         21.3.ASSERTIONS base table ......................................598

         21.3.TABLE_PRIVILEGES base table ................................600

         21.3.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES base table ...............................602

         21.3.USAGE_PRIVILEGES base table ................................604

         21.3.CHARACTER_SETS base table ..................................606

         21.3.COLLATIONS base table ......................................608

         21.3.TRANSLATIONS base table ....................................610

         21.3.SQL_LANGUAGES base table ...................................612

         21.4 Assertions on the base tables ..............................616

         21.4.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME assertion ...........................616

         21.4.EQUAL_KEY_DEGREES assertion ................................617

         21.4.KEY_DEGREE_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO_1 assertion ............618

         22 Status codes .................................................619

         22.1 SQLSTATE ...................................................619

         22.2 SQLCODE ....................................................624

         23 Conformance ..................................................625

         23.1 Introduction ...............................................625

         23.2 Claims of conformance ......................................625

         23.3 Extensions and options .....................................626

         23.4 Flagger requirements .......................................626

         23.5 Processing methods .........................................627

         Annex A   Leveling the SQL Language..............................629

         A.1  Intermediate SQL Specifications ............................629

         A.2  Entry SQL Specifications ...................................640

         Annex B   Implementation-defined elements........................653

         Annex C   Implementation-dependent elements......................667

         Annex D   Deprecated features....................................675

         Annex E   Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989...............677

         Annex F   Maintenance and interpretation of SQL..................685

         Index

                                                       Table of Contents  ix

 










                                        TABLES

         Table                                                          Page

         1    Collating coercibility rules for monadic operators .........24

         2    Collating coercibility rules for dyadic operators ..........24

         3    Collating sequence usage for comparisons ...................25

         4    Fields in datetime items ...................................30

         5    Fields in year-month INTERVAL items ........................32

         6    Fields in day-time INTERVAL items ..........................32

         7    Valid values for fields in INTERVAL items ..................33

         8    Valid operators involving datetimes and intervals ..........34

         9    SQL-transaction isolation levels and the three phenomena ...69

         10   Valid values for fields in datetime items ..................112

         11   Valid values for fields in INTERVAL items ..................113

         12   <null predicate> semantics .................................218

         13   Truth table for the AND boolean ............................230

         14   Truth table for the OR boolean .............................230

         15   Truth table for the IS boolean .............................230

         16   Standard programming languages .............................243

         17   Data types of <key word>s used in SQL item descriptor areas
              ............................................................427

         18   Codes used for SQL data types in Dynamic SQL ...............429

         19   Codes associated with datetime data types in Dynamic SQL ...429

         20   Codes used for <interval qualifier>s in Dynamic SQL ........430

         21   <identifier>s for use with <get diagnostics statement> .....481

         22   SQL-statement character codes for use in the diagnostics
              area........................................................482

         23   SQLSTATE class and subclass values .........................619

         24   SQLCODE values .............................................624

         x  Database Language SQL

 





                                                     X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002





         Foreword



         ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a
         worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member
         bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is nor-
         mally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member
         body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has
         been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
         International organizations, governmental and non-governmental,
         in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates
         closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on
         all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

         Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees
         are circulated to the member bodies for approval before their ac-
         ceptance as International Standards by the ISO Council. They are
         approved in accordance with ISO procedures requiring at least 75%
         approval by the member bodies voting.

         International Standard ISO/IEC 9075:1992 was prepared by Joint
         Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC1, Information Processing Systems.

         It cancels and replaces International Standard ISO/IEC 9075:1989,
         Database Language-SQL, of which it constitutes a technical revi-
         sion.

         This International Standard contains seven informative annexes:

         -  Annex A (informative): Leveling the SQL Language;

         -  Annex B (informative): Implementation-defined elements;

         -  Annex C (informative): Implementation-dependent elements;

         -  Annex D (informative): Deprecated features;

         -  Annex E (informative): Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989;
            and

         -  Annex F (informative): Maintenance and interpretation of SQL.










                                                                Foreword  xi

 





                                                     X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002





         Introduction



         This International Standard was approved in 1992.

         This International Standard was developed from ISO/IEC 9075:1989,
         Information Systems, Database Language SQL with Integrity
         Enhancements, and replaces that International Standard. It adds
         significant new features and capabilities to the specifications.
         It is generally compatible with ISO/IEC 9075:1989, in the sense
         that, with very few exceptions, SQL language that conforms to
         ISO/IEC 9075:1989 also conforms to this International Standard,
         and will be treated in the same way by an implementation of this
         International Standard as it would by an implementation of ISO/IEC
         9075:1989. The known incompatibilities between ISO/IEC 9075:1989
         and this International Standard are stated in informative Annex E,
         "Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989".

         Technical changes between ISO/IEC 9075:1989 and this International
         Standard include both improvements or enhancements to existing fea-
         tures and the definition of new features. Significant improvements
         in existing features include:

         -  A better definition of direct invocation of SQL language;

         -  Improved diagnostic capabilities, especially a new status param-
            eter (SQLSTATE), a diagnostics area, and supporting statements.

         Significant new features are:

         1) Support for additional data types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP,
            INTERVAL, BIT string, variable-length character and bit strings,
            and NATIONAL CHARACTER strings),

         2) Support for character sets beyond that required to express SQL
            language itself and support for additional collations,

         3) Support for additional scalar operations, such as string opera-
            tions for concatenate and substring, date and time operations,
            and a form for conditional expressions,

         4) Increased generality and orthogonality in the use of scalar-
            valued and table-valued query expressions,

         5) Additional set operators (for example, union join, natural join,
            set difference, and set intersection),

         6) Capability for domain definitions in the schema,

         7) Support for Schema Manipulation capabilities (especially DROP
            and ALTER statements),

                                                          Introduction  xiii

 





         X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         8) Support for bindings (modules and embedded syntax) in the Ada,
            C, and MUMPS languages,

         9) Additional privilege capabilities,

         10)Additional referential integrity facilities, including ref-
            erential actions, subqueries in CHECK constraints, separate
            assertions, and user-controlled deferral of constraints,

         11)Definition of an Information Schema,

         12)Support for dynamic execution of SQL language,

         13)Support for certain facilities required for Remote Database
            Access (especially connection management statements and quali-
            fied schema names),

         14)Support for temporary tables,

         15)Support for transaction consistency levels,

         16)Support for data type conversions (CAST expressions among data
            types),

         17)Support for scrolled cursors, and

         18)A requirement for a flagging capability to aid in portability of
            application programs.

         The organization of this International Standard is as follows:

         1) Clause 1, "Scope", specifies the scope of this International
            Standard.

         2) Clause 2, "Normative references", identifies additional stan-
            dards that, through reference in this International Standard,
            constitute provisions of this International Standard.

         3) Clause 3, "Definitions, notations, and conventions", defines the
            notations and conventions used in this International Standard.

         4) Clause 4, "Concepts", presents concepts used in the definition
            of SQL.

         5) Clause 5, "Lexical elements", defines the lexical elements of
            the language.

         6) Clause 6, "Scalar expressions", defines the elements of the
            language that produce scalar values.

         7) Clause 7, "Query expressions", defines the elements of the lan-
            guage that produce rows and tables of data.

         8) Clause 8, "Predicates", defines the predicates of the language.

         xiv  Database Language SQL

 





                                                     X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         9) Clause 9, "Data assignment rules", specifies the rules for
            assignments that retrieve data from or store data into the
            database, and formation rules for set operations.

         10)Clause 10, "Additional common elements", defines additional lan-
            guage elements that are used in various parts of the language.

         11)Clause 11, "Schema definition and manipulation", defines facili-
            ties for creating and managing a schema.

         12)Clause 12, "Module", defines modules and procedures.

         13)Clause 13, "Data manipulation", defines the data manipulation
            statements.

         14)Clause 14, "Transaction management", defines the SQL-transaction
            management statements.

         15)Clause 15, "Connection management" defines the SQL-connection
            management statements.

         16)Clause 16, "Session management", defines the SQL-session manage-
            ment statements.

         17)Clause 17, "Dynamic SQL", defines the facilities for executing
            SQL-statements dynamically.

         18)Clause 18, "Diagnostics management", defines the diagnostics
            management facilities.

         19)Clause 19, "Embedded SQL", defines syntax for embedding SQL in
            certain standard programming languages.

         20)Clause 20, "Direct invocation of SQL", defines the direct invo-
            cation of SQL language.

         21)Clause 21, "Information Schema and Definition Schema", defines
            viewed tables that contain schema information.

         22)Clause 22, "Status codes", defines values that identify the
            status of the execution of SQL-statements and the mechanisms by
            which those values are returned.

         23)Clause 23, "Conformance", defines the criteria for conformance
            to this International standard.

         24)Annex A, "Leveling the SQL Language", is an informative
            Annex. It lists the leveling rules defining the Entry SQL and
            Intermediate SQL subset levels of the SQL language.

         25)Annex B, "Implementation-defined elements", is an informa-
            tive Annex. It lists those features for which the body of the
            International Standard states that the syntax or meaning or ef-
            fect on the database is partly or wholly implementation-defined,
            and describes the defining information that an implementor shall
            provide in each case.

                                                            Introduction  xv

 





         X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         26)Annex C, "Implementation-dependent elements", is an informa-
            tive Annex. It lists those features for which the body of the
            International Standard states explicitly that the meaning or
            effect on the database is implementation-dependent.

         27)Annex D, "Deprecated features", is an informative Annex. It
            lists features that the responsible Technical Committee in-
            tends will not appear in a future revised version of this
            International Standard.

         28)Annex E, "Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989", is an in-
            formative Annex. It lists the incompatibilities between this
            version of this International Standard and ISO/IEC 9075:1989.

         29)Annex F, "Maintenance and interpretation of SQL", is an infor-
            mative Annex. It identifies SQL interpretations and corrections
            that have been processed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21 since adoption of
            ISO/IEC 9075:1989.

         In the text of this International Standard, Clauses begin a new
         odd-numbered page, and in Clause 5, "Lexical elements", through
         Clause 22, "Status codes", Subclauses begin a new page. Any result-
         ing blank space is not significant.































         xvi  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002








         Information Technology - Database Language SQL



         1  Scope


         This International Standard defines the data structures and basic
         operations on SQL-data. It provides functional capabilities for
         creating, accessing, maintaining, controlling, and protecting SQL-
         data.

         Note: The framework for this International Standard is described by
         the Reference Model of Data Management (ISO/IEC DIS 10032:1991).

         This International Standard specifies the syntax and semantics of a
         database language

         -  for specifying and modifying the structure and the integrity
            constraints of SQL-data,

         -  for declaring and invoking operations on SQL-data and cursors,
            and

         -  for declaring database language procedures and embedding them
            into a standard programming language.

         It also specifies an Information Schema that describes the struc-
         ture and the integrity constraints of SQL-data.

         This International Standard

         -  provides a vehicle for portability of data definitions and com-
            pilation units between SQL-implementations,

         -  provides a vehicle for interconnection of SQL-implementations,

         -  specifies syntax for embedding SQL-statements in a compilation
            unit that otherwise conforms to the standard for a particular
            programming language. It defines how an equivalent compilation
            unit may be derived that conforms to the particular programming
            language standard. In that equivalent compilation unit, each
            embedded SQL-statement has been replaced by statements that
            invoke a database language procedure that contains the SQL-
            statement, and

         -  specifies syntax for direct invocation of SQL-statements.


                                                                   Scope   1

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         This International Standard does not define the method or time of
         binding between any of:

         -  database management system components,

         -  SQL data definition declarations,

         -  SQL procedures, or

         -  compilation units, including those containing embedded SQL.

         Implementations of this International Standard may exist in en-
         vironments that also support application programming languages,
         end-user query languages, report generator systems, data dictionary
         systems, program library systems, and distributed communication
         systems, as well as various tools for database design, data admin-
         istration, and performance optimization.





































         2  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         2  Normative references


         The following standards contain provisions that, through reference
         in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard.
         At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid.
         All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements
         based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate
         the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the stan-
         dards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of
         currently valid International Standards.

         -  ISO/IEC 646:1991, Information technology-ISO 7-bit coded charac-
            ter set for information interchange.

         -  ISO/IEC 1539:1991, Information technology-Programming languages-
            Fortran.

         -  ISO 1989:1985, Programming languages-COBOL.
            (Endorsement of ANSI X3.23-1985).

         -  ISO 2022:1986, Information technology-ISO 7-bit and 8-bit coded
            character sets-code extension techniques.

         -  ISO 6160:1979, Programming languages-PL/I
            (Endorsement of ANSI X3.53-1976).

         -  ISO 7185:1990, Information technology-Programming languages-
            Pascal.

         -  ISO 8601:1988, Data elements and interchange formats - Information
            interchange-Representation of dates and times.

         -  ISO 8652:1987, Programming languages-Ada.
            (Endorsement of ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A-1983).

         -  ISO/IEC 8824:1990, Information technology-Open Systems Interconnection-
            Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1).

         -  ISO/IEC 9579-2:[1], Information technology - Open Systems
            Interconnection - Remote Database Access, Part 2: SQL special-
            ization.

         -  ISO/IEC 9899:1990, Programming languages - C.

         -  ISO/IEC 10206:1991, Information technology-Programming languages-
            Extended Pascal.

         -  ISO/IEC 10646:[1], Information technology-Multiple-octet coded
            character set.

         ____________________

           [1] To be published

                                                    Normative references   3

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         -  ISO/IEC 11756:[1], Information technology-Programming languages-
            MUMPS.




















































         4  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         3  Definitions, notations, and conventions



         3.1  Definitions

         For the purposes of this International Standard, the following
         definitions apply.


         3.1.1  Definitions taken from ISO/IEC 10646

         This International Standard makes use of the following terms de-
         fined in ISO/IEC 10646:

            a) character

            b) octet

            c) variable-length coding

            d) fixed-length coding

         3.1.2  Definitions taken from ISO 8601

         This International Standard makes use of the following terms de-
         fined in ISO 8601:

            a) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

            b) date ("date, calendar" in ISO 8601)

         3.1.3  Definitions provided in this International Standard

         This International Standard defines the following terms:

         a) assignable: The characteristic of a value or of a data type
            that permits that value or the values of that data type to be
            assigned to data instances of a specified data type.

         b) cardinality (of a collection): The number of objects in that
            collection. Those objects need not necessarily have distinct
            values.

         c) character repertoire; repertoire: A set of characters used for a
            specific purpose or application. Each character repertoire has
            an implied default collating sequence.

         d) coercibility: An attribute of character string data items that
            governs how a collating sequence for the items is determined.

                                 Definitions, notations, and conventions   5

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         3.1 Definitions


         e) collation; collating sequence: A method of ordering two com-
            parable character strings. Every character set has a default
            collation.

         f) comparable: The characteristic of two data objects that per-
            mits the value of one object to be compared with the value of
            the other object. Also said of data types: Two data types are
            comparable if objects of those data types are comparable.

         g) descriptor: A coded description of an SQL object. It includes
            all of the information about the object that a conforming SQL-
            implementation requires.

         h) distinct: Two values are said to be not distinct if either:
            both are the null value, or they compare equal according to
            Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>". Otherwise they are
            distinct. Two rows (or partial rows) are distinct if at least
            one of their pairs of respective values is distinct. Otherwise
            they are not distinct. The result of evaluating whether or not
            two values or two rows are distinct is never unknown.

         i) duplicate: Two or more values or rows are said to be duplicates
            (of each other) if and only if they are not distinct.

         j) dyadic operator: An operator having two operands: a left operand
            and a right operand. An example of a dyadic arithmetic operator
            in this International Standard is "-", specifying the subtrac-
            tion of the right operand from the left operand.

         k) form-of-use: A convention (or encoding) for representing charac-
            ters (in character strings). Some forms-of-use are fixed-length
            codings and others are variable-length codings.

         l) form-of-use conversion: A method of converting character strings
            from one form-of-use to another form-of-use.

         m) implementation-defined: Possibly differing between SQL-
            implementations, but specified by the implementor for each
            particular SQL-implementation.

         n) implementation-dependent: Possibly differing between SQL-
            implementations, but not specified by this International
            Standard and not required to be specified by the implementor
            for any particular SQL-implementations.

         o) monadic operator: An operator having one operand. An example of
            a monadic arithmetic operator in this International Standard is
            "-", specifying the negation of the operand.

         p) multiset: An unordered collection of objects that are not neces-
            sarily distinct. The collection may be empty.

         q) n-adic operator: An operator having a variable number of
            operands (informally: n operands). An example of an n-adic
            operator in this International Standard is COALESCE.

         6  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             3.1 Definitions


         r) null value (null): A special value, or mark, that is used to
            indicate the absence of any data value.

         s) persistent: Continuing to exist indefinitely, until destroyed
            deliberately. Referential and cascaded actions are regarded
            as deliberate. Actions incidental to the ending of an SQL-
            transaction (see Subclause 4.28, "SQL-transactions") or an SQL-
            session (see Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions") are not regarded as
            deliberate.

         t) redundant duplicates: All except one of any multiset of dupli-
            cate values or rows.

         u) repertoire: See character repertoire.

         v) sequence: An ordered collection of objects that are not neces-
            sarily distinct.

         w) set: An unordered collection of distinct objects. The collection
            may be empty.

         x) SQL-implementation: A database management system that conforms
            to this International Standard.

         y) translation: A method of translating characters in one character
            repertoire into characters of the same or a different character
            repertoire.

         3.2  Notation

         The syntactic notation used in this International Standard is
         an extended version of BNF ("Backus Naur Form" or "Backus Normal
         Form").

         In BNF, each syntactic element of the language is defined by means
         of a production rule. This defines the element in terms of a for-
         mula consisting of the characters, character strings, and syntactic
         elements that can be used to form an instance of it.

         The version of BNF used in this International Standard makes use of
         the following symbols:

         SymbolMeaning

         < >   Angle brackets delimit character strings that are the names
               of syntactic elements, the non-terminal symbols of the SQL
               language.

         ::=   The definition operator. This is used in a production rule to
               separate the element defined by the rule from its definition.
               The element being defined appears to the left of the opera-
               tor and the formula that defines the element appears to the
               right.

                                 Definitions, notations, and conventions   7

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         3.2 Notation



         [ ]   Square brackets indicate optional elements in a formula. The
               portion of the formula within the brackets may be explicitly
               specified or may be omitted.

         { }   Braces group elements in a formula. The portion of the for-
               mula within the braces shall be explicitly specified.

         |     The alternative operator. The vertical bar indicates that
               the portion of the formula following the bar is an alterna-
               tive to the portion preceding the bar. If the vertical bar
               appears at a position where it is not enclosed in braces
               or square brackets, it specifies a complete alternative for
               the element defined by the production rule. If the vertical
               bar appears in a portion of a formula enclosed in braces or
               square brackets, it specifies alternatives for the contents
               of the innermost pair of such braces or brackets.

          . . . The ellipsis indicates that the element to which it applies
               in a formula may be repeated any number of times. If the el-
               lipsis appears immediately after a closing brace "}", then it
               applies to the portion of the formula enclosed between that
               closing brace and the corresponding opening brace "{". If
               an ellipsis appears after any other element, then it applies
               only to that element.

         !!    Introduces ordinary English text. This is used when the defi-
               nition of a syntactic element is not expressed in BNF.

         Spaces are used to separate syntactic elements. Multiple spaces and
         line breaks are treated as a single space. Apart from those symbols
         to which special functions were given above, other characters and
         character strings in a formula stand for themselves. In addition,
         if the symbols to the right of the definition operator in a produc-
         tion consist entirely of BNF symbols, then those symbols stand for
         themselves and do not take on their special meaning.

         Pairs of braces and square brackets may be nested to any depth,
         and the alternative operator may appear at any depth within such a
         nest.

         A character string that forms an instance of any syntactic element
         may be generated from the BNF definition of that syntactic element
         by application of the following steps:

         1) Select any one option from those defined in the right hand side
            of a production rule for the element, and replace the element
            with this option.

         2) Replace each ellipsis and the object to which it applies with
            one or more instances of that object.

         3) For every portion of the string enclosed in square brackets,
            either delete the brackets and their contents or change the
            brackets to braces.

         8  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                                3.2 Notation


         4) For every portion of the string enclosed in braces, apply steps
            1 through 5 to the substring between the braces, then remove the
            braces.

         5) Apply steps 1 through 5 to any non-terminal syntactic element
            (i.e., name enclosed in angle brackets) that remains in the
            string.

         The expansion or production is complete when no further non-
         terminal symbols remain in the character string.

         3.3  Conventions

         3.3.1  Informative elements

         In several places in the body of this International Standard, in-
         formative notes appear. For example:

         Note: This is an example of a note.
         Those notes do not belong to the normative part of this International
         Standard and conformance to material specified in those notes shall
         not be claimed.

         3.3.2  Specification of syntactic elements

         Syntactic elements are specified in terms of:

         -  Function: A short statement of the purpose of the element.

         -  Format: A BNF definition of the syntax of the element.

         -  Syntax Rules: A specification of the syntactic properties of the
            element, or of additional syntactic constraints, not expressed
            in BNF, that the element shall satisfy, or both.

         -  Access Rules: A specification of rules governing the accessibil-
            ity of schema objects that shall hold before the General Rules
            may be successfully applied.

         -  General Rules: A specification of the run-time effect of the
            element. Where more than one General Rule is used to specify the
            effect of an element, the required effect is that which would be
            obtained by beginning with the first General Rule and applying
            the Rules in numerical sequence unless a Rule is applied that
            specifies or implies a change in sequence or termination of the
            application of the Rules. Unless otherwise specified or implied
            by a specific Rule that is applied, application of General Rules
            terminates when the last in the sequence has been applied.

         -  Leveling Rules: A specification of how the element shall be
            supported for each of the levels of SQL.



                                 Definitions, notations, and conventions   9

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         3.3 Conventions


         The scope of notational symbols is the Subclause in which those
         symbols are defined. Within a Subclause, the symbols defined in
         Syntax Rules, Access Rules, or General Rules can be referenced in
         other rules provided that they are defined before being referenced.

         3.3.3  Specification of the Information Schema

         The objects of the Information Schema in this International
         Standard are specified in terms of:

         -  Function: A short statement of the purpose of the definition.

         -  Definition: A definition, in SQL, of the object being defined.

         -  Description: A specification of the run-time value of the ob-
            ject, to the extent that this is not clear from the definition.

         The definitions used to define the views in the Information Schema
         are used only to specify clearly the contents of those viewed
         tables. The actual objects on which these views are based are
         implementation-dependent.

         3.3.4  Use of terms

         3.3.4.1  Exceptions

         The phrase "an exception condition is raised:", followed by the
         name of a condition, is used in General Rules and elsewhere to
         indicate that the execution of a statement is unsuccessful, ap-
         plication of General Rules, other than those of Subclause 12.3,
         "<procedure>", and Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>", may
         be terminated, diagnostic information is to be made available,
         and execution of the statement is to have no effect on SQL-data or
         schemas. The effect on <target specification>s and SQL descriptor
         areas of an SQL-statement that terminates with an exception condi-
         tion, unless explicitly defined by this International Standard, is
         implementation-dependent.

         The phrase "a completion condition is raised:", followed by the
         name of a condition, is used in General Rules and elsewhere to
         indicate that application of General Rules is not terminated and
         diagnostic information is to be made available; unless an excep-
         tion condition is also raised, the execution of the statement is
         successful.

         If more than one condition could have occurred as a result of a
         statement, it is implementation-dependent whether diagnostic infor-
         mation pertaining to more than one condition is made available.






         10  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             3.3 Conventions


         3.3.4.2  Syntactic containment

         In a Format, a syntactic element <A> is said to immediately contain
         a syntactic element <B> if <B> appears on the right-hand side of
         the BNF production rule for <A>. A syntactic element <A> is said
         to contain or specify a syntactic element <C> if <A> immediately
         contains <C> or if <A> immediately contains a syntactic element <B>
         that contains <C>.

         In SQL language, an instance A1 of <A> is said to immediately con-
         tain an instance B1 of <B> if <A> immediately contains <B> and the
         text of B1 is part of the text of A1. An instance A1 of <A> is said
         to contain or specify an instance C1 of <C> if A1 immediately con-
         tains C1 or if A1 immediately contains an instance B1 of <B> that
         contains C1.

         An instance A1 of <A> is said to contain an instance B1 of <B> with
         an intervening <C> if A1 contains B1 and A1 contains an instance C1
         of <C> that contains B1. An instance A1 of <A> is said to contain
         an instance B1 of <B> without an intervening <C> if A1 contains B1
         and A1 does not contain an instance C1 of <C> that contains B1.

         An instance A1 of <A> simply contains an instance B1 of <B> if
         A1 contains B1 without an intervening instance A2 of <A> or an
         intervening instance B2 of <B>.

         If <A> contains <B>, then <B> is said to be contained in <A> and
         <A> is said to be a containing production symbol for <B>. If <A>
         simply contains <B>, then <B> is said to be simply contained in
         <A> and <A> is said to be a simply containing production symbol for
         <B>.

         Let A1 be an instance of <A> and let B1 be an instance of <B>. If
         <A> contains <B>, then A1 is said to contain B1 and B1 is said to
         be contained in A1. If <A> simply contains <B>, then A1 is said to
         simply contain B1 and B1 is said to be simply contained in A1.

         An instance A1 of <A> is the innermost <A> satisfying a condition
         C if A1 satisfies C and A1 does not contain an instance A2 of <A>
         that satisfies C. An instance A1 of <A> is the outermost <A> satis-
         fying a condition C if A1 satisfies C and A1 is not contained in an
         instance A2 of <A> that satisfies C.

         If <A> contains a <table name> that identifies a view that is
         defined by a <view definition> V, then <A> is said to generally
         contain the <query expression> contained in V. If <A> contains <B>,
         then <A> generally contains <B>. If <A> generally contains <B> and
         <B> generally contains <C>, then <A> generally contains <C>.

         An instance A1 of <A> directly contains an instance B1 of <B> if A1
         contains B1 without an intervening <set function specification> or
         <subquery>.


                                Definitions, notations, and conventions   11

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         3.3 Conventions


         3.3.4.3  Terms denoting rule requirements

         In the Syntax Rules, the term shall defines conditions that are
         required to be true of syntactically conforming SQL language. When
         such conditions depend on the contents of the schema, then they
         are required to be true just before the actions specified by the
         General Rules are performed. The treatment of language that does
         not conform to the SQL Formats and Syntax Rules is implementation-
         dependent. If any condition required by Syntax Rules is not sat-
         isfied when the evaluation of Access or General Rules is attempted
         and the implementation is neither processing non-conforming SQL
         language nor processing conforming SQL language in a non-conforming
         manner, then an exception condition is raised: syntax error or
         access rule violation (if this situation occurs during dynamic ex-
         ecution of an SQL-statement, then the exception that is raised is
         syntax error or access rule violation in dynamic SQL statement; if
         the situation occurs during direct invocation of an SQL-statement,
         then the exception that is raised is syntax error or access rule
         violation in direct SQL statement).

         In the Access Rules, the term shall defines conditions that are
         required to be satisfied for the successful application of the
         General Rules. If any such condition is not satisfied when the
         General Rules are applied, then an exception condition is raised:
         syntax error or access rule violation (if this situation occurs
         during dynamic execution of an SQL-statement, then the exception
         that is raised is syntax error or access rule violation in dynamic
         SQL statement; if the situation occurs during direct invocation of
         an SQL-statement, then the exception that is raised is syntax error
         or access rule violation in direct SQL statement).

         In the Leveling Rules, the term shall defines conditions that are
         required to be true of SQL language for it to syntactically conform
         to the specified level of conformance.

         3.3.4.4  Rule evaluation order

         A conforming implementation is not required to perform the exact
         sequence of actions defined in the General Rules, but shall achieve
         the same effect on SQL-data and schemas as that sequence. The term
         effectively is used to emphasize actions whose effect might be
         achieved in other ways by an implementation.

         The Syntax Rules and Access Rules for contained syntactic elements
         are effectively applied at the same time as the Syntax Rules and
         Access Rules for the containing syntactic elements. The General
         Rules for contained syntactic elements are effectively applied be-
         fore the General Rules for the containing syntactic elements. Where
         the precedence of operators is determined by the Formats of this
         International Standard or by parentheses, those operators are ef-
         fectively applied in the order specified by that precedence. Where
         the precedence is not determined by the Formats or by parentheses,
         effective evaluation of expressions is generally performed from

         12  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             3.3 Conventions


         left to right. However, it is implementation-dependent whether ex-
         pressions are actually evaluated left to right, particularly when
         operands or operators might cause conditions to be raised or if
         the results of the expressions can be determined without completely
         evaluating all parts of the expression. In general, if some syn-
         tactic element contains more than one other syntactic element, then
         the General Rules for contained elements that appear earlier in the
         production for the containing syntactic element are applied before
         the General Rules for contained elements that appear later.

         For example, in the production:

            <A> ::= <B> <C>

         the Syntax Rules and Access Rules for <A>, <B>, and <C> are ef-
         fectively applied simultaneously. The General Rules for <B> are
         applied before the General Rules for <C>, and the General Rules for
         <A> are applied after the General Rules for both <B> and <C>.

         If the result of an expression or search condition can be deter-
         mined without completely evaluating all parts of the expression or
         search condition, then the parts of the expression or search condi-
         tion whose evaluation is not necessary are called the inessential
         parts. If the Access Rules pertaining to inessential parts are not
         satisfied, then the syntax error or access rule violation exception
         condition is raised regardless of whether or not the inessential
         parts are actually evaluated. If evaluation of the inessential
         parts would cause an exception condition to be raised, then it is
         implementation-dependent whether or not that exception condition is
         raised.

         3.3.4.5  Conditional rules

         Conditional rules are specified with "If" or "Case" conventions.
         Rules specified with "Case" conventions include a list of con-
         ditional sub-rules using "If" conventions. The first such "If"
         sub-rule whose condition is true is the effective sub-rule of
         the "Case" rule. The last sub-rule of a "Case" rule may specify
         "Otherwise". Such a sub-rule is the effective sub-rule of the
         "Case" rule if no preceding "If" sub-rule in the "Case" rule has
         a true condition.

         3.3.4.6  Syntactic substitution

         In the Syntax and General Rules, the phrase "X is implicit" indi-
         cates that the Syntax and General Rules are to be interpreted as if
         the element X had actually been specified.

         In the Syntax and General Rules, the phrase "the following <X> is
         implicit: Y" indicates that the Syntax and General Rules are to be
         interpreted as if a syntactic element <X> containing Y had actually
         been specified.


                                Definitions, notations, and conventions   13

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         3.3 Conventions


         In the Syntax Rules and General Rules, the phrase "former is equiv-
         alent to latter" indicates that the Syntax Rules and General Rules
         are to be interpreted as if all instances of former in the element
         had been instances of latter.

         If a BNF nonterminal is referenced in a Subclause without speci-
         fying how it is contained in a BNF production that the Subclause
         defines, then

         Case:

         -  If the BNF nonterminal is itself defined in the Subclause, then
            the reference shall be assumed to be the occurrence of that BNF
            nonterminal on the left side of the defining production.

         -  Otherwise, the reference shall be assumed to be to a BNF pro-
            duction in which the particular BNF nonterminal is immediately
            contained.

         3.3.4.7  Other terms

         Some Syntax Rules define terms, such as T1, to denote named or
         unnamed tables. Such terms are used as table names or correlation
         names. Where such a term is used as a correlation name, it does
         not imply that any new correlation name is actually defined for
         the denoted table, nor does it affect the scopes of any actual
         correlation names.

         An SQL-statement S1 is said to be executed as a direct result of
         executing an SQL-statement if S1 is the SQL-statement contained
         in a <procedure> that has been executed, or if S1 is the value of
         an <SQL statement variable> referenced by an <execute immediate
         statement> contained in a <procedure> that has been executed, or if
         S1 was the value of the <SQL statement variable> that was associ-
         ated with an <SQL statement name> by a <prepare statement> and that
         same <SQL statement name> is referenced by an <execute statement>
         contained in a <procedure> that has been executed.

         3.3.5  Descriptors

         A descriptor is a conceptual structured collection of data that
         defines the attributes of an instance of an object of a specified
         type. The concept of descriptor is used in specifying the seman-
         tics of SQL. It is not necessary that any descriptor exist in any
         particular form in any database or environment.

         Some SQL objects cannot exist except in the context of other SQL
         objects. For example, columns cannot exist except in tables. Those
         objects are independently described by descriptors, and the de-
         scriptors of enabling objects (e.g., tables) are said to include
         the descriptors of enabled objects (e.g., columns or table con-
         straints). Conversely, the descriptor of an enabled object is said
         to be included in the descriptor of an enabling object.

         14  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             3.3 Conventions


         In other cases, certain SQL objects cannot exist unless some other
         SQL object exists, even though there is not an inclusion relation-
         ship. For example, SQL does not permit an assertion to exist if the
         tables referenced by the assertion do not exist. Therefore, an as-
         sertion descriptor is dependent on or depends on zero or more table
         descriptors (equivalently, an assertion is dependent on or depends
         on zero or more tables). In general, a descriptor D1 can be said to
         depend on, or be dependent on, some descriptor D2.

         There are two ways of indicating dependency of one construct on
         another. In many cases, the descriptor of the dependent construct
         is said to "include the name of" the construct on which it is de-
         pendent. In this case "the name of" is to be understood as meaning
         "sufficient information to identify the descriptor of"; thus an
         implementor might choose to use a pointer or a concatenation of
         <catalog name>, <schema name>, etc. Alternatively, the descrip-
         tor may be said to include text (e.g., <query expression>, <search
         condition>). In such cases, whether the implementation includes ac-
         tual text (with defaults and implications made explicit) or its own
         style of parse tree is irrelevant; the validity of the descriptor
         is clearly "dependent on" the existence of descriptors for objects
         that are referred to in it.

         The statement that a column "is based on" a domain, is equivalent
         to a statement that a column "is dependent on" that domain.

         An attempt to destroy a descriptor may fail if other descriptors
         are dependent on it, depending on how the destruction is specified.
         Such an attempt may also fail if the descriptor to be destroyed
         is included in some other descriptor. Destruction of a descriptor
         results in the destruction of all descriptors included in it, but
         has no effect on descriptors on which it is dependent.

         3.3.6  Index typography

         In the Index to this International Standard, the following conven-
         tions are used:

         -  Index entries appearing in boldface indicate the page where the
            word, phrase, or BNF nonterminal was defined;

         -  Index entries appearing in italics indicate a page where the BNF
            nonterminal was used in a Format; and

         -  Index entries appearing in roman type indicate a page where
            the word, phrase, or BNF nonterminal was used in a heading,
            Function, Syntax Rule, Access Rule, General Rule, Leveling Rule,
            Table, or other descriptive text.






                                Definitions, notations, and conventions   15

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         3.4 Object identifier for Database Language SQL


         3.4  Object identifier for Database Language SQL

         Function

         The object identifier for Database Language SQL identifies the
         characteristics of an SQL-implementation to other entities in an
         open systems environment.

         Format

         <SQL object identifier> ::=
              <SQL provenance> <SQL variant>

         <SQL provenance> ::= <arc1> <arc2> <arc3>

         <arc1> ::= iso | 1 | iso <left paren> 1 <right paren>

         <arc2> ::= standard | 0 | standard <left paren> 0 <right paren>

         <arc3> ::= 9075

         <SQL variant> ::= <SQL edition> <SQL conformance>

         <SQL edition> ::= <1987> | <1989> | <1992>

         <1987> ::= 0 | edition1987 <left paren> 0 <right paren>

         <1989> ::= <1989 base> <1989 package>

         <1989 base> ::= 1 | edition1989 <left paren> 1 <right paren>

         <1989 package> ::= <integrity no> | <integrity yes>

         <integrity no> ::= 0 | IntegrityNo <left paren> 0 <right paren>

         <integrity yes> ::= 1 | IntegrityYes <left paren> 1 <right paren>

         <1992> ::= 2 | edition1992 <left paren> 2 <right paren>

         <SQL conformance> ::= <low> | <intermediate> | <high>

         <low> ::= 0 | Low <left paren> 0 <right paren>

         <intermediate> ::= 1 | Intermediate <left paren> 1 <right paren>

         <high> ::= 2 | High <left paren> 2 <right paren>








         16  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                             3.4 Object identifier for Database Language SQL


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <SQL conformance> of <high> shall not be specified unless the
            <SQL edition> is specified as <1992>.

         2) The value of <SQL conformance> identifies the level at which
            conformance is claimed as follows:

            a) If <SQL edition> specifies <1992>, then

              Case:

              i) <low>, then Entry SQL level.

             ii) <intermediate>, then Intermediate SQL level.

            iii) <high>, then Full SQL level.

            b) Otherwise:

              i) <low>, then level 1.

             ii) <intermediate>, then level 2.

         3) A specification of <1989 package> as <integrity no> implies
            that the integrity enhancement feature is not implemented. A
            specification of <1989 package> as <integrity yes> implies that
            the integrity enhancement feature is implemented.


























                                Definitions, notations, and conventions   17

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         18  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         4  Concepts



         4.1  Data types

         A data type is a set of representable values. The logical represen-
         tation of a value is a <literal>. The physical representation of a
         value is implementation-dependent.

         A value is primitive in that it has no logical subdivision within
         this International Standard. A value is a null value or a non-null
         value.

         A null value is an implementation-dependent special value that
         is distinct from all non-null values of the associated data type.
         There is effectively only one null value and that value is a member
         of every SQL data type. There is no <literal> for a null value,
         although the keyword NULL is used in some places to indicate that a
         null value is desired.

         SQL defines distinct data types named by the following <key word>s:
         CHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, BIT, BIT VARYING, NUMERIC, DECIMAL,
         INTEGER, SMALLINT, FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, DATE, TIME,
         TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL.

         Subclause 6.1, "<data type>", describes the semantic properties of
         each data type.

         For reference purposes, the data types CHARACTER and CHARACTER
         VARYING are collectively referred to as character string types.
         The data types BIT and BIT VARYING are collectively referred to
         as bit string types. Character string types and bit string types
         are collectively referred to as string types and values of string
         types are referred to as strings. The data types NUMERIC, DECIMAL,
         INTEGER, and SMALLINT are collectively referred to as exact numeric
         types. The data types FLOAT, REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION are col-
         lectively referred to as approximate numeric types. Exact numeric
         types and approximate numeric types are collectively referred to as
         numeric types. Values of numeric type are referred to as numbers.
         The data types DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP are collectively referred
         to as datetime types. Values of datetime types are referred to as
         datetimes. The data type INTERVAL is referred to as an interval
         type. Values of interval types are called intervals.

         Each data type has an associated data type descriptor. The contents
         of a data type descriptor are determined by the specific data type
         that it describes. A data type descriptor includes an identifica-
         tion of the data type and all information needed to characterize an
         instance of that data type.

                                                               Concepts   19

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.1 Data types


         Each host language has its own data types, which are separate and
         distinct from SQL data types, even though similar names may be
         used to describe the data types. Mappings of SQL data types to data
         types in host languages are described in Subclause 12.3, "<pro-
         cedure>", and Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>". Not
         every SQL data type has a corresponding data type in every host
         language.

         4.2  Character strings

         A character string data type is described by a character string
         data type descriptor. A character string data type descriptor con-
         tains:

         -  the name of the specific character string data type (CHARACTER
            or CHARACTER VARYING; NATIONAL CHARACTER and NATIONAL CHARACTER
            VARYING are represented as CHARACTER and CHARACTER VARYING,
            respectively);

         -  the length or maximum length in characters of the character
            string data type;

         -  the catalog name, schema name, and character set name of the
            character set of the character string data type; and

         -  the catalog name, schema name, and collation name of the colla-
            tion of the character string data type.

         Character sets fall into three categories: those defined by na-
         tional or international standards, those provided by implemen-
         tations, and those defined by applications. All character sets,
         however defined, always contain the <space> character. Character
         sets defined by applications can be defined to "reside" in any
         schema chosen by the application. Character sets defined by stan-
         dards or by implementations reside in the Information Schema (named
         INFORMATION_SCHEMA) in each catalog, as do collations defined by
         standards and collations and form-of-use conversions defined by
         implementations.

         The <implementation-defined character repertoire name> SQL_TEXT
         specifies the name of a character repertoire and implied form-of-
         use that can represent every character that is in <SQL language
         character> and all other characters that are in character sets
         supported by the implementation.

         4.2.1  Character strings and collating sequences

         A character string is a sequence of characters chosen from the
         same character repertoire. The character repertoire from which
         the characters of a particular string are chosen may be specified
         explicitly or implicitly. A character string has a length, which
         is the number of characters in the sequence. The length is 0 or a
         positive integer.

         20  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       4.2 Character strings


         All character strings of a given character repertoire are mutu-
         ally comparable, subject to the restrictions specified in Table 3,
         "Collating sequence usage for comparisons".

         A collating sequence, also known as a collation, is a set of rules
         determining comparison of character strings in a particular char-
         acter repertoire. There is a default collating sequence for each
         character repertoire, but additional collating sequences can be
         defined for any character repertoire.

         Note: A column may be defined as having a default collating se-
         quence. This default collating sequence for the column may be
         different from the default collating sequence for its character
         repertoire, e.g., if the <collate clause> is specified in the
         <column reference>. It will be clear from context when the term
         "default collating sequence" is used whether it is meant for a
         column or for a character repertoire.

         Given a collating sequence, two character strings are identical if
         and only if they are equal in accordance with the comparison rules
         specified in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>". The collat-
         ing sequence used for a particular comparison is determined as in
         Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence usage".

         The <key word>s NATIONAL CHARACTER are used to specify a character
         string data type with a particular implementation-defined character
         repertoire. Special syntax (N'string') is provided for representing
         literals in that character repertoire.

         A character set is described by a character set descriptor. A char-
         acter set descriptor includes:

         -  the name of the character set or character repertoire,

         -  if the character set is a character repertoire, then the name of
            the form-of-use,

         -  an indication of what characters are in the character set, and

         -  the name of the default collation of the character set.

         For every character set, there is at least one collation. A colla-
         tion is described by a collation descriptor. A collation descriptor
         includes:

         -  the name of the collation,

         -  the name of the character set on which the collation operates,

         -  whether the collation has the NO PAD or the PAD SPACE attribute,
            and

         -  an indication of how the collation is performed.

                                                               Concepts   21

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.2 Character strings


         4.2.2  Operations involving character strings

         4.2.2.1  Operators that operate on character strings and return
                  character strings

         <concatenation operator> is an operator, |, that returns the char-
         acter string made by joining its character string operands in the
         order given.

         <character substring function> is a triadic function, SUBSTRING,
         that returns a string extracted from a given string according
         to a given numeric starting position and a given numeric length.
         Truncation occurs when the implied starting and ending positions
         are not both within the given string.

         <fold> is a pair of functions for converting all the lower case
         characters in a given string to upper case (UPPER) or all the upper
         case ones to lower case (LOWER), useful only in connection with
         strings that may contain <simple Latin letter>s.

         <form-of-use conversion> is a function that invokes an installation-
         supplied form-of-use conversion to return a character string S2
         derived from a given character string S1. It is intended, though
         not enforced by this International Standard, that S2 be exactly the
         same sequence of characters as S1, but encoded according some dif-
         ferent form-of-use. A typical use might be to convert a character
         string from two-octet UCS to one-octet Latin1 or vice versa.

         <trim function> is a function that returns its first string ar-
         gument with leading and/or trailing pad characters removed. The
         second argument indicates whether leading, or trailing, or both
         leading and trailing pad characters should be removed. The third
         argument specifies the pad character that is to be removed.

         <character translation> is a function for changing each charac-
         ter of a given string according to some many-to-one or one-to-one
         mapping between two not necessarily distinct character sets. The
         mapping, rather than being specified as part of the function, is
         some external function identified by a <translation name>.

         For any pair of character sets, there are zero or more translations
         that may be invoked by a <character translation>. A translation
         is described by a translation descriptor. A translation descriptor
         includes:

         -  the name of the translation,

         -  the name of the character set from which it translates,

         -  the name of the character set to which it translates, and

         -  an indication of how the translation is performed.


         22  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       4.2 Character strings


         4.2.2.2  Other operators involving character strings

         <length expression> returns the length of a given character string,
         as an integer, in characters, octets, or bits according to the
         choice of function.

         <position expression> determines the first position, if any, at
         which one string, S1, occurs within another, S2. If S1 is of length
         zero, then it occurs at position 1 for any value of S2. If S1 does
         not occur in S2, then zero is returned.

         <like predicate> uses the triadic operator LIKE (or the inverse,
         NOT LIKE), operating on three character strings and returning
         a Boolean. LIKE determines whether or not a character string
         "matches" a given "pattern" (also a character string). The char-
         acters '%' (percent) and '_' (underscore) have special meaning when
         they occur in the pattern. The optional third argument is a charac-
         ter string containing exactly one character, known as the "escape
         character", for use when a percent or underscore is required in the
         pattern without its special meaning.

         4.2.3  Rules determining collating sequence usage

         The rules determining collating sequence usage for character
         strings are based on the following:

         -  Expressions where no columns are involved (e.g., literals, host
            variables) are by default compared using the default collating
            sequence for their character repertoire.

            Note: The default collating sequence for a character repertoire
            is defined in Subclause 10.4, "<character set specification>",
            and Subclause 11.28, "<character set definition>".

         -  When columns are involved (e.g., comparing two columns, or com-
            paring a column to a literal), by default the default collating
            sequence of the columns involved is used so long as the columns
            have the same default collating sequence.

         -  When columns are involved having different default collating
            sequences, explicit specification of the collating sequence in
            the expression is required via the <collate clause> when the
            expression participates in a comparison.

         -  Any explicit specification of collating sequence in an expres-
            sion overrides any default collating sequence.

         To formalize this, <character value expression>s effectively have
         a coercibility attribute. This attribute has the values Coercible,
         Implicit, No collating sequence, and Explicit. <character value
         expression>s with the Coercible, Implicit, or Explicit attributes
         have a collating sequence.


                                                               Concepts   23

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.2 Character strings


         A <character value expression> consisting of a column reference has
         the Implicit attribute, with collating sequence as defined when the
         column was created. A <character value expression> consisting of a
         value other than a column (e.g., a host variable or a literal) has
         the Coercible attribute, with the default collation for its char-
         acter repertoire. A <character value expression> simply containing
         a <collate clause> has the Explicit attribute, with the collating
         sequence specified in the <collate clause>.

         Note: When the coercibility attribute is Coercible, the collating
         sequence is uniquely determined as specified in Subclause 8.2,
         "<comparison predicate>".

         The tables below define how the collating sequence and the co-
         ercibility attribute is determined for the result of any monadic
         or dyadic operation. Table 1, "Collating coercibility rules for
         monadic operators", shows the collating sequence and coercibility
         rules for monadic operators, and Table 2, "Collating coercibil-
         ity rules for dyadic operators", shows the collating sequence and
         coercibility rules for dyadic operators. Table 3, "Collating se-
         quence usage for comparisons", shows how the collating sequence is
         determined for a particular comparison.

         _____Table_1-Collating_coercibility_rules_for_monadic_operators____

                Operand Coercibility              Result Coercibility
          _____and_Collating_Sequence_____  _____and_Collating_Sequence___

        |                   Collating     |                   Collating    |
        |_Coercibility______Sequence______|_Coercibility______Sequence_____|
        |                                 |                                |
        | Coercible       | default       | Coercible       | default      |
        |                 |               |                 |              |
        | Implicit        | X             | Implicit        | X            |
        |                 |               |                 |              |
        | Explicit        | X             | Explicit        | X            |
        |                 |               |                 |              |
        |_______No_collati|g_sequence_____|______No_collatin|_sequence_____|
        |                 |               |                 |              |
         _____Table_2-Collating_coercibility_rules_for_dyadic_operators_____

                                                                 Result
                                                              Coercibility
           Operand 1 Coercibility   Operand 2 Coercibility   and Collating
          _and_Collating_Sequence  _and_Collating_Sequence   ___Sequence___

        |              Collating |              Collating |             Col|ating
        |_Coercibility_Sequence__|_Coercibility_Sequence__|__CoercibilitySe|uence
        |                        |                        |                |
        | Coercible  | default   | Coercible  | default   |  Coercible| def|ult
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Coercible  | default   | Implicit   | Y         |  Implicit | Y  |
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Coercible  | default   |  No collati|g sequence |   No colla|ing |
                                                                sequence

         24  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       4.2 Character strings


         _Table_2-Collating_coercibility_rules_for_dyadic_operators_(Cont.)_

                                                                 Result
                                                              Coercibility
           Operand 1 Coercibility   Operand 2 Coercibility   and Collating
          _and_Collating_Sequence  _and_Collating_Sequence   ___Sequence___

        |              Collating |              Collating |             Col|ating
        |_Coercibility_Sequence__|_Coercibility_Sequence__|__CoercibilitySe|uence
        |                        |                        |                |
        | Coercible  | default   | Explicit   | Y         |  Explicit | Y  |
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Implicit   | X         | Coercible  | default   |  Implicit | X  |
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Implicit   | X         | Implicit   | X         |  Implicit | X  |
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Implicit   | X         | Implicit   | Y /= X    |   No colla|ing |
                                                                sequence

        | Implicit   | X         |  No collati|g sequence |   No collating |
        |            |           |            |           |     sequence   |
        |            |           |            |           |                |
        | Implicit   | X         | Explicit     Y         |  Explicit   Y  |
        |            |           |                        |                |
        |  No collati|g sequence | Any,       | Any       |   No colla|ing |
                                   except                       sequence
                                   Explicit

        |  No collating sequence | Explicit   | X         |  Explicit   X  |
        |                        |            |           |                |
        | Explicit     X         | Coercible  | default   |  Explicit | X  |
        |                        |            |           |           |    |
        | Explicit   | X         | Implicit   | Y         |  Explicit | X  |
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Explicit   | X         |  No collati|g sequence |  Explicit | X  |
        |            |           |            |           |           |    |
        | Explicit   | X         | Explicit     X         |  Explicit | X  |
        |            |           |                        |           |    |
        | Explicit   | X         | Explicit   | Y /= X    |  Not permi|ted:|
         ____________________________________________________invalid_syntax_

        |__________Ta|le_3-Collat|ng_sequence_|sage_for_co|parisons________|

              Comparand 1          Comparand 2
            Coercibility and     Coercibility and
          _Collating_Sequence  _Collating_Sequence

        |                    |                    |  Collating Sequence    |
        |            Collatin|            Collatin|  Used For The          |
        |_CoercibilitSequence|_CoercibilitSequence|__Comparison____________|
        |                    |                    |                        |
        | Coercible| default | Coercible| default |  default               |
        |          |         |          |         |                        |
        | Coercible| default | Implicit | Y       |  Y                     |
        |          |         |          |         |                        |
        | Coercible| default |     No co|lating   |  Not permitted: invalid|
                                     sequence        syntax

        | Coercible| default | Explicit   Y       |  Y                     |
        |          |         |                    |                        |
                                                               Concepts   25

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.2 Character strings


         ______Table_3-Collating_sequence_usage_for_comparisons_(Cont.)_____

              Comparand 1          Comparand 2
            Coercibility and     Coercibility and
          _Collating_Sequence  _Collating_Sequence

        |                    |                    |  Collating Sequence    |
        |            Collatin|            Collatin|  Used For The          |
        |_CoercibilitSequence|_CoercibilitSequence|__Comparison____________|
        |                    |                    |                        |
        | Implicit | X       | Coercible| default |  X                     |
        |          |         |          |         |                        |
        | Implicit | X       | Implicit | X       |  X                     |
        |          |         |          |         |                        |
        | Implicit | X       | Implicit | Y /= X  |  Not permitted: invalid|
                                                     syntax

        | Implicit | X       |     No co|lating   |  Not permitted: invalid|
        |          |         |       seq|ence     |  syntax                |
        |          |         |          |         |                        |
        | Implicit | X       | Explicit   Y       |  Y                     |
        |          |         |                    |                        |
        |     No co|lating   | Any      | Any     |  Not permitted: invalid|
                sequence       except                syntax
                               Explicit

        |     No collating   | Explicit | X       |  X                     |
        |       sequence     |          |         |                        |
        |                    |          |         |                        |
        | Explicit   X       | Coercible| default |  X                     |
        |                    |          |         |                        |
        | Explicit | X       | Implicit | Y       |  X                     |
        |          |         |          |         |                        |
        | Explicit | X       |     No co|lating   |  X                     |
                                     sequence

        | Explicit | X       | Explicit   X       |  X                     |
        |          |         |                    |                        |
        | Explicit | X       | Explicit | Y /= X  |  Not permitted: invalid|
         ____________________________________________syntax_________________

        |For n-adic|operation| (e.g., <c|se expres|ion>) with operands X1, |
         X2, . . . , n , the collating sequence is effectively determined by
         considering X1 and X2, then combining this result with X3, and so
         on.

         4.3  Bit strings

         A bit string is a sequence of bits, each having the value of 0 or
         1. A bit string has a length, which is the number of bits in the
         string. The length is 0 or a positive integer.

         A bit string data type is described by a bit string data type de-
         scriptor. A bit string data type descriptor contains:

         -  the name of the specific bit string data type (BIT or BIT
            VARYING); and

         26  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             4.3 Bit strings


         -  the length of the bit string data type (in bits).

         4.3.1  Bit string comparison and assignment

         All bit strings are mutually comparable. A bit string is identical
         to another bit string if and only if it is equal to that bit string
         in accordance with the comparison rules specified in Subclause 8.2,
         "<comparison predicate>".

         Assignment of a bit string to a bit string variable is performed
         from the most significant bit to the least significant bit in the
         source string to the most significant bit in the target string, one
         bit at a time.


         4.3.2  Operations involving bit strings

         4.3.2.1  Operators that operate on bit strings and return bit
                  strings

         <bit concatenation> is an operator, |, that returns the bit string
         made by concatenating the two bit string operands in the order
         given.

         <bit substring function> is a triadic function identical in syntax
         and semantics to <character substring function> except that the
         first argument and the returned value are both bit strings.

         4.3.2.2  Other operators involving bit strings

         <length expression> returns the length (as an integer number of
         octets or bits according to the choice of function) of a given bit
         string.

         <position expression> determines the first position, if any, at
         which one string, S1, occurs within another, S2. If S1 is of length
         zero, then it occurs at position 1 for any value of S2. If S1 does
         not occur in S2, then zero is returned.

         4.4  Numbers

         A number is either an exact numeric value or an approximate numeric
         value. Any two numbers are mutually comparable to each other.

         A numeric data type is described by a numeric data type descriptor.
         A numeric data type descriptor contains:

         -  the name of the specific numeric data type (NUMERIC, DECIMAL,
            INTEGER, SMALLINT, FLOAT, REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION);

         -  the precision of the numeric data type;



                                                               Concepts   27

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.4 Numbers


         -  the scale of the numeric data type, if it is an exact numeric
            data type; and

         -  an indication of whether the precision (and scale) are expressed
            in decimal or binary terms.

         4.4.1  Characteristics of numbers

         An exact numeric value has a precision and a scale. The precision
         is a positive integer that determines the number of significant
         digits in a particular radix (binary or decimal). The scale is a
         non-negative integer. A scale of 0 indicates that the number is an
         integer. For a scale of S, the exact numeric value is the integer
         value of the significant digits multiplied by 10-S.

         An approximate numeric value consists of a mantissa and an expo-
         nent. The mantissa is a signed numeric value, and the exponent is
         a signed integer that specifies the magnitude of the mantissa. An
         approximate numeric value has a precision. The precision is a posi-
         tive integer that specifies the number of significant binary digits
         in the mantissa. The value of an approximate numeric value is the
         mantissa multiplied by 10exponent.

         Whenever an exact or approximate numeric value is assigned to a
         data item or parameter representing an exact numeric value, an
         approximation of its value that preserves leading significant dig-
         its after rounding or truncating is represented in the data type
         of the target. The value is converted to have the precision and
         scale of the target. The choice of whether to truncate or round is
         implementation-defined.

         An approximation obtained by truncation of a numerical value N
         for an <exact numeric type> T is a value V representable in T such
         that N is not closer to zero than the numerical value of V and such
         that the absolute value of the difference between N and the numer-
         ical value of V is less than the absolute value of the difference
         between two successive numerical values representable in T.

         An approximation obtained by rounding of a numerical value N for
         an <exact numeric type> T is a value V representable in T such
         that the absolute value of the difference between N and the nu-
         merical value of V is not greater than half the absolute value
         of the difference between two successive numerical values repre-
         sentable in T. If there are more than one such values V, then it is
         implementation-defined which one is taken.

         All numerical values between the smallest and the largest value,
         inclusive, representable in a given exact numeric type have an
         approximation obtained by rounding or truncation for that type; it
         is implementation-defined which other numerical values have such
         approximations.



         28  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                                 4.4 Numbers


         An approximation obtained by truncation or rounding of a numerical
         value N for an <approximate numeric type> T is a value V repre-
         sentable in T such that there is no numerical value representable
         in T and distinct from that of V that lies between the numerical
         value of V and N, inclusive.

         If there are more than one such values V then it is implementation-
         defined which one is taken. It is implementation-defined which
         numerical values have approximations obtained by rounding or trun-
         cation for a given approximate numeric type.

         Whenever an exact or approximate numeric value is assigned to a
         data item or parameter representing an approximate numeric value,
         an approximation of its value is represented in the data type of
         the target. The value is converted to have the precision of the
         target.

         Operations on numbers are performed according to the normal rules
         of arithmetic, within implementation-defined limits, except as
         provided for in Subclause 6.12, "<numeric value expression>".

         4.4.2  Operations involving numbers

         As well as the usual arithmetic operators, plus, minus, times,
         divide, unary plus, and unary minus, there are the following func-
         tions that return numbers:

         -  <position expression> (see Subclause 4.2.2, "Operations involv-
            ing character strings", and Subclause 4.3.2, "Operations involv-
            ing bit strings") takes two strings as arguments and returns an
            integer;

         -  <length expression> (see Subclause 4.2.2, "Operations involving
            character strings", and Subclause 4.3.2, "Operations involv-
            ing bit strings") operates on a string argument and returns an
            integer;

         -  <extract expression> (see Subclause 4.5.3, "Operations involving
            datetimes and intervals") operates on a datetime or interval
            argument and returns an integer.

         4.5  Datetimes and intervals

         A datetime data type is described by a datetime data type descrip-
         tor. An interval data type is described by an interval data type
         descriptor.

         A datetime data type descriptor contains:

         -  the name of the specific datetime data type (DATE, TIME,
            TIMESTAMP, TIME WITH TIME ZONE, or TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE);
            and


                                                               Concepts   29

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.5 Datetimes and intervals


         -  the value of the <time fractional seconds precision>, if it is
            a TIME, TIMESTAMP, TIME WITH TIME ZONE, or TIMESTAMP WITH TIME
            ZONE type.

         An interval data type descriptor contains:

         -  the name of the interval data type (INTERVAL);

         -  an indication of whether the interval data type is a year-month
            interval or a day-time interval; and

         -  the <interval qualifier> that describes the precision of the
            interval data type.

         Every datetime or interval data type has an implied length in po-
         sitions. Let D denote a value in some datetime or interval data
         type DT. The length in positions of DT is constant for all D. The
         length in positions is the number of characters from the character
         set SQL_TEXT that it would take to represent any value in a given
         datetime or interval data type.

         4.5.1  Datetimes

         Table 4, "Fields in datetime items", specifies the fields that can
         make up a date time value; a datetime value is made up of a subset
         of those fields. Not all of the fields shown are required to be in
         the subset, but every field that appears in the table between the
         first included primary field and the last included primary field
         shall also be included. If either timezone field is in the subset,
         then both of them shall be included.

         __________________Table_4-Fields_in_datetime_items_________________

         _Keyword____________Meaning________________________________________

        |__________________|___Primary_datetime_fields_____________________|
        |                  |                                               |
        | YEAR               Year                                          |
        |                                                                  |
        | MONTH            | Month within year                             |
        |                  |                                               |
        | DAY              | Day within month                              |
        |                  |                                               |
        | HOUR             | Hour within day                               |
        |                  |                                               |
        | MINUTE           | Minute within hour                            |
        |                  |                                               |
        | SECOND           | Second and possibly fraction of a second      |
         ____________________within_minute__________________________________

        |__________________|___Timezone_datetime_fields____________________|
        |                  |                                               |
        | TIMEZONE_HOUR    | Hour value of time zone displacement          |
        |                                                                  |
        |_TIMEZONE_MINUTE__|_Minute_value_of_time_zone_displacement________|
        |                  |                                               |
         30  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 4.5 Datetimes and intervals


         There is an ordering of the significance of <datetime field>s. This
         is, from most significant to least significant: YEAR, MONTH, DAY,
         HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND.

         The <datetime field>s other than SECOND contain non-negative in-
         teger values, constrained by the natural rules for dates using the
         Gregorian calendar. SECOND, however, can be defined to have a <time
         fractional seconds precision> that indicates the number of decimal
         digits maintained following the decimal point in the seconds value,
         a non-negative exact numeric value.

         There are three classes of datetime data types defined within this
         International Standard:

         -  DATE - contains the <datetime field>s YEAR, MONTH, and DAY;

         -  TIME - contains the <datetime field>s HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND;
            and

         -  TIMESTAMP - contains the <datetime field>s YEAR, MONTH, DAY,
            HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND.

         Items of type datetime are mutually comparable only if they have
         the same <datetime field>s.

         Datetimes only have absolute meaning in the context of additional
         information. Time zones are political divisions of the earth's
         surface that allow the convention that time is measured the same
         at all locations within the time zone, regardless of the precise
         value of "sun time" at specific locations. Political entities often
         change the "local time" within a time zone for certain periods of
         the year, e.g., in the summer. However, different political enti-
         ties within the same time zone are not necessarily synchronized in
         their local time changes. When a datetime is specified (in SQL-data
         or elsewhere) it has an implied or explicit time zone specifier as-
         sociated with it. Unless that time zone specifier, and its meaning,
         is known, the meaning of the datetime value is ambiguous.

         Therefore, datetime data types that contain time fields (TIME and
         TIMESTAMP) are maintained in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), with
         an explicit or implied time zone part.

         The time zone part is an interval specifying the difference between
         UTC and the actual date and time in the time zone represented by
         the time or timestamp data item. The time zone displacement is
         defined as

              INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE

         A TIME or TIMESTAMP that does not specify WITH TIME ZONE has an im-
         plicit time zone equal to the local time zone for the SQL-session.
         The value of time represented in the data changes along with the
         local time zone for the SQL-session. However, the meaning of the
         time does not change because it is effectively maintained in UTC.

                                                               Concepts   31

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.5 Datetimes and intervals


         Note: On occasion, UTC is adjusted by the omission of a second or
         the insertion of a "leap second" in order to maintain synchro-
         nization with sidereal time. This implies that sometimes, but very
         rarely, a particular minute will contain exactly 59, 61, or 62
         seconds.

         4.5.2  Intervals

         There are two classes of intervals. One class, called year-month
         intervals, has an express or implied datetime precision that in-
         cludes no fields other than YEAR and MONTH, though not both are
         required. The other class, called day-time intervals, has an ex-
         press or implied interval precision that can include any fields
         other than YEAR or MONTH.

         Table 5, "Fields in year-month INTERVAL items", specifies the
         fields that make up a year-month interval. A year-month interval
         is made up of a contiguous subset of those fields.

         ____________Table_5-Fields_in_year-month_INTERVAL_items____________

         _Keyword______Meaning______________________________________________

        | YEAR       | Years                                               |
        |            |                                                     |
        |_MONTH______|_Months______________________________________________|
        |            |                                                     |
         Table 6, "Fields in day-time INTERVAL items", specifies the fields
         that make up a day-time interval. A day-time interval is made up of
         a contiguous subset of those fields.

         _____________Table_6-Fields_in_day-time_INTERVAL_items_____________

         _Keyword______Meaning______________________________________________

        | DAY        | Days                                                |
        |            |                                                     |
        | HOUR       | Hours                                               |
        |            |                                                     |
        | MINUTE     | Minutes                                             |
        |            |                                                     |
        |_SECOND_____|_Seconds_and_possibly_fractions_of_a_second__________|
        |            |                                                     |
         The actual subset of fields that comprise an item of either type of
         interval is defined by an <interval qualifier> and this subset is
         known as the precision of the item.

         Within an item of type interval, the first field is constrained
         only by the <interval leading field precision> of the associated
         <interval qualifier>. Table 7, "Valid values for fields in INTERVAL
         items", specifies the constraints on subsequence field values.



         32  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 4.5 Datetimes and intervals


         _________Table_7-Valid_values_for_fields_in_INTERVAL_items_________

         _Keyword______Valid_values_of_INTERVAL_fields______________________

        | YEAR       | Unconstrained except by <interval leading field     |
                       precision

        | MONTH      | Months (within years) (0-11)                        |
        |            |                                                     |
        | DAY        | Unconstrained except by <interval leading field     |
                       precision

        | HOUR       | Hours (within days) (0-23)                          |
        |            |                                                     |
        | MINUTE     | Minutes (within hours) (0-59)                       |
        |            |                                                     |
        |_SECOND_____|_Seconds_(within_minutes)_(0-59.999...)______________|
        |            |                                                     |
         Values in interval fields other than SECOND are integers. SECOND,
         however, can be defined to have an <interval fractional seconds
         precision> that indicates the number of decimal digits maintained
         following the decimal point in the seconds value.

         Fields comprising an item of type interval are also constrained by
         the definition of the Gregorian calendar.

         Year-month intervals are mutually comparable only with other year-
         month intervals. If two year-month intervals have different inter-
         val precisions, they are, for the purpose of any operations between
         them, effectively converted to the same precision by appending new
         <datetime field>s to either the most significant end or the least
         significant end of one or both year-month intervals. New least sig-
         nificant <datetime field>s are assigned a value of 0. When it is
         necessary to add new most significant date time fields, the as-
         sociated value is effectively converted to the new precision in
         a manner obeying the natural rules for dates and times associated
         with the Gregorian calendar.

         Day-time intervals are mutually comparable only with other day-
         time intervals. If two day-time intervals have different interval
         precisions, they are, for the purpose of any operations between
         them, effectively converted to the same precision by appending new
         <datetime field>s to either the most significant end or the least
         significant end of one or both day-time intervals. New least sig-
         nificant <datetime field>s are assigned a value of 0. When it is
         necessary to add new most significant datetime fields, the asso-
         ciated value is effectively converted to the new precision in a
         manner obeying the natural rules for dates and times associated
         with the Gregorian calendar.





                                                               Concepts   33

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.5 Datetimes and intervals


         4.5.3  Operations involving datetimes and intervals

         Table 8, "Valid operators involving datetimes and intervals", spec-
         ifies the results of arithmetic expressions involving datetime and
         interval operands.

         _____Table_8-Valid_operators_involving_datetimes_and_intervals_____

          Operand            Operand
         _1__________Operator_2_________Result_Type_________________________

        | Datetime | -     | Datetime | Interval                           |
        |          |       |          |                                    |
        | Datetime | + or -| Interval | Datetime                           |
        |          |       |          |                                    |
        | Interval | +     | Datetime | Datetime                           |
        |          |       |          |                                    |
        | Interval | + or -| Interval | Interval                           |
        |          |       |          |                                    |
        | Interval | * or /| Numeric  | Interval                           |
        |          |       |          |                                    |
        |_Numeric__|_*_____|_Interval_|_Interval___________________________|
        |          |       |          |                                    |
         Arithmetic operations involving items of type datetime or inter-
         val obey the natural rules associated with dates and times and
         yield valid datetime or interval results according to the Gregorian
         calendar.

         Operations involving items of type datetime require that the date-
         time items be mutually comparable. Operations involving items of
         type interval require that the interval items be mutually compara-
         ble.

         Operations involving a datetime and an interval preserve the time
         zone of the datetime operand. If the datetime operand does not
         include a time zone part, then the local time zone is effectively
         used.

         <overlaps predicate> uses the operator OVERLAPS to determine
         whether or not two chronological periods overlap in time. A chrono-
         logical period is specified either as a pair of datetimes (starting
         and ending) or as a starting datetime and an interval.

         <extract expression> operates on a datetime or interval and returns
         an exact numeric value representing the value of one component of
         the datetime or interval.

         4.6  Type conversions and mixing of data types

         Values of the data types NUMERIC, DECIMAL, INTEGER, SMALLINT,
         FLOAT, REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION are numbers and are all mutually
         comparable and mutually assignable. If an assignment would result
         in a loss of the most significant digits, an exception condition
         is raised. If least significant digits are lost, implementation-
         defined rounding or truncating occurs with no exception condition
         being raised. The rules for arithmetic are generally governed by
         Subclause 6.12, "<numeric value expression>".

         34  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                               4.6 Type conversions and mixing of data types


         Values corresponding to the data types CHARACTER and CHARACTER
         VARYING are mutually assignable if and only if they are taken from
         the same character repertoire. If they are from different character
         repertoires, then the value of the source of the assignment shall
         be translated to the character repertoire of the target before an
         assignment is possible. If a store assignment would result in the
         loss of non-<space> characters due to truncation, then an exception
         condition is raised. The values are mutually comparable only if
         they are mutually assignable and can be coerced to have the same
         collation. The comparison of two character strings depends on the
         collating sequence used for the comparison (see Table 3, "Collating
         sequence usage for comparisons"). When values of unequal length
         are compared, if the collating sequence for the comparison has
         the NO PAD attribute and the shorter value is equal to a prefix of
         the longer value, then the shorter value is considered less than
         the longer value. If the collating sequence for the comparison has
         the PAD SPACE attribute, for the purposes of the comparison, the
         shorter value is effectively extended to the length of the longer
         by concatenation of <space>s on the right.

         Values corresponding to the data types BIT and BIT VARYING are al-
         ways mutually comparable and are mutually assignable. If a store
         assignment would result in the loss of bits due to truncation, then
         an exception condition is raised. When values of unequal length are
         to be compared, if the shorter is a prefix of the longer, then the
         shorter is less than the longer; otherwise, the longer is effec-
         tively truncated to the length of the shorter for the purposes of
         comparison. When values of equal length are to be compared, then a
         bit-by-bit comparison is made. A 0-bit less than a 1-bit.

         Values of type datetime are mutually assignable only if the source
         and target of the assignment have the same datetime fields.

         Values of type interval are mutually assignable only if the source
         and target of the assignment are both year-month intervals or if
         they are both day-time intervals.

         Implicit type conversion can occur in expressions, fetch opera-
         tions, single row select operations, inserts, deletes, and updates.
         Explicit type conversions can be specified by the use of the CAST
         operator.

         4.7  Domains

         A domain is a set of permissible values. A domain is defined in
         a schema and is identified by a <domain name>. The purpose of a
         domain is to constrain the set of valid values that can be stored
         in SQL-data by various operations.

         A domain definition specifies a data type. It may also specify a
         <domain constraint> that further restricts the valid values of the
         domain and a <default clause> that specifies the value to be used
         in the absence of an explicitly specified value or column default.

                                                               Concepts   35

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.7 Domains


         A domain is described by a domain descriptor. A domain descriptor
         includes:

         -  the name of the domain;

         -  the data type descriptor of the data type of the domain;

         -  the <collation name> from the <collate clause>, if any, of the
            domain;

         -  the value of <default option>, if any, of the domain; and

         -  the domain constraint descriptors of the domain constraints, if
            any, of the domain.

         4.8  Columns

         A column is a multiset of values that may vary over time. All val-
         ues of the same column are of the same data type or domain and are
         values in the same table. A value of a column is the smallest unit
         of data that can be selected from a table and the smallest unit of
         data that can be updated.

         Every column has a <column name>.

         Every column has a nullability characteristic of known not nullable
         or possibly nullable, defined as follows:

         A column has a nullability characteristic that indicates whether
         any attempt to store a null value into that column will inevitably
         raise an exception, or whether any attempt to retrieve a value
         from that column can ever result in a null value. A column C with
         <column name> CN of a base table T has a nullability characteristic
         that is known not nullable if and only if either:

         -  there exists at least one constraint that is not deferrable and
            that simply contains a <search condition> that contains CN IS
            NOT NULL or NOT CN IS NULL or RVE IS NOT NULL, where RVE is a
            <row value constructor> that contains a <row value constructor
            expression> that is simply CN without an intervening <search
            condition> that specifies OR and without an intervening <boolean
            factor> that specifies NOT.

         -  C is based on a domain that has a domain constraint that is
            not deferrable and that simply contains a <search condition>
            that contains VALUE IS NOT NULL or NOT VALUE IS NULL without an
            intervening <search condition> that specifies OR and without an
            intervening <boolean factor> that specifies NOT.

         -  CN is contained in a non-deferrable <unique constraint defi-
            nition> whose <unique specification> specifies PRIMARY KEY.

         Otherwise, a column C is possibly nullable.

         36  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                                 4.8 Columns


         A column is described by a column descriptor. A column descriptor
         includes:

         -  the name of the column;

         -  whether the name of the column is an implementation-dependent
            name;

         -  if the column is based on a domain, then the name of that do-
            main; otherwise, the data type descriptor of the data type of
            the column;

         -  the <collation name> from the <collate clause>, if any, of the
            column;

         -  the value of <default option>, if any, of the column;

         -  the nullability characteristic of the column; and

         -  the ordinal position of the column within the table that con-
            tains the column.

         4.9  Tables

         A table is a multiset of rows. A row is a nonempty sequence of
         values. Every row of the same table has the same cardinality and
         contains a value of every column of that table. The i-th value in
         every row of a table is a value of the i-th column of that table.
         The row is the smallest unit of data that can be inserted into a
         table and deleted from a table.

         The degree of a table is the number of columns of that table. At
         any time, the degree of a table is the same as the cardinality of
         each of its rows and the cardinality of a table is the same as the
         cardinality of each of its columns. A table whose cardinality is 0
         is said to be empty.

         A table is either a base table, a viewed table, or a derived table.
         A base table is either a persistent base table, a global tempo-
         rary table, a created local temporary table, or a declared local
         temporary table.

         A persistent base table is a named table defined by a <table defi-
         nition> that does not specify TEMPORARY.

         A derived table is a table derived directly or indirectly from one
         or more other tables by the evaluation of a <query expression>.
         The values of a derived table are derived from the values of the
         underlying tables when the <query expression> is evaluated.

         A viewed table is a named derived table defined by a <view defini-
         tion>. A viewed table is sometimes called a view.


                                                               Concepts   37

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.9 Tables


         The terms simply underlying table, underlying table, leaf underly-
         ing table, generally underlying table, and leaf generally underly-
         ing table define a relationship between a derived table or cursor
         and other tables.

         The simply underlying tables of derived tables and cursors are
         defined in Subclause 7.9, "<query specification>", Subclause 7.10,
         "<query expression>", and Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>". A
         viewed table has no simply underlying tables.

         The underlying tables of a derived table or cursor are the simply
         underlying tables of the derived table or cursor and the underlying
         tables of the simply underlying tables of the derived table or
         cursor.

         The leaf underlying tables of a derived table or cursor are the
         underlying tables of the derived table or cursor that do not them-
         selves have any underlying tables.

         The generally underlying tables of a derived table or cursor are
         the underlying tables of the derived table or cursor and, for those
         underlying tables of the derived table or cursor that are viewed
         tables, the <query expression> of each viewed table and the gen-
         erally underlying tables of the <query expression> of each viewed
         table.

         The leaf generally underlying tables of a derived table or cursor
         are the generally underlying tables of the derived table or cursor
         that do not themselves have any generally underlying tables.

         All base tables are updatable. Derived tables are either updatable
         or read-only. The operations of insert, update, and delete are
         permitted for updatable tables, subject to constraining Access
         Rules. The operations of insert, update, and delete are not allowed
         for read-only tables.

         A grouped table is a set of groups derived during the evaluation
         of a <group by clause> or a <having clause>. A group is a multiset
         of rows in which all values of the grouping column or columns are
         equal if a <group by clause> is specified, or the group is the
         entire table if no <group by clause> is specified. A grouped table
         may be considered as a collection of tables. Set functions may
         operate on the individual tables within the grouped table.

         A global temporary table is a named table defined by a <table defi-
         nition> that specifies GLOBAL TEMPORARY. A created local temporary
         table is a named table defined by a <table definition> that speci-
         fies LOCAL TEMPORARY. Global and created local temporary tables are
         effectively materialized only when referenced in an SQL-session.
         Every <module> in every SQL-session that references a created local
         temporary table causes a distinct instance of that created local
         temporary table to be materialized. That is, the contents of a
         global temporary table or a created local temporary table cannot
         be shared between SQL-sessions. In addition, the contents of a cre-
         ated local temporary table cannot be shared between <module>s of a
         single SQL-session. The definition of a global temporary table or a
         created local temporary table appears in a schema. In SQL language,

         38  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                                  4.9 Tables


         the name and the scope of the name of a global temporary table or
         a created local temporary table are indistinguishable from those
         of a persistent base table. However, because global temporary ta-
         ble contents are distinct within SQL-sessions, and created local
         temporary tables are distinct within <module>s within SQL-sessions,
         the effective <schema name> of the schema in which the global tem-
         porary table or the created local temporary table is instantiated
         is an implementation-dependent <schema name> that may be thought
         of as having been effectively derived from the <schema name> of
         the schema in which the global temporary table or created local
         temporary table is defined and the implementation-dependent SQL-
         session identifier associated with the SQL-session. In addition,
         the effective <schema name> of the schema in which the created
         local temporary table is instantiated may be thought of as being
         further qualified by a unique implementation-dependent name associ-
         ated with the <module> in which the created local temporary table
         is referenced.

         A declared local temporary table is a named table defined by a
         <temporary table declaration> that is effectively materialized
         the first time any <procedure> in the <module> that contains the
         <temporary table declaration> is executed. A declared local tem-
         porary table is accessible only by <procedure>s in the <module>
         that contains the <temporary table declaration>. The effective
         <schema name> of the <qualified name> of the declared local tem-
         porary table may be thought of as the implementation-dependent
         SQL-session identifier associated with the SQL-session and a unique
         implementation-dependent name associated with the <module> that
         contains the <temporary table declaration>. All references to a
         declared local temporary table are prefixed by "MODULE.".

         The materialization of a temporary table does not persist beyond
         the end of the SQL-session in which the table was materialized.
         Temporary tables are effectively empty at the start of an SQL-
         session.

         A table is described by a table descriptor. A table descriptor is
         either a base table descriptor, a view descriptor, or a derived
         table descriptor (for a derived table that is not a view).

         Every table descriptor includes:

         -  the degree of the table (the number of column descriptors); and

         -  the column descriptor of each column in the table.

         A base table descriptor describes a base table. In addition to
         the components of every table descriptor, a base table descriptor
         includes:

         -  the name of the base table;

         -  an indication of whether the table is a persistent base table,
            a global temporary table, a created local temporary table, or a
            declared local temporary table; and

                                                               Concepts   39

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.9 Tables


         -  the descriptor of each table constraint specified for the table.

         A derived table descriptor describes a derived table. In addi-
         tion to the components of every table descriptor, a derived table
         descriptor includes:

         -  if the table is named, then the name of the table;

         -  the <query expression> that defines how the table is to be de-
            rived; and

         -  an indication of whether the derived table is updatable or read-
            only (this is derived from the <query expression>);

         A view descriptor describes a view. In addition to the components
         of a derived table descriptor, a view descriptor includes:

         -  an indication of whether the view has the CHECK OPTION; if so,
            whether it is to be applied as CASCADED or LOCAL.

         4.10  Integrity constraints

         Integrity constraints, generally referred to simply as constraints,
         define the valid states of SQL-data by constraining the values
         in the base tables. A constraint is either a table constraint,
         a domain constraint or an assertion. A constraint is described
         by a constraint descriptor. A constraint descriptor is either a
         table constraint descriptor, a domain constraint descriptor or an
         assertion descriptor. Every constraint descriptor includes:

         -  the name of the constraint;

         -  an indication of whether or not the constraint is deferrable;

         -  an indication of whether the initial constraint mode is deferred
            or immediate;

         A <query expression> or <query specification> is possibly non-
         deterministic if an implementation might, at two different times
         where the state of the SQL-data is the same, produce results that
         differ by more than the order of the rows due to General Rules that
         specify implementation-dependent behavior.

         No integrity constraint shall be defined using a <query specifica-
         tion> or a <query expression> that is possibly non-deterministic.









         40  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                  4.10 Integrity constraints


         4.10.1  Checking of constraints

         Every constraint is either deferrable or non-deferrable. Within
         a transaction, every constraint has a constraint mode; if a con-
         straint is non-deferrable, then its constraint mode is always im-
         mediate, otherwise it is either or immediate or deferred. Every
         constraint has an initial constraint mode that specifies the
         constraint mode for that constraint at the start of each SQL-
         transaction and immediately after definition of that constraint.
         If a constraint is deferrable, then its constraint mode may be
         changed (from immediate to deferred, or from deferred to immediate)
         by execution of a <set constraints mode statement>.

         The checking of a constraint depends on its constraint mode within
         the current SQL-transaction. If the constraint mode is immedi-
         ate, then the constraint is effectively checked at the end of
         each SQL-statement. If the constraint mode is deferred, then the
         constraint is effectively checked when the constraint mode is
         changed to immediate either explicitly by execution of a <set con-
         straints mode statement>, or implicitly at the end of the current
         SQL-transaction.

         When a constraint is checked other than at the end of an SQL-
         transaction, if it is not satisfied, then an exception condition
         is raised and the SQL-statement that caused the constraint to be
         checked has no effect other than entering the exception information
         into the diagnostics area. When a <commit statement> is executed,
         all constraints are effectively checked and, if any constraint
         is not satisfied, then an exception condition is raised and the
         transaction is terminated by an implicit <rollback statement>.

         4.10.2  Table constraints

         A table constraint is either a unique constraint, a referential
         constraint or a table check constraint. A table constraint is de-
         scribed by a table constraint descriptor which is either a unique
         constraint descriptor, a referential constraint descriptor or a
         table check constraint descriptor.

         A unique constraint is described by a unique constraint descriptor.
         In addition to the components of every table constraint descriptor,
         a unique constraint descriptor includes:

         -  an indication of whether it was defined with PRIMARY KEY or
            UNIQUE, and

         -  the names and positions of the unique columns specified in the
            <unique column list>;

         A referential constraint is described by a referential constraint
         descriptor. In addition to the components of every table constraint
         descriptor, a referential constraint descriptor includes:


                                                               Concepts   41

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.10 Integrity constraints


         -  the names of the referencing columns specified in the <referenc-
            ing columns>,

         -  the names of the referenced columns and referenced table speci-
            fied in the <referenced table and columns>, and

         -  the value of the <match type>, if specified, and the <referen-
            tial triggered actions>, if specified.

         Note: If MATCH FULL or MATCH PARTIAL is specified for a referential
         constraint and if the referencing table has only one column spec-
         ified in <referential constraint definition> for that referential
         constraint, or if the referencing table has more than one specified
         column for that <referential constraint definition>, but none of
         those columns is nullable, then the effect is the same as if no
         <match option> were specified.

         A table check constraint is described by a table check constraint
         descriptor. In addition to the components of every table constraint
         descriptor, a table check constraint descriptor includes:

         -  the <search condition>.

         A unique constraint is satisfied if and only if no two rows in
         a table have the same non-null values in the unique columns. In
         addition, if the unique constraint was defined with PRIMARY KEY,
         then it requires that none of the values in the specified column or
         columns be the null value.

         In the case that a table constraint is a referential constraint,
         the table is referred to as the referencing table. The referenced
         columns of a referential constraint shall be the unique columns of
         some unique constraint of the referenced table.

         A referential constraint is satisfied if one of the following con-
         ditions is true, depending on the <match option> specified in the
         <referential constraint definition>:

         -  If no <match type> was specified then, for each row R1 of the
            referencing table, either at least one of the values of the
            referencing columns in R1 shall be a null value, or the value of
            each referencing column in R1 shall be equal to the value of the
            corresponding referenced column in some row of the referenced
            table.

         -  If MATCH FULL was specified then, for each row R1 of the refer-
            encing table, either the value of every referencing column in R1
            shall be a null value, or the value of every referencing column
            in R1 shall not be null and there shall be some row R2 of the
            referenced table such that the value of each referencing col-
            umn in R1 is equal to the value of the corresponding referenced
            column in R2.


         42  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                  4.10 Integrity constraints


         -  If MATCH PARTIAL was specified then, for each row R1 of the
            referencing table, there shall be some row R2 of the refer-
            enced table such that the value of each referencing column in
            R1 is either null or is equal to the value of the corresponding
            referenced column in R2.

         The referencing table may be the same table as the referenced ta-
         ble.

         A table check constraint is satisfied if and only if the specified
         <search condition> is not false for any row of a table.

         4.10.3  Domain constraints

         A domain constraint is a constraint that is specified for a domain.
         It is applied to all columns that are based on that domain, and to
         all values cast to that domain.

         A domain constraint is described by a domain constraint descriptor.
         In addition to the components of every constraint descriptor a
         domain constraint descriptor includes:

         -  the <search condition>.

         A domain constraint is satisfied by SQL-data if and only if, for
         any table T that has a column named C based on that domain, the
         specified <search condition>, with each occurrence of VALUE re-
         placed by C, is not false for any row of T.

         A domain constraint is satisfied by the result of a <cast specifi-
         cation> if and only if the specified <search condition>, with each
         occurrence of VALUE replaced by that result, is not false.

         4.10.4  Assertions

         An assertion is a named constraint that may relate to the content
         of individual rows of a table, to the entire contents of a table,
         or to a state required to exist among a number of tables.

         An assertion is described by an assertion descriptor. In addi-
         tion to the components of every constraint descriptor an assertion
         descriptor includes:

         -  the <search condition>.

         An assertion is satisfied if and only if the specified <search
         condition> is not false.







                                                               Concepts   43

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.11 SQL-schemas


         4.11  SQL-schemas

         An SQL-schema is a persistent descriptor that includes:

         -  the <schema name> of the SQL-schema;

         -  the <authorization identifier> of the owner of the SQL-schema;

         -  The <character set name> of the default character set for the
            SQL-schema; and

         -  the descriptor of every component of the SQL-schema.

         In this International Standard, the term "schema" is used only
         in the sense of SQL-schema. Each component descriptor is either
         a domain descriptor, a base table descriptor, a view descriptor,
         an assertion descriptor, a privilege descriptor, a character set
         descriptor, a collation descriptor, or a translation descriptor.
         The persistent objects described by the descriptors are said to be
         owned by or to have been created by the <authorization identifier>
         of the schema.

         A schema is created initially using a <schema definition> and may
         be subsequently modified incrementally over time by the execution
         of <SQL schema statement>s. <schema name>s are unique within a
         catalog.

         A <schema name> is explicitly or implicitly qualified by a <catalog
         name> that identifies a catalog.

         Base tables and views are identified by <table name>s. A <table
         name> consists of a <schema name> and an <identifier>. For a per-
         sistent table, the <schema name> identifies the schema in which
         the base table or view identified by the <table name> was de-
         fined. Base tables and views defined in different schemas can
         have <identifier>s that are equal according to the General Rules
         of Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>".

         If a reference to a <table name> does not explicitly contain a
         <schema name>, then a specific <schema name> is implied. The par-
         ticular <schema name> associated with such a <table name> depends
         on the context in which the <table name> appears and is governed
         by the rules for <qualified name>. The default schema for <prepara-
         ble statement>s that are dynamically prepared in the current SQL-
         session through the execution of <prepare statement>s and <execute
         immediate statement>s is initially implementation-defined but may
         be changed by the use of <set schema statement>s.







         44  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               4.12 Catalogs


         4.12  Catalogs

         Catalogs are named collections of schemas in an SQL-environment. An
         SQL-environment contains zero or more catalogs. A catalog con-
         tains one or more schemas, but always contains a schema named
         INFORMATION_SCHEMA that contains the views and domains of the
         Information Schema. The method of creation and destruction of
         catalogs is implementation-defined. The set of catalogs that
         can be referenced in any SQL-statement, during any particular
         SQL-transaction, or during the course of an SQL-session is also
         implementation-defined. The default catalog for a <module> whose
         <module authorization clause> does not specify an explicit <cata-
         log name> to qualify the <schema name> is implementation-defined.
         The default catalog for <preparable statement>s that are dynami-
         cally prepared in the current SQL-session through the execution
         of <prepare statement>s and <execute immediate statement>s is ini-
         tially implementation-defined but may be changed by the use of <set
         catalog statement>s.


         4.13  Clusters of catalogs


         A cluster is an implementation-defined collection of catalogs.
         Exactly one cluster is associated with an SQL-session and it
         defines the totality of the SQL-data that is available to that
         SQL-session.

         An instance of a cluster is described by an instance of a defi-
         nition schema. Given some SQL-data object, such as a view, a con-
         straint, a domain, or a base table, the definition of that object,
         and of all the objects that it directly or indirectly references,
         are in the same cluster of catalogs. For example, no <referential
         constraint definition> and no <joined table> can "cross" a cluster
         boundary.

         Whether or not any catalog can occur simultaneously in more than
         one cluster is implementation-defined.

         Within a cluster, no two catalogs have the same name.

         4.14  SQL-data

         SQL-data is any data described by schemas that is under the control
         of an SQL-implementation in an SQL-environment.









                                                               Concepts   45

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.15 SQL-environment


         4.15  SQL-environment

         An SQL-environment comprises the following:

         -  an SQL-implementation capable of processing some Level (Entry
            SQL, Intermediate SQL, or Full SQL) of this International
            Standard and at least one binding style; see Clause 23,
            "Conformance" for further information about binding styles;

         -  zero or more catalogs;

         -  zero or more <authorization identifier>s;

         -  zero or more <module>s; and

         -  the SQL-data described by the schemas in the catalogs.

         An SQL-environment may have other implementation-defined contents.

         The rules determining which <module>s are considered to be within
         an SQL-environment are implementation-defined.

         4.16  Modules

         A <module> is an object specified in the module language. A <mod-
         ule> is either a persistent <module> or an SQL-session <module>.
         The mechanisms by which <module>s are created or destroyed are
         implementation-defined. A <module> consists of an optional <module
         name>, a <language clause>, a <module authorization clause> with
         either or both of a <module authorization identifier> and a <schema
         name>, an optional <module character set specification> that iden-
         tifies the character repertoire used for expressing the names of
         schema objects used in the <module>, zero or more <temporary table
         declaration>s, zero or more cursors specified by <declare cur-
         sor>s, and one or more <procedure>s. All <identifier>s contained
         in the <module> are expressed in either <SQL language character>
         or the character repertoire indicated by <module character set
         specification> unless they are specified with "<introducer>".

         A compilation unit is a segment of executable code, possibly con-
         sisting of one or more subprograms. A <module> is associated with
         a compilation unit during its execution. A single <module> may be
         associated with multiple compilation units and multiple <module>s
         may be associated with a single compilation unit. The manner in
         which this association is specified, including the possible re-
         quirement for execution of some implementation-defined statement,
         is implementation-defined. Whether a compilation unit may invoke or
         transfer control to other compilation units, written in the same or
         a different programming language, is implementation-defined.





         46  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             4.17 Procedures


         4.17  Procedures

         A <procedure> consists of a <procedure name>, a sequence of <pa-
         rameter declaration>s, and a single <SQL procedure statement>.


         A <procedure> in a <module> is invoked by a compilation unit as-
         sociated with the <module> by means of a host language "call"
         statement that specifies the <procedure name> of the <procedure>
         and supplies a sequence of parameter values corresponding in number
         and in <data type> to the <parameter declaration>s of the <proce-
         dure>. A call of a <procedure> causes the <SQL procedure statement>
         that it contains to be executed.

         4.18  Parameters

         A parameter is declared in a <procedure> by a <parameter decla-
         ration>. The <parameter declaration> specifies the <data type>
         of its value. A parameter either assumes or supplies the value of
         the corresponding argument in the call of that <procedure>. These
         <data type>s map to host language types and are not nullable except
         through the use of additional indicator variables.


         4.18.1  Status parameters

         The SQLSTATE and SQLCODE parameters are status parameters. They
         are set to status codes that indicate either that a call of the
         <procedure> completed successfully or that an exception condition
         was raised during execution of the <procedure>.

         Note: The SQLSTATE parameter is the preferred status parameter. The
         SQLCODE parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported for
         compatibility with earlier versions of this International Standard.
         See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         A <procedure> shall specify either the SQLSTATE parameter or the
         SQLCODE parameter or both. The SQLSTATE parameter is a charac-
         ter string parameter for which exception values are defined in
         Clause 22, "Status codes". The SQLCODE parameter is an integer pa-
         rameter for which the negative exception values are implementation-
         defined.

         If a condition is raised that causes a statement to have no effect
         other than that associated with raising the condition (that is,
         not a completion condition), then the condition is said to be an
         exception condition or exception. If a condition is raised that
         permits a statement to have an effect other than that associated
         with raising the condition (corresponding to an SQLSTATE class
         value of successful completion, warning, or no data), then the
         condition is said to be a completion condition.



                                                               Concepts   47

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.18 Parameters


         4.18.2  Data parameters

         A data parameter is a parameter that is used to either assume or
         supply the value of data exchanged between a host program and an
         SQL-implementation.

         4.18.3  Indicator parameters

         An indicator parameter is an integer parameter that is specified
         immediately following another parameter. Its primary use is to
         indicate whether the value that the other parameter assumes or
         supplies is a null value. An indicator parameter cannot immediately
         follow another indicator parameter.

         The other use for indicator parameters is to indicate whether
         string data truncation occurred during a transfer between a host
         program and an SQL-implementation in parameters or host variables.
         If a non-null string value is transferred and the length of the
         target data item is sufficient to accept the entire source data
         item, then the indicator parameter or variable is set to 0 to in-
         dicate that truncation did not occur. However, if the length of
         the target data item is insufficient, then the indicator parame-
         ter or variable is set to the length of the source data item (in
         characters or bits, as appropriate) to indicate that truncation
         occurred and to indicate the original length in characters or bits,
         as appropriate, of the source.

         4.19  Diagnostics area

         The diagnostics area is a place where completion and exception con-
         dition information is stored when an SQL-statement is executed.
         There is one diagnostics area associated with an SQL-agent, regard-
         less of the number of <module>s that the SQL-agent includes or the
         number of connections in use.

         At the beginning of the execution of any statement that is not an
         <SQL diagnostics statement>, the diagnostics area is emptied. An
         implementation shall place information about a completion condition
         or an exception condition reported by SQLCODE or SQLSTATE into this
         area. If other conditions are raised, an implementation may place
         information about them into this area.

         <procedure>s containing <SQL diagnostics statement>s return a code
         indicating completion or exception conditions for that statement
         via SQLCODE or SQLSTATE, but do not modify the diagnostics area.

         An SQL-agent may choose the size of the diagnostics area with the
         <set transaction statement>; if an SQL-agent does not specify the
         size of the diagnostics area, then the size of the diagnostics
         area is implementation-dependent, but shall always be able to hold
         information about at least one condition. An implementation may
         place information into this area about fewer conditions than are
         specified. The ordering of the information about conditions placed

         48  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       4.19 Diagnostics area


         into the diagnostics area is implementation-dependent, except that
         the first condition in the diagnostics area always corresponds to
         the condition specified by the SQLSTATE or SQLCODE value.

         4.20  Standard programming languages


         This International Standard specifies the actions of <procedure>s
         in <module>s when those <procedure>s are called by programs that
         conform to certain specified programming language standards. The
         term "standard PLN program", where PLN is the name of a program-
         ming language, refers to a program that conforms to the standard
         for that programming language as specified in Clause 2, "Normative
         references". This International Standard also specifies a mechanism
         whereby SQL language may be embedded in programs that otherwise
         conform to any of the same specified programming language stan-
         dards.

         Note: In this International Standard, for the purposes of inter-
         facing with programming languages, the data types DATE, TIME,
         TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL shall be converted to or from character
         strings in those programming languages by means of a <cast speci-
         fication>. It is anticipated that future evolution of programming
         language standards will support data types corresponding to these
         four SQL data types; this standard will then be amended to reflect
         the availability of those corresponding data types. The data type
         CHARACTER is also mapped to character strings in the programming
         languages. However, because the facilities available in the pro-
         gramming languages do not provide the same capabilities as those
         available in SQL, there shall be agreement between the host pro-
         gram and SQL regarding the specific format of the character data
         being exchanged. Specific syntax for this agreement is provided
         in this International standard. For standard programming lan-
         guages, C, COBOL, Fortran, and Pascal, bit strings are mapped to
         character variables in the host language in a manner described in
         Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>". For standard pro-
         gramming languages Ada and PL/I, bit string variables are directly
         supported.

         4.21  Cursors


         A cursor is specified by a <declare cursor>, <dynamic declare cur-
         sor>, or <allocate cursor statement>.

         For every <declare cursor> or <dynamic declare cursor> in a <mod-
         ule>, a cursor is effectively created when an SQL-transaction (see
         Subclause 4.28, "SQL-transactions") referencing the <module> is
         initiated, and destroyed when that SQL-transaction is terminated. A
         cursor is also effectively created when an <allocate cursor state-
         ment> is executed within a SQL-transaction and destroyed when that
         SQL-transaction is terminated. In addition, an extended dynamic


                                                               Concepts   49

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.21 Cursors


         cursor is destroyed when a <deallocate prepared statement> is exe-
         cuted that deallocates the prepared statement on which the extended
         dynamic cursor is based.

         A cursor is in either the open state or the closed state. The ini-
         tial state of a cursor is the closed state. A cursor is placed in
         the open state by an <open statement> or <dynamic open statement>
         and returned to the closed state by a <close statement> or <dynamic
         close statement>, a <commit statement>, or a <rollback statement>.

         A cursor in the open state identifies a table, an ordering of the
         rows of that table, and a position relative to that ordering. If
         the <declare cursor> does not include an <order by clause>, or
         includes an <order by clause> that does not specify the order of
         the rows completely, then the rows of the table have an order that
         is defined only to the extent that the <order by clause> specifies
         an order and is otherwise implementation-dependent.

         When the ordering of a cursor is not defined by an <order by
         clause>, the relative positions of two rows is implementation-
         dependent. When the ordering of a cursor is partially determined
         by an <order by clause>, then the relative positions of two rows
         are determined only by the <order by clause>; if the two rows have
         equal values for the purpose of evaluating the <order by clause>,
         then their relative positions are implementation-dependent.

         A cursor is either read-only or updatable. If the table identified
         by a cursor is not updatable or if INSENSITIVE is specified for
         the cursor, then the cursor is read-only; otherwise, the cursor is
         updatable. The operations of update and delete are not allowed for
         read-only cursors.

         The position of a cursor in the open state is either before a cer-
         tain row, on a certain row, or after the last row. If a cursor is
         on a row, then that row is the current row of the cursor. A cursor
         may be before the first row or after the last row of a table even
         though the table is empty. When a cursor is initially opened, the
         position of the cursor is before the first row.

         A <fetch statement> or <dynamic fetch statement> positions an open
         cursor on a specified row of the cursor's ordering and retrieves
         the values of the columns of that row. An <update statement: po-
         sitioned> or <dynamic update statement: positioned> updates the
         current row of the cursor. A <delete statement: positioned> or <dy-
         namic delete statement: positioned> deletes the current row of the
         cursor.

         If an error occurs during the execution of an SQL-statement that
         identifies an open cursor, then, except where otherwise explic-
         itly defined, the effect, if any, on the position or state of that
         cursor is implementation-dependent.

         If a cursor is open, and the current SQL-transaction makes a change
         to SQL-data other than through that cursor, and the <declare cur-
         sor> for that cursor specified INSENSITIVE, then the effect of
         that change will not be visible through that cursor before it is
         closed. Otherwise, whether the effect of such a change will be

         50  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                                4.21 Cursors


         visible through that cursor before it is closed is implementation-
         dependent.

         4.22  SQL-statements


         4.22.1  Classes of SQL-statements

         An SQL-statement is a string of characters that conforms to the
         format and syntax rules specified in this international standard.
         Most SQL-statements can be prepared for execution and executed in
         one of a number of ways. These are:

         -  in a <module>, in which case it is prepared when the <module>
            is created (see Subclause 4.16, "Modules") and executed when the
            containing procedure is called.

         -  in an embedded SQL host program, in which case it is pre-
            pared when the embedded SQL host program is preprocessed (see
            Subclause 4.23, "Embedded syntax").

         -  being prepared and executed by the use of SQL-dynamic statements
            (which are themselves executed in one of the foregoing two ways-
            see Subclause 4.24, "SQL dynamic statements").

         -  direct invocation, in which case it is effectively prepared
            immediately prior to execution (see Subclause 4.25, "Direct
            invocation of SQL").

         There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:

         -  According to their effect on SQL objects, whether persistent
            objects, i.e., SQL-data and schemas, or transient objects, such
            as SQL-sessions and other SQL-statements.

         -  According to whether or not they start a transaction, or can, or
            must, be executed when no transaction is active.

         -  According to whether or not they may be embedded.

         -  According to whether they may be dynamically prepared and exe-
            cuted.

         -  According to whether or not they may be directly executed.

         This International Standard permits implementations to provide ad-
         ditional, implementation-defined, statements that may fall into any
         of these categories. This Subclause will not mention those state-
         ments again, as their classification is entirely implementation-
         defined.




                                                               Concepts   51

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.22 SQL-statements


         4.22.2  SQL-statements classified by function

         The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:

         -  SQL-schema statements; these may have a persistent effect on
            schemas

         -  SQL-data statements; some of these, the SQL-data change state-
            ments, may have a persistent effect on SQL-data

         -  SQL-transaction statements; except for the <commit statement>,
            these, and the following classes, have no effects that persist
            when a session is terminated

         -  SQL-connection statements

         -  SQL-session statements

         -  SQL-dynamic statements

         -  SQL-diagnostics statements

         -  SQL embedded exception declaration

         The following are the SQL-schema statements:

         -  <schema definition>

         -  <drop schema statement>

         -  <domain definition>

         -  <drop domain statement>

         -  <table definition>

         -  <drop table statement>

         -  <view definition>

         -  <drop view statement>

         -  <assertion definition>

         -  <drop assertion statement>

         -  <alter table statement>

         -  <alter domain statement>

         -  <grant statement>

         -  <revoke statement>

         -  <character set definition>

         -  <drop character set statement>

         52  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         4.22 SQL-statements


         -  <collation definition>

         -  <drop collation statement>

         -  <translation definition>

         -  <drop translation statement>

         The following are the SQL-data statements:

         -  <temporary table declaration>

         -  <declare cursor>

         -  <dynamic declare cursor>

         -  <allocate cursor statement>

         -  <dynamic select statement>

         -  <open statement>

         -  <dynamic open statement>

         -  <close statement>

         -  <dynamic close statement>

         -  <fetch statement>

         -  <dynamic fetch statement>

         -  <select statement: single row>

         -  <direct select statement: multiple rows>

         -  <dynamic single row select statement>

         -  All SQL-data change statements

         The following are the SQL-data change statements:

         -  <insert statement>

         -  <delete statement: searched>

         -  <delete statement: positioned>

         -  <dynamic delete statement: positioned>

         -  <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>

         -  <update statement: searched>

         -  <update statement: positioned>

         -  <dynamic update statement: positioned>

                                                               Concepts   53

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.22 SQL-statements


         -  <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

         The following are the SQL-transaction statements:

         -  <set transaction statement>

         -  <set constraints mode statement>

         -  <commit statement>

         -  <rollback statement>

         The following are the SQL-connection statements:

         -  <connect statement>

         -  <set connection statement>

         -  <disconnect statement>

         The following are the SQL-session statements:

         -  <set catalog statement>

         -  <set schema statement>

         -  <set names statement>

         -  <set session authorization identifier statement>

         -  <set local time zone statement>

         The following are the SQL-dynamic statements:

         -  <execute immediate statement>

         -  <allocate descriptor statement>

         -  <deallocate descriptor statement>

         -  <get descriptor statement>

         -  <set descriptor statement>

         -  <prepare statement>

         -  <deallocate prepared statement>

         -  <describe input statement>

         -  <describe output statement>

         -  <execute statement>

         The following is the SQL-diagnostics statement:

         -  <get diagnostics statement>

         54  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         4.22 SQL-statements


         The following is the SQL embedded exception declaration:

         -  <embedded exception declaration>

         4.22.3  Embeddable SQL-statements

         The following SQL-statements are embeddable in an embedded SQL host
         program, and may be the <SQL procedure statement> in a <procedure>
         in a <module>:

         -  All SQL-schema statements

         -  All SQL-transaction statements

         -  All SQL-connection statements

         -  All SQL-session statements

         -  All SQL-dynamic statements

         -  All SQL-diagnostics statements

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <allocate cursor statement>

            o <open statement>

            o <dynamic open statement>

            o <close statement>

            o <dynamic close statement>

            o <fetch statement>

            o <dynamic fetch statement>

            o <select statement: single row>

            o <insert statement>

            o <delete statement: searched>

            o <delete statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <update statement: searched>

            o <update statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic update statement: positioned>

                                                               Concepts   55

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.22 SQL-statements


         The following SQL-statements are embeddable in an embedded SQL host
         program, and may occur in a <module>, though not in a <procedure>:

         -  <temporary table declaration>

         -  <declare cursor>

         -  <dynamic declare cursor>

         The following SQL-statements are embeddable in an embedded SQL host
         program, but may not occur in a <module>:

         -  SQL embedded exception declarations

         Consequently, the following SQL-data statements are not embeddable
         in an embedded SQL host program, nor may they occur in a <mod-
         ule>, nor be the <SQL procedure statement> in a <procedure> in a
         <module>:

         -  <dynamic select statement>

         -  <dynamic single row select statement>

         -  <direct select statement: multiple rows>

         -  <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>

         -  <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

         4.22.4  Preparable and immediately executable SQL-statements

         The following SQL-statements are preparable:

         -  All SQL-schema statements

         -  All SQL-transaction statements

         -  All SQL-session statements

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <delete statement: searched>

            o <dynamic select statement>

            o <dynamic single row select statement>

            o <insert statement>

            o <update statement: searched>

            o <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

            o <preparable implementation-defined statement>

         56  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         4.22 SQL-statements


         Consequently, the following SQL-statements are not preparable:

         -  All SQL-connection statements

         -  All SQL-dynamic statements

         -  All SQL-diagnostics statements

         -  SQL embedded exception declarations

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <allocate cursor statement>

            o <open statement>

            o <dynamic open statement>

            o <close statement>

            o <dynamic close statement>

            o <fetch statement>

            o <dynamic fetch statement>

            o <select statement: single row>

            o <delete statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <update statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic update statement: positioned>

            o <direct select statement: multiple rows>

            o <temporary table declaration>

            o <declare cursor>

            o <dynamic declare cursor>

         Any preparable SQL-statement can be executed immediately, with the
         exception of:

         -  <dynamic select statement>

         -  <dynamic single row select statement>




                                                               Concepts   57

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.22 SQL-statements


         4.22.5  Directly executable SQL-statements

         The following SQL-statements may be executed directly:

         -  All SQL-schema statements

         -  All SQL-transaction statements

         -  All SQL-connection statements

         -  All SQL-session statements

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <temporary table declaration>

            o <direct select statement: multiple rows>

            o <insert statement>

            o <delete statement: searched>

            o <update statement: searched>

         Consequently, the following SQL-statements may not be executed
         directly:

         -  All SQL-dynamic statements

         -  All SQL-diagnostics statements

         -  SQL embedded exception declarations

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <declare cursor>

            o <dynamic declare cursor>

            o <allocate cursor statement>

            o <open statement>

            o <dynamic open statement>

            o <close statement>

            o <dynamic close statement>

            o <fetch statement>

            o <dynamic fetch statement>

            o <select statement: single row>

            o <dynamic select statement>

            o <dynamic single row select statement>

         58  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         4.22 SQL-statements


            o <delete statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <update statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic update statement: positioned>

            o <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

         4.22.6  SQL-statements and transaction states

         Whether an <execute immediate statement> starts a transaction de-
         pends on what SQL-statement is the value of <SQL statement vari-
         able>. Whether an <execute statement> starts a transaction depends
         on what SQL-statement was the value of <SQL statement variable>
         when the prepared statement identified by <SQL statement name> was
         prepared.

         The following SQL-statements are transaction initiating SQL-
         statements, i.e., if there is no current transaction, and a state-
         ment of this class is executed, a transaction is initiated:

         -  All SQL-schema statements

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <allocate cursor statement>

            o <dynamic select statement>

            o <open statement>

            o <dynamic open statement>

            o <close statement>

            o <dynamic close statement>

            o <fetch statement>

            o <dynamic fetch statement>

            o <select statement: single row>

            o <direct select statement: multiple rows>

            o <dynamic single row select statement>

            o <insert statement>

            o <delete statement: searched>

            o <delete statement: positioned>

                                                               Concepts   59

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.22 SQL-statements


            o <dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>

            o <update statement: searched>

            o <update statement: positioned>

            o <dynamic update statement: positioned>

            o <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

         -  The following SQL-dynamic statements:

            o <describe input statement>

            o <describe output statement>

            o <allocate descriptor statement>

            o <deallocate descriptor statement>

            o <get descriptor statement>

            o <set descriptor statement>

            o <prepare statement>

            o <deallocate prepared statement>

         The following SQL-statements are not transaction initiating SQL-
         statements, i.e., if there is no current transaction, and a state-
         ment of this class is executed, no transaction is initiated.

         -  All SQL-transaction statements

         -  All SQL-connection statements

         -  All SQL-session statements

         -  All SQL-diagnostics statements

         -  SQL embedded exception declarations

         -  The following SQL-data statements:

            o <temporary table declaration>

            o <declare cursor>

            o <dynamic declare cursor>

            o <dynamic select statement>

         60  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                        4.23 Embedded syntax


         4.23  Embedded syntax

         An <embedded SQL host program> (<embedded SQL Ada program>, <em-
         bedded SQL C program>, <embedded SQL COBOL program>, <embedded
         SQL Fortran program>, <embedded SQL MUMPS program>, <embedded SQL
         Pascal program>, or <embedded SQL PL/I program>) is a compilation
         unit that consists of programming language text and SQL text. The
         programming language text shall conform to the requirements of a
         specific standard programming language. The SQL text shall con-
         sist of one or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally,
         one or more <embedded SQL declare section>s, as defined in this
         International Standard. This allows database applications to be
         expressed in a hybrid form in which SQL-statements are embedded
         directly in a compilation unit. Such a hybrid compilation unit is
         defined to be equivalent to a standard compilation unit in which
         the SQL-statements have been replaced by standard procedure or
         subroutine calls of SQL <procedure>s in a separate SQL <module>,
         and in which each <embedded SQL begin declare> and each <embedded
         SQL end declare> has been removed and the declarations contained
         therein have been suitably transformed into standard host-language
         syntax.

         An implementation may reserve a portion of the name space in the
         <embedded SQL host program> for the names of procedures or subrou-
         tines that are generated to replace SQL-statements and for program
         variables and branch labels that may be generated as required to
         support the calling of these procedures or subroutines; whether
         this reservation is made is implementation-defined. They may sim-
         ilarly reserve name space for the <module name> and <procedure
         name>s of the generated <module> that may be associated with the
         resulting standard compilation unit. The portion of the name space
         to be so reserved, if any, is implementation-defined.


         4.24  SQL dynamic statements

         In many cases, the SQL-statement to be executed can be coded into
         a <module> or into a compilation unit using the embedded syntax.
         In other cases, the SQL-statement is not known when the program
         is written and will be generated during program execution. An
         <execute immediate statement> can be used for a one-time prepa-
         ration and execution of an SQL-statement. A <prepare statement>
         is used to prepare the generated SQL-statement for subsequent ex-
         ecution. A <deallocate prepared statement> is used to deallocate
         SQL-statements that have been prepared with a <prepare statement>.
         A description of the input parameters for a prepared statement
         can be obtained by execution of a <describe input statement>. A
         description of the resultant columns of a <dynamic select state-
         ment> or <dynamic single row select statement> can be obtained by
         execution of a <describe output statement>. For a statement other
         than a <dynamic select statement>, an <execute statement> is used
         to associate parameters with the prepared statement and execute


                                                               Concepts   61

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.24 SQL dynamic statements


         it as though it had been coded when the program was written. For a
         <dynamic select statement>, the prepared <cursor specification> is
         associated with a cursor via a <dynamic declare cursor> or <allo-
         cate cursor statement>. The cursor can be opened and parameters can
         be associated with the cursor with a <dynamic open statement>. A
         <dynamic fetch statement> positions an open cursor on a specified
         row and retrieves the values of the columns of that row. A <dynamic
         close statement> closes a cursor that was opened with a <dynamic
         open statement>. A <dynamic delete statement: positioned> is used
         to delete rows through a dynamic cursor. A <dynamic update state-
         ment: positioned> is used to update rows through a dynamic cursor.
         A <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> is used to
         delete rows through a dynamic cursor when the precise format of the
         statement isn't known until runtime. A <preparable dynamic update
         statement: positioned> is used to update rows through a dynamic
         cursor when the precise format of the statement isn't known until
         runtime.

         The interface for input parameters for a prepared statement and
         for the resulting values from a <dynamic fetch statement> or the
         execution of a prepared <dynamic single row select statement> can
         be either a list of parameters or embedded variables or an SQL
         descriptor area. An SQL descriptor area consists of zero or more
         item descriptor areas, together with a COUNT of the number of those
         item descriptor areas. Each item descriptor area consists of the
         fields specified in Table 17, "Data types of <key word>s used in
         SQL item descriptor areas", in Subclause 17.1, "Description of SQL
         item descriptor areas". The SQL descriptor area is allocated and
         maintained by the system with the following statements: <allocate
         descriptor statement>, <deallocate descriptor statement>, <set
         descriptor statement>, and <get descriptor statement>.

         An SQL descriptor area is identified by a <descriptor name>, which
         is a <simple value specification> whose value is an <identifier>.
         Two <descriptor name>s identify the same SQL descriptor area if
         their values, with leading and trailing <space>s removed, are
         equivalent according to the rules for <identifier> comparisons
         in Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>".

         Dynamic statements can be identified by <statement name>s or by
         <extended statement name>s. Similarly, dynamic cursors can be
         identified by <cursor name>s and by <extended cursor name>s. The
         non-extended names are <identifier>s. The extended names are <tar-
         get specification>s whose values are <identifier>s used to iden-
         tify the statement or cursor. Two extended names are equivalent
         if their values, with leading and trailing <space>s removed, are
         equivalent according to the rules for <identifier> comparison in
         Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>".

         An SQL descriptor area name may be defined as global or local.
         Similarly, an extended statement name or extended cursor name may
         be global or local. The scope of a global name is the SQL-session.
         The scope of a local name is the <module> in which it appears. A
         reference to an entity in which one specifies a global scope is
         valid only if the entity was defined as global and if the reference

         62  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 4.24 SQL dynamic statements


         is from the same SQL-session in which it was defined. A reference
         to an entity in which one specifies a local scope is valid only if
         the entity was defined as local and if the reference is from the
         same <module> in which it was defined. (The scope of non-extended
         statement names and non-extended cursor names is always local.)

         Within an SQL-session, all global prepared statements (prepared
         statements with global statement names) belong to the SQL-session
         <module>. Within an SQL-session, each local prepared statement
         (prepared statements with local statement names) belongs to the
         <module> that contains the <prepare statement> or <execute immedi-
         ate statement> with which it is prepared.

         Note: The SQL-session <module> is defined in Subclause 4.30, "SQL-
         sessions".

         Dynamic execution of SQL-statements can generally be accomplished
         in two different ways. Statements can be prepared for execution
         and then later executed one or more times; when the statement is
         no longer needed for execution, it can be released by the use of
         a <deallocate prepared statement>. Alternatively, a statement that
         is needed only once can be executed without the preparation step-it
         can be executed immediately (not all SQL-statements can be executed
         immediately).

         Many SQL-statements can be written to use "parameters" (which are
         manifested in static execution of SQL-statements as <parameters>
         in <SQL statement>s contained in <procedure>s in <module>s or as
         <embedded variable name>s in <SQL statement>s contained in <em-
         bedded SQL host program>s). In SQL-statements that are executed
         dynamically, the parameters are called dynamic parameters (<dynamic
         parameter specification>s) and are represented in SQL language by a
         <question mark> (?).

         In many situations, an application that generates an SQL-statement
         for dynamic execution knows in detail the required characteristics
         (e.g., <data type>, <length>, <precision>, <scale>, etc.) of each
         of the dynamic parameters used in the statement; similarly, the ap-
         plication may also know in detail the characteristics of the values
         that will be returned by execution of the statement. However, in
         other cases, the application may not know this information to the
         required level of detail; it is possible in some cases for the ap-
         plication to ascertain the information from the Information Schema,
         but in other cases (e.g., when a returned value is derived from
         a computation instead of simply from a column in a table, or when
         dynamic parameters are supplied) this information is not gener-
         ally available except in the context of preparing the statement for
         execution.

         To provide the necessary information to applications, SQL per-
         mits an application to request the database system to describe a
         prepared statement. The description of a statement identifies the
         number of dynamic parameters (describe input) and their data type
         information or it identifies the number of values to be returned

                                                               Concepts   63

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.24 SQL dynamic statements


         (describe output) and their data type information. The descrip-
         tion of a statement is placed into the SQL descriptor areas already
         mentioned.

         Many, but not all, SQL-statements can be prepared and executed
         dynamically.

         Note: The complete list of statements that may be dynamically pre-
         pared and executed is defined in Subclause 4.22.4, "Preparable and
         immediately executable SQL-statements".

         Certain "set statements" (<set catalog statement>, <set schema
         statement>, and <set names statement>) have no effect other than
         to set up default information (<catalog name>, <schema name>,
         and <character set>, respectively) to be applied to other SQL-
         statements that are prepared or executed immediately or that are
         invoked directly.

         Syntax errors and Access Rule violations caused by the preparation
         or immediate execution of <preparable statement>s are identi-
         fied when the statement is prepared (by <prepare statement>) or
         when it is executed (by <execute statement> or <execute immediate
         statement>); such violations are indicated by the raising of an
         exception condition.

         4.25  Direct invocation of SQL

         Direct invocation of SQL is a mechanism for executing direct SQL-
         statements, known as <direct SQL statement>s. In direct invocation
         of SQL, the method of invoking <direct SQL statement>s, the method
         of raising conditions that result from the execution of <direct SQL
         statement>s, the method of accessing the diagnostics information
         that results from the execution of <direct SQL statement>s, and the
         method of returning the results are implementation-defined.

         4.26  Privileges

         A privilege authorizes a given category of <action> to be per-
         formed on a specified base table, view, column, domain, character
         set, collation, or translation by a specified <authorization iden-
         tifier>. The mapping of <authorization identifier>s to operating
         system users is implementation-dependent. The <action>s that can be
         specified are:

         -  INSERT

         -  INSERT (<column name list>)

         -  UPDATE

         -  UPDATE (<column name list>)

         -  DELETE

         64  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             4.26 Privileges


         -  SELECT

         -  REFERENCES

         -  REFERENCES (<column name list>)

         -  USAGE

         An <authorization identifier> is specified for each <schema defini-
         tion> and <module> as well as for each SQL-session.

         A schema that is owned by a given <authorization identifier> may
         contain privilege descriptors that describe privileges granted to
         other <authorization identifier>s (grantees). The granted priv-
         ileges apply to objects defined in the current schema. The WITH
         GRANT OPTION clause of a <grant statement> specifies whether the
         recipient of a privilege (acting as a grantor) may grant it to
         others.

         When an SQL-session is initiated, the <authorization identifier>
         for the SQL-session, called the SQL-session <authorization identi-
         fier>, is determined in an implementation-dependent manner, unless
         the session is initiated using a <connect statement>. Subsequently,
         the SQL-session <authorization identifier> can be redefined by the
         successful execution of a <set session authorization identifier
         statement>.

         A <module> may specify an <authorization identifier>, called a
         <module authorization identifier>. If the <module authorization
         identifier> is specified, then that <module authorization iden-
         tifier> is used as the current <authorization identifier> for the
         execution of all <procedure>s in the <module>. If the <module au-
         thorization identifier> is not specified, then the SQL-session
         <authorization identifier> is used as the current <authorization
         identifier> for the execution of each <procedure> in the <module>.

         A <schema definition> may specify an <authorization identifier>,
         called a <schema authorization identifier>. If the <schema autho-
         rization identifier> is specified, then that is used as the current
         <authorization identifier> for the creation of the schema. If the
         <module authorization identifier> is not specified, then the <mod-
         ule authorization identifier> or the SQL-session <authorization
         identifier> is used as the current <authorization identifier> for
         the creation of the schema.

         The current <authorization identifier> determines the privileges
         for the execution of each SQL-statement. For direct SQL, the SQL-
         session <authorization identifier> is always the current <autho-
         rization identifier>.

         Each privilege is represented by a privilege descriptor. A privi-
         lege descriptor contains:

         -  the identification of the table, column, domain, character set,
            collation, or translation that the descriptor describes;

         -  the <authorization identifier> of the grantor of the privilege;

                                                               Concepts   65

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.26 Privileges


         -  the <authorization identifier> of the grantee of the privilege;

         -  identification of the action that the privilege allows; and

         -  an indication of whether or not the privilege is grantable.

         A privilege descriptor with an action of INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
         SELECT, or REFERENCES is called a table privilege descriptor and
         identifies the existence of a privilege on the table identified by
         the privilege descriptor.

         A privilege descriptor with an action of SELECT (<column name
         list>), INSERT (<column name list>), UPDATE (<column name list>),
         or REFERENCES (<column name list>) is called a column privilege de-
         scriptor and identifies the existence of a privilege on the column
         in the table identified by the privilege descriptor.

         Note: In this International Standard, a SELECT column privilege
         cannot be explicitly granted or revoked. However, for the sake
         of compatibility with planned future language extensions, SELECT
         column privilege descriptors will appear in the Information Schema.

         A table privilege descriptor specifies that the privilege iden-
         tified by the action (unless the action is DELETE) is to be au-
         tomatically granted by the grantor to the grantee on all columns
         subsequently added to the table.

         A privilege descriptor with an action of USAGE is called a usage
         privilege descriptor and identifies the existence of a privilege on
         the domain, character set, collation, or translation identified by
         the privilege descriptor.

         A grantable privilege is a privilege associated with a schema that
         may be granted by a <grant statement>.

         The phrase applicable privileges refers to the privileges defined
         by the privilege descriptors that define privileges granted to the
         current <authorization identifier>.

         The set of applicable privileges for the current <authorization
         identifier> consists of the privileges defined by the privilege
         descriptors associated with that <authorization identifier> and
         the privileges defined by the privilege descriptors associated with
         PUBLIC.

         Privilege descriptors that represent privileges for the owner of
         an object have a special grantor value, "_SYSTEM". This value is
         reflected in the Information Schema for all privileges that apply
         to the owner of the object.

         4.27  SQL-agents

         An SQL-agent is an implementation-dependent entity that causes the
         execution of SQL-statements.

         66  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       4.28 SQL-transactions


         4.28  SQL-transactions

         An SQL-transaction (sometimes simply called a "transaction") is
         a sequence of executions of SQL-statements that is atomic with
         respect to recovery. These operations are performed by one or more
         compilation units and <module>s or by the direct invocation of SQL.

         It is implementation-defined whether or not the non-dynamic or
         dynamic execution of an SQL-data statement or the execution of
         an <SQL dynamic data statement> is permitted to occur within the
         same SQL-transaction as the non-dynamic or dynamic execution of
         an SQL-schema statement. If it does occur, then the effect on any
         open cursor, prepared dynamic statement, or deferred constraint
         is implementation-defined. There may be additional implementation-
         defined restrictions, requirements, and conditions. If any such
         restrictions, requirements, or conditions are violated, then an
         implementation-defined exception condition or a completion con-
         dition warning with an implementation-defined subclass code is
         raised.

         Each <module> or direct invocation of SQL that executes an
         SQL-statement of an SQL-transaction is associated with that
         SQL-transaction. An SQL-transaction is initiated when no SQL-
         transaction is currently active and a <procedure> is called that
         results in the execution of a transaction-initiating SQL-statement
         or by direct invocation of SQL that results in the execution of a
         transaction-initiating <direct SQL statement>. An SQL-transaction
         is terminated by a <commit statement> or a <rollback statement>.
         If an SQL-transaction is terminated by successful execution of a
         <commit statement>, then all changes made to SQL-data or schemas by
         that SQL-transaction are made persistent and accessible to all con-
         current and subsequent SQL-transactions. If an SQL-transaction is
         terminated by a <rollback statement> or unsuccessful execution of
         a <commit statement>, then all changes made to SQL-data or schemas
         by that SQL-transaction are canceled. Committed changes cannot be
         canceled. If execution of a <commit statement> is attempted, but
         certain exception conditions are raised, it is unknown whether or
         not the changes made to SQL-data or schemas by that SQL-transaction
         are canceled or made persistent.

         An SQL-transaction has a constraint mode for each integrity con-
         straint. The constraint mode for an integrity constraint in an
         SQL-transaction is described in Subclause 4.10, "Integrity con-
         straints".

         An SQL-transaction has an access mode that is either read-only or
         read-write. The access mode may be explicitly set by a <set trans-
         action statement>; otherwise, it is implicitly set to read-write.
         The term read-only applies only to viewed tables and persistent
         base tables.

         An SQL-transaction has a diagnostics area limit, which is a pos-
         itive integer that specifies the maximum number of conditions
         that can be placed in the diagnostics area during execution of
         an SQL-statement in this SQL-transaction.

                                                               Concepts   67

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.28 SQL-transactions


         SQL-transactions initiated by different SQL-agents that access
         the same SQL-data or schemas and overlap in time are concurrent
         SQL-transactions.

         An SQL-transaction has an isolation level that is READ UNCOMMITTED,
         READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, or SERIALIZABLE. The isolation
         level of an SQL-transaction defines the degree to which the opera-
         tions on SQL-data or schemas in that SQL-transaction are affected
         by the effects of and can affect operations on SQL-data or schemas
         in concurrent SQL-transactions. The isolation level of a SQL-
         transaction is SERIALIZABLE by default. The level can be explicitly
         set by the <set transaction statement>.

         The execution of concurrent SQL-transactions at isolation level
         SERIALIZABLE is guaranteed to be serializable. A serializable exe-
         cution is defined to be an execution of the operations of concur-
         rently executing SQL-transactions that produces the same effect as
         some serial execution of those same SQL-transactions. A serial exe-
         cution is one in which each SQL-transaction executes to completion
         before the next SQL-transaction begins.

         The isolation level specifies the kind of phenomena that can occur
         during the execution of concurrent SQL-transactions. The following
         phenomena are possible:

         1) P1 ("Dirty read"): SQL-transaction T1 modifies a row. SQL-
            transaction T2 then reads that row before T1 performs a COMMIT.
            If T1 then performs a ROLLBACK, T2 will have read a row that was
            never committed and that may thus be considered to have never
            existed.

         2) P2 ("Non-repeatable read"): SQL-transaction T1 reads a row. SQL-
            transaction T2 then modifies or deletes that row and performs
            a COMMIT. If T1 then attempts to reread the row, it may receive
            the modified value or discover that the row has been deleted.

         3) P3 ("Phantom"): SQL-transaction T1 reads the set of rows N
            that satisfy some <search condition>. SQL-transaction T2 then
            executes SQL-statements that generate one or more rows that
            satisfy the <search condition> used by SQL-transaction T1. If
            SQL-transaction T1 then repeats the initial read with the same
            <search condition>, it obtains a different collection of rows.

         The four isolation levels guarantee that each SQL-transaction will
         be executed completely or not at all, and that no updates will be
         lost. The isolation levels are different with respect to phenomena
         P1, P2, and P3. Table 9, "SQL-transaction isolation levels and the
         three phenomena" specifies the phenomena that are possible and not
         possible for a given isolation level.





         68  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       4.28 SQL-transactions


         __Table_9-SQL-transaction_isolation_levels_and_the_three_phenomena_

         _Level__________________P1______P2_______P3________________________

        | READ UNCOMMITTED     | Possib|e Possib|e Possible                |
        |                      |       |        |                          |
        | READ COMMITTED       | Not   | Possibl| Possible                 |
                                 Possible

        | REPEATABLE READ      | Not   | Not    | Possible                 |
        |                      | Possib|e Possib|e                         |
        |                      |       |        |                          |
        | SERIALIZABLE         | Not   | Not    | Not Possible             |
        |______________________|_Possib|e_Possib|e_________________________|
        |                      |       |        |                          |
        |Note: The exclusion of|these p|enomena |or SQL-transactions ex-   |
         ecuting at isolation level SERIALIZABLE is a consequence of the
         requirement that such transactions be serializable.

         Changes made to SQL-data or schemas by an SQL-transaction in an
         SQL-session may be perceived by that SQL-transaction in that
         same SQL-session, and by other SQL-transactions, or by that same
         SQL-transaction in other SQL-sessions, at isolation level READ
         UNCOMMITTED, but cannot be perceived by other SQL-transactions at
         isolation level READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, or SERIALIZABLE
         until the former SQL-transaction terminates with a <commit state-
         ment>.

         Regardless of the isolation level of the SQL-transaction, phenomena
         P1, P2, and P3 shall not occur during the implied reading of schema
         definitions performed on behalf of executing an SQL-statement, the
         checking of integrity constraints, and the execution of referen-
         tial actions associated with referential constraints. The schema
         definitions that are implicitly read are implementation-dependent.
         This does not affect the explicit reading of rows from tables in
         the Information Schema, which is done at the isolation level of the
         SQL-transaction.

         The execution of a <rollback statement> may be initiated implicitly
         by an implementation when it detects the inability to guarantee the
         serializability of two or more concurrent SQL-transactions. When
         this error occurs, an exception condition is raised: transaction
         rollback-serialization failure.

         The execution of a <rollback statement> may be initiated implicitly
         by an implementation when it detects unrecoverable errors. When
         such an error occurs, an exception condition is raised: transaction
         rollback with an implementation-defined subclass code.

         The execution of an SQL-statement within an SQL-transaction has
         no effect on SQL-data or schemas other than the effect stated in
         the General Rules for that SQL-statement, in the General Rules
         for Subclause 11.8, "<referential constraint definition>", and
         in the General Rules for Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>". Together
         with serializable execution, this implies that all read opera-
         tions are repeatable within an SQL-transaction at isolation level
         SERIALIZABLE, except for:

                                                               Concepts   69

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.28 SQL-transactions


         1) the effects of changes to SQL-data or schemas and its contents
            made explicitly by the SQL-transaction itself,

         2) the effects of differences in parameter values supplied to pro-
            cedures, and

         3) the effects of references to time-varying system variables such
            as CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_USER.

         In some environments (e.g., remote database access), an SQL-
         transaction can be part of an encompassing transaction that is
         controlled by an agent other than the SQL-agent. The encompass-
         ing transaction may involve different resource managers, the
         SQL-environment being just one instance of such a manager. In
         such environments, an encompassing transaction shall be ter-
         minated via that other agent, which in turn interacts with the
         SQL-environment via an interface that may be different from SQL
         (COMMIT or ROLLBACK), in order to coordinate the orderly termi-
         nation of the encompassing transaction. When an SQL-transaction
         is part of an encompassing transaction that is controlled by an
         agent other than an SQL-agent and a <rollback statement> is ini-
         tiated implicitly by an implementation, then the implementation
         will interact with that other agent to terminate that encompassing
         transaction. The specification of the interface between such agents
         and the SQL-environment is beyond the scope of this International
         Standard. However, it is important to note that the semantics of an
         SQL-transaction remain as defined in the following sense:

         -  When an agent that is different from the SQL-agent requests
            the SQL-environment to rollback an SQL-transaction, the General
            Rules of Subclause 14.4, "<rollback statement>", are performed.

         -  When such an agent requests the SQL-environment to commit an
            SQL-transaction, the General Rules of Subclause 14.3, "<commit
            statement>", are performed. To guarantee orderly termination
            of the encompassing transaction, this commit operation may be
            processed in several phases not visible to the application; not
            all the General Rules of Subclause 14.3, "<commit statement>",
            need to be executed in a single phase.

         However, even in such environments, the SQL-agent interacts di-
         rectly with the SQL-server to set attributes (such as read-only
         or read-write, isolation level, and constraints mode) that are
         specific to the SQL-transaction model.

         4.29  SQL-connections

         An SQL-connection is an association between an SQL-client and an
         SQL-server. An SQL-connection may be established and named by a
         <connect statement>, which identifies the desired SQL-server by
         means of an <SQL-server name>. A <connection name> is specified



         70  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                        4.29 SQL-connections


         as a <simple value specification> whose value is an <identi-
         fier>. Two <connection name>s identify the same SQL-connection
         if their values, with leading and trailing <space>s removed, are
         equivalent according to the rules for <identifier> comparison in
         Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>". It is implementation-
         defined how an implementation uses <SQL-server name> to determine
         the location, identity, and communication protocol required to
         access the SQL-server and create an SQL-session.

         An SQL-connection is an active SQL-connection if any SQL-statement
         that initiates or requires an SQL-transaction has been executed at
         its SQL-server during the current SQL-transaction.

         An SQL-connection is either current or dormant. If the SQL-
         connection established by the most recently executed implicit
         or explicit <connect statement> or <set connection statement>
         has not been terminated, then that SQL-connection is the current
         SQL-connection; otherwise, there is no current SQL-connection. An
         existing SQL-connection that is not the current SQL-connection is a
         dormant SQL-connection.

         An SQL-implementation may detect the loss of the current SQL-
         connection during execution of any SQL-statement. When such a
         connection failure is detected, an exception condition is raised:
         transaction rollback-statement completion unknown. This excep-
         tion condition indicates that the results of the actions performed
         in the SQL-server on behalf of the statement are unknown to the
         SQL-agent.

         Similarly, an SQL-implementation may detect the loss of the current
         SQL-connection during the execution of a <commit statement>. When
         such a connection failure is detected, an exception condition is
         raised: connection exception-transaction resolution unknown. This
         exception condition indicates that the SQL-implementation cannot
         verify whether the SQL-transaction was committed successfully,
         rolled back, or left active.

         A user may initiate an SQL-connection between the SQL-client as-
         sociated with the SQL-agent and a specific SQL-server by executing
         a <connect statement>. Otherwise, an SQL-connection between the
         SQL-client and an implementation-defined default SQL-server is
         initiated when a <procedure> is called and no SQL-connection is
         current. The SQL-connection associated with an implementation-
         defined default SQL-server is called the default SQL-connection.
         An SQL-connection is terminated either by executing a <disconnect
         statement>, or following the last call to a <procedure> within the
         last active <module>, or by the last execution of a <direct SQL
         statement> through the direct invocation of SQL. The mechanism and
         rules by which an SQL-environment determines whether a call to a
         <procedure> is the last call within the last active <module> or
         the last execution of a <direct SQL statement> through the direct
         invocation of SQL are implementation-defined.


                                                               Concepts   71

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.29 SQL-connections


         An implementation shall support at least one SQL-connection and
         may require that the SQL-server be identified at the binding time
         chosen by the implementation. If an implementation permits more
         than one concurrent SQL-connection, then the SQL-agent may connect
         to more than one SQL-server and select the SQL-server by executing
         a <set connection statement>.

         4.30  SQL-sessions


         An SQL-session spans the execution of a sequence of consecutive
         SQL-statements invoked by a single user from a single SQL-agent or
         by the direct invocation of SQL.

         An SQL-session is associated with an SQL-connection. The SQL-
         session associated with the default SQL-connection is called the
         default SQL-session. An SQL-session is either current or dormant.
         The current SQL-session is the SQL-session associated with the cur-
         rent SQL-connection. A dormant SQL-session is an SQL-session that
         is associated with a dormant SQL-connection.

         An SQL-session has an SQL-session <module> that is different
         from any other <module> that exists simultaneously in the SQL-
         environment. The SQL-session <module> contains the global prepared
         SQL-statements that belong to the SQL-session. The SQL-session
         <module> contains a <module authorization clause> that speci-
         fies SCHEMA <schema name>, where the value of <schema name> is
         implementation-dependent.

         Within an SQL-session, declared local temporary tables are effec-
         tively created by <temporary table declaration>s. Declared local
         temporary tables are accessible only to invocations of <proce-
         dure>s in the <module> in which they are created. The definitions
         of declared local temporary tables persist until the end of the
         SQL-session.

         An SQL-session has a unique implementation-dependent SQL-session
         identifier. This SQL-session identifier is different from the SQL-
         session identifier of any other concurrent SQL-session. The SQL-
         session identifier is used to effectively define implementation-
         defined schemas that contain the instances of any global temporary
         tables, created local temporary tables, or declared local temporary
         tables within the SQL-session.

         An SQL-session has an <authorization identifier> that is initially
         set to an implementation-defined value when the SQL-session is
         started, unless the SQL-session is started as a result of suc-
         cessful execution of a <connect statement>, in which case the
         <authorization identifier> of the SQL-session is set to the value
         of the implicit or explicit <user name> contained in the <connect
         statement>.



         72  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                           4.30 SQL-sessions


         An SQL-session has a default catalog name that is used to effec-
         tively qualify unqualified <schema name>s that are contained in
         <preparable statement>s when those statements are prepared in the
         current SQL-session by either an <execute immediate statement>
         or a <prepare statement> or are contained in <direct SQL state-
         ment>s when those statements are invoked directly. The default
         catalog name is initially set to an implementation-defined value
         but can subsequently be changed by the successful execution of a
         <set catalog statement> or <set schema statement>.

         An SQL-session has a default unqualified schema name that is used
         to effectively qualify unqualified <qualified name>s that are con-
         tained in <preparable statement>s when those statements are pre-
         pared in the current SQL-session by either an <execute immediate
         statement> or a <prepare statement> or are contained in <direct SQL
         statement>s when those statements are invoked directly. The default
         unqualified schema name is initially set to an implementation-
         defined value but can subsequently be changed by the successful
         execution of a <set schema statement>.

         An SQL-session has a default character set name that is used to
         identify the character set implicit for <identifier>s and <charac-
         ter string literal>s that are contained in <preparable statement>s
         when those statements are prepared in the current SQL-session by
         either an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare statement> or
         are contained in <direct SQL statement>s when those statements are
         invoked directly. The default character set name is initially set
         to an implementation-defined value but can subsequently be changed
         by the successful execution of a <set names statement>.

         An SQL-session has a default local time zone displacement, which is
         a value of data type INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE. The default local
         time zone displacement is initially set to an implementation-
         defined value but can subsequently be changed by successful exe-
         cution of a <set local time zone statement>.

         An SQL-session has context that is preserved when an SQL-session
         is made dormant and restored when the SQL-session is made current.
         This context comprises:

         -  the current SQL-session identifier,

         -  the current <authorization identifier>,

         -  the identities of all instances of temporary tables,

         -  the SQL-session <module>,

         -  the current default catalog name,

         -  the current default unqualified schema name,

         -  the current character set name substitution value,

         -  the current default time zone,

                                                               Concepts   73

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.30 SQL-sessions


         -  the current constraint mode for each integrity constraint,

         -  the current transaction access mode,

         -  the cursor position of all open cursors,

         -  the contents of all SQL dynamic descriptor areas,

         -  the current transaction isolation level, and

         -  the current transaction diagnostics area limit.

         4.31  Client-server operation

         Within an SQL-environment, an SQL-implementation may be considered
         to effectively contain an SQL-client component and one or more
         SQL-server components.

         When an SQL-agent is active, it is bound in some implementation-
         defined manner to a single SQL-client. That SQL-client processes
         the explicit or implicit <SQL connection statement> for the first
         call to a <procedure> by an SQL-agent. The SQL-client communicates
         with, either directly or possibly through other agents such as RDA,
         one or more SQL-servers. An SQL-session involves an SQL-agent, an
         SQL-client, and a single SQL-server.

         <module>s associated with the SQL-agent exist in the SQL-
         environment containing the SQL-client associated with the SQL-
         agent.

         Called <procedure>s (and, analogously, <direct SQL statement>s)
         containing an <SQL connection statement> or an <SQL diagnostics
         statement> are processed by the SQL-client. Following the suc-
         cessful execution of a <connect statement> or a <set connection
         statement>, the <module>s associated with the SQL-agent are ef-
         fectively materialized with an implementation-dependent <module
         name> in the SQL-server. Other called <procedure>s and <direct SQL
         statement>s are processed by the SQL-server.

         A call by the SQL-agent to a <procedure> containing an <SQL di-
         agnostics statement> fetches information from the diagnostics
         area associated with the SQL-client. Following the execution of
         an <SQL procedure statement> by an SQL-server, diagnostic in-
         formation is passed in an implementation-dependent manner into
         the SQL-agent's diagnostics area in the SQL-client. The effect
         on diagnostic information of incompatibilities between the char-
         acter repertoires supported by the SQL-client and SQL-server is
         implementation-dependent.






         74  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     4.32 Information Schema


         4.32  Information Schema

         In each catalog in an SQL-environment, there is a schema, the
         Information Schema, with the name INFORMATION_SCHEMA, contain-
         ing a number of view descriptors, one base table descriptor ,
         and several domain descriptors. The data accessible through these
         views is a representation of all of the descriptors in all of the
         schemas in that catalog. The <query expression> of each view en-
         sures that a given user can access only those rows of the view
         that represent descriptors on which he has privileges. The rows
         of each view are required to represent correctly the descriptors
         in the catalog as they existed at the start of the current SQL-
         transaction, as modified subsequently by any changes made by the
         current SQL-transaction. The SELECT privilege is granted on each
         of the Information Schema views to PUBLIC WITH GRANT OPTION so they
         can be queried by any user and so that the SELECT privilege can
         be further granted on views that reference the Information Schema
         views. No further privilege is granted on them, so they cannot be
         updated.

         The viewed tables in INFORMATION_SCHEMA are defined in terms of
         a collection of base tables in a schema named DEFINITION_SCHEMA,
         the Definition Schema. The only purpose of the definition of these
         base tables is to provide a data model to support the Information
         Schema. An implementation need do no more than simulate the exis-
         tence of the base tables as viewed through the Information Schema
         views.

         The Information Schema describes itself. It does not describe the
         base tables or views of the Definition Schema. If an implemen-
         tation has defined additional objects that are associated with
         INFORMATION_SCHEMA, then those objects shall also be described in
         the Information Schema views.

         4.33  Leveling


         Three levels of conformance are specified in this International
         Standard.

         Entry SQL includes the statements for defining schemas, data ma-
         nipulation language, referential integrity, check constraints, and
         default clause from ISO/IEC 9075:1989, and options for module lan-
         guage and embedded SQL interfaces to seven different programming
         languages, as well as direct execution of the data manipulation
         statements. It also includes features related to deprecated fea-
         tures from ISO/IEC 9075:1989 (commas and parentheses in parameter
         lists, the SQLSTATE parameter, and renaming columns in the <se-
         lect list>), features related to incompatibilities with ISO/IEC
         9075:1989 (colons preceding <parameter name>s, WITH CHECK OPTION
         constraint clarifications), and aids for transitioning from ISO/IEC
         9075:1989 to this International Standard (<delimited identifier>s).


                                                               Concepts   75

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         4.33 Leveling


         Finally, it contains changes to correct defects found in ISO/IEC
         9075:1989 (see Annex F, "Maintenance and interpretation of SQL").

         Intermediate SQL includes major new facilities such as statements
         for changing schemas, dynamic SQL, and isolation levels for SQL-
         transactions. It also includes multiple-module support and cascade
         delete on referential actions, as well as numerous functional en-
         hancements such as row and table expressions, union join, character
         string operations, table intersection and difference operations,
         simple domains, the CASE expression, casting between data types,
         a diagnostics management capability for data administration and
         more comprehensive error analysis, multiple character repertoires,
         interval and simplified datetime data types, and variable-length
         character strings. It also includes a requirement for a flagger
         facility to aid in writing portable applications.

         Full SQL increases orthogonality and includes deferred constraint
         checking and named constraints. Other technical enhancements in-
         clude additional user options to define datetime data types,
         self-referencing updates and deletes, cascade update on referen-
         tial actions, subqueries in check constraints, scrolled cursors,
         character translations, a bit string data type, temporary tables,
         additional referential constraint options, and simple assertions.

         4.34  SQL Flagger

         An SQL Flagger is an implementation-provided facility that is able
         to identify SQL language extensions, or other SQL processing al-
         ternatives, that may be provided by a conforming SQL-implementation
         (see Subclause 23.3, "Extensions and options"). An SQL Flagger
         is intended to assist SQL programmers in producing SQL language
         that is both portable and interoperable among different conform-
         ing SQL-implementations operating under different levels of this
         International Standard.

         An SQL Flagger is intended to effect a static check of SQL lan-
         guage. There is no requirement to detect extensions that cannot be
         determined until the General Rules are evaluated.

         An SQL-implementation need only flag SQL language that is not oth-
         erwise in error as far as that implementation is concerned.

         Note: If a system is processing SQL language that contains er-
         rors, then it may be very difficult within a single statement to
         determine what is an error and what is an extension. As one pos-
         sibility, an implementation may choose to check SQL language in
         two steps; first through its normal syntax analyzer and secondly
         through the SQL Flagger. The first step produces error messages
         for nonstandard SQL language that the implementation cannot process
         or recognize. The second step processes SQL language that contains
         no errors as far as that implementation is concerned; it detects
         and flags at one time all nonstandard SQL language that could be
         processed by that implementation. Any such two-step process should
         be transparent to the end user.

         76  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                            4.34 SQL Flagger


         In order to provide upward compatibility for its own customer base,
         or to provide performance advantages under special circumstances, a
         conforming SQL-implementation may provide user options to process
         conforming SQL language in a nonconforming manner. If this is the
         case, then it is required that the implementation also provide a
         flagger option, or some other implementation-defined means, to
         detect SQL conforming language that may be processed differently
         under the various user options. This flagger feature allows an
         application programmer to identify conforming SQL language that may
         perform differently in alternative processing environments provided
         by a conforming SQL-implementation. It also provides a valuable
         tool in identifying SQL elements that may have to be modified if
         SQL language is to be moved from a nonconforming to a conforming
         SQL processing environment.

         An SQL Flagger provides one or more of the following "level of
         flagging" options:

         -  Entry SQL Flagging

         -  Intermediate SQL Flagging

         -  Full SQL Flagging

         An SQL Flagger that provides one of these options shall be able to
         identify SQL language constructs that violate the indicated level
         of SQL language as defined in Subclause 4.33, "Leveling".

         An SQL Flagger provides one or more of the following "extent of
         checking" options:

         -  Syntax Only

         -  Catalog Lookup

         Under the Syntax Only option, the SQL Flagger analyzes only the SQL
         language that is presented; it checks for violations of any Syntax
         Rules that can be determined without access to the Information
         Schema.

         Under the Catalog Lookup option, the SQL Flagger assumes the avail-
         ability of Definition Schema information and checks for violations
         of all Syntax Rules and Access Rules, except Access Rules that deal
         with privileges. For example, some Syntax Rules place restrictions
         on data types; this flagger option would identify extensions that
         relax such restrictions. In order to avoid security breaches, this
         option may view the Definition Schema only through the eyes of a
         specific Information Schema.






                                                               Concepts   77

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         78  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         5  Lexical elements



         5.1  <SQL terminal character>

         Function

         Define the terminal symbols of the SQL language and the elements of
         strings.

         Format

         <SQL terminal character> ::=
                <SQL language character>
              | <SQL embedded language character>

         <SQL embedded language character> ::=
                <left bracket>
              | <right bracket>

         <SQL language character> ::=
                <simple Latin letter>
              | <digit>
              | <SQL special character>

         <simple Latin letter> ::=
                <simple Latin upper case letter>
              | <simple Latin lower case letter>

         <simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
                    A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O
              | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

         <simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
                    a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
              | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

         <digit> ::=
              0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

         <SQL special character> ::=
                <space>
              | <double quote>
              | <percent>
              | <ampersand>
              | <quote>
              | <left paren>
              | <right paren>
              | <asterisk>

                                                       Lexical elements   79

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.1 <SQL terminal character>


              | <plus sign>
              | <comma>
              | <minus sign>
              | <period>
              | <solidus>
              | <colon>
              | <semicolon>
              | <less than operator>
              | <equals operator>
              | <greater than operator>
              | <question mark>
              | <underscore>
              | <vertical bar>

         <space> ::= !! space character in character set in use

         <double quote> ::= "

         <percent> ::= %

         <ampersand> ::= &

         <quote> ::= '

         <left paren> ::= (

         <right paren> ::= )

         <asterisk> ::= *

         <plus sign> ::= +

         <comma> ::= ,

         <minus sign> ::= -

         <period> ::= .

         <solidus> ::= /

         <colon> ::= :

         <semicolon> ::= ;

         <less than operator> ::= <

         <equals operator> ::= =

         <greater than operator> ::= >

         <question mark> ::= ?

         <left bracket> ::= [

         80  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                5.1 <SQL terminal character>


         <right bracket> ::= ]

         <underscore> ::= _

         <vertical bar> ::= |


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) There is a one-to-one correspondence between the symbols con-
            tained in <simple Latin upper case letter> and the symbols
            contained in <simple Latin lower case letter> such that, for
            all i, the symbol defined as the i-th alternative for <simple
            Latin upper case letter> corresponds to the symbol defined as
            the i-th alternative for <simple Latin lower case letter>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.




















                                                       Lexical elements   81

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.2 <token> and <separator>


         5.2  <token> and <separator>

         Function

         Specify lexical units (tokens and separators) that participate in
         SQL language.

         Format

         <token> ::=
                <nondelimiter token>
              | <delimiter token>

         <nondelimiter token> ::=
                <regular identifier>
              | <key word>
              | <unsigned numeric literal>
              | <national character string literal>
              | <bit string literal>
              | <hex string literal>

         <regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

         <identifier body> ::=
              <identifier start> [ { <underscore> | <identifier part> }... ]


         <identifier start> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules

         <identifier part> ::=
                <identifier start>
              | <digit>

         <delimited identifier> ::=
              <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

         <delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

         <delimited identifier part> ::=
                <nondoublequote character>
              | <doublequote symbol>

         <nondoublequote character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules

         <doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>

         <delimiter token> ::=
                <character string literal>
              | <date string>
              | <time string>
              | <timestamp string>
              | <interval string>
              | <delimited identifier>

         82  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 5.2 <token> and <separator>


              | <SQL special character>
              | <not equals operator>
              | <greater than or equals operator>
              | <less than or equals operator>
              | <concatenation operator>
              | <double period>
              | <left bracket>
              | <right bracket>

         <not equals operator> ::= <>

         <greater than or equals operator> ::= >=

         <less than or equals operator> ::= <=

         <concatenation operator> ::= ||

         <double period> ::= ..

         <separator> ::= { <comment> | <space> | <newline> }...

         <comment> ::=
              <comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>

         <comment character> ::=
                <nonquote character>
              | <quote>

         <comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign>[<minus sign>...]

         <newline> ::= !! implementation-defined end-of-line indicator

         <key word> ::=
                <reserved word>
              | <non-reserved word>

         <non-reserved word> ::=
                ADA
              | C | CATALOG_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_
              NAME
              | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA | CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_
              CATALOG
              | COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA | COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_
              FUNCTION | COMMITTED
              | CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
              | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
              | DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE | DATETIME_INTERVAL_
              PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
              | FORTRAN
              | LENGTH
              | MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS


                                                       Lexical elements   83

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.2 <token> and <separator>


              | NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
              | PASCAL | PLI
              | REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_
              SQLSTATE
              | ROW_COUNT
              | SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_
              ORIGIN
              | TABLE_NAME | TYPE
              | UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED

         <reserved word> ::=
                ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND
              | ANY | ARE | AS | ASC
              | ASSERTION | AT | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
              | BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH | BOTH | BY
              | CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST | CATALOG | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHAR_
              LENGTH
              | CHARACTER_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE | COLLATE | COLLATION

              | COLUMN | COMMIT | CONNECT | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT
              | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE
              | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING | COUNT | CREATE | CROSS | CURRENT
              | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_
              USER | CURSOR
              | DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT | DEFERRABLE

              | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR | DIAGNOSTICS

              | DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
              | ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION
              | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS
              | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
              | FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL

              | GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO | GRANT | GROUP
              | HAVING | HOUR
              | IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT

              | INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT | INTERVAL | INTO | IS

              | ISOLATION
              | JOIN
              | KEY
              | LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER

              | MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE | MONTH
              | NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO | NOT | NULL

              | NULLIF | NUMERIC
              | OCTET_LENGTH | OF | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR
              | ORDER | OUTER
              | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS


         84  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 5.2 <token> and <separator>


              | PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE | PRESERVE | PRIMARY

              | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
              | READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT | REVOKE | RIGHT

              | ROLLBACK | ROWS
              | SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION | SELECT | SESSION | SESSION_
              USER | SET
              | SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE

              | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
              | TABLE | TEMPORARY | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP | TIMEZONE_
              HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
              | TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE

              | UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE | USER | USING

              | VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
              | WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
              | YEAR
              | ZONE


         Note: The list of <reserved word>s is considerably longer than
         the analogous list of <key word>s in ISO/IEC 9075:1989. To assist
         users of this International Standard avoid such words in a possible
         future revision, the following list of potential <reserved word>s
         is provided. Readers must understand that there is no guarantee
         that all of these words will, in fact, become <reserved word>s
         in any future revision; furthermore, it is almost certain that
         additional words will be added to this list as any possible future
         revision emerges.

          The words are: AFTER, ALIAS, ASYNC, BEFORE, BOOLEAN, BREADTH,
         COMPLETION, CALL, CYCLE, DATA, DEPTH, DICTIONARY, EACH, ELSEIF,
         EQUALS, GENERAL, IF, IGNORE, LEAVE, LESS, LIMIT, LOOP, MODIFY,
         NEW, NONE, OBJECT, OFF, OID, OLD, OPERATION, OPERATORS, OTHERS,
         PARAMETERS, PENDANT, PREORDER, PRIVATE, PROTECTED, RECURSIVE, REF,
         REFERENCING, REPLACE, RESIGNAL, RETURN, RETURNS, ROLE, ROUTINE,
         ROW, SAVEPOINT, SEARCH, SENSITIVE, SEQUENCE, SIGNAL, SIMILAR,
         SQLEXCEPTION, SQLWARNING, STRUCTURE, TEST, THERE, TRIGGER, TYPE,
         UNDER, VARIABLE, VIRTUAL, VISIBLE, WAIT, WHILE, and WITHOUT.

         Syntax Rules

         1) An <identifier start> is one of:

            a) A <simple Latin letter>; or

            b) A character that is identified as a letter in the character
              repertoire identified by the <module character set specifica-
              tion> or by the <character set specification>; or


                                                       Lexical elements   85

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.2 <token> and <separator>


            c) A character that is identified as a syllable in the char-
              acter repertoire identified by the <module character set
              specification> or by the <character set specification>; or

            d) A character that is identified as an ideograph in the char-
              acter repertoire identified by the <module character set
              specification> or by the <character set specification>.

         2) With the exception of the <space> character explicitly contained
            in <timestamp string> and <interval string> and the permitted
            <separator>s in <bit string literal>s and <hex string literal>s,
            a <token>, other than a <character string literal>, a <national
            character string literal>, or a <delimited identifier>, shall
            not include a <space> character or other <separator>.

         3) A <nondoublequote character> is one of:

            a) Any <SQL language character> other than a <double quote>;

            b) Any character other than a <double quote> in the character
              repertoire identified by the <module character set specifica-
              tion>; or

            c) Any character other than a <double quote> in the character
              repertoire identified by the <character set specification>.

         4) The two <doublequote>s contained in a <doublequote symbol> shall
            not be separated by any <separator>.

         5) Any <token> may be followed by a <separator>. A <nondelimiter
            token> shall be followed by a <delimiter token> or a <separa-
            tor>. If the Format does not allow a <nondelimiter token> to be
            followed by a <delimiter token>, then that <nondelimiter token>
            shall be followed by a <separator>.

         6) There shall be no <space> nor <newline> separating the <minus
            sign>s of a <comment introducer>.

         7) SQL text containing one or more instances of <comment> is equiv-
            alent to the same SQL text with the <comment> replaced with
            <newline>.

         8) The sum of the number of <identifier start>s and the number
            of <identifier part>s in a <regular identifier> shall not be
            greater than 128.

         9) The <delimited identifier body> of a <delimited identifier>
            shall not comprise more than 128 <delimited identifier part>s.

         10)The <identifier body> of a <regular identifier> is equivalent
            to an <identifier body> in which every letter that is a lower-
            case letter is replaced by the equivalent upper-case letter
            or letters. This treatment includes determination of equiva-
            lence, representation in the Information and Definition Schemas,
            representation in the diagnostics area, and similar uses.

         86  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 5.2 <token> and <separator>


         11)The <identifier body> of a <regular identifier> (with every
            letter that is a lower-case letter replaced by the equivalent
            upper-case letter or letters), treated as the repetition of
            a <character string literal> that specifies a <character set
            specification> of SQL_TEXT, shall not be equal, according to
            the comparison rules in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>",
            to any <reserved word> (with every letter that is a lower-case
            letter replaced by the equivalent upper-case letter or letters),
            treated as the repetition of a <character string literal> that
            specifies a <character set specification> of SQL_TEXT.

            Note: It is the intention that no <key word> specified in this
            International Standard or revisions thereto shall end with an
            <underscore>.

         12)Two <regular identifier>s are equivalent if their <identifier
            body>s, considered as the repetition of a <character string
            literal> that specifies a <character set specification> of
            SQL_TEXT, compare equally according to the comparison rules
            in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>".

         13)A <regular identifier> and a <delimited identifier> are equiva-
            lent if the <identifier body> of the <regular identifier> (with
            every letter that is a lower-case letter replaced by the equiva-
            lent upper-case letter or letters) and the <delimited identifier
            body> of the <delimited identifier> (with all occurrences of
            <quote> replaced by <quote symbol> and all occurrences of <dou-
            blequote symbol> replaced by <double quote>), considered as
            the repetition of a <character string literal> that specifies a
            <character set specification> of SQL_TEXT and an implementation-
            defined collation that is sensitive to case, compare equally
            according to the comparison rules in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison
            predicate>".

         14)Two <delimited identifier>s are equivalent if their <delimited
            identifier body>s (with all occurrences of <quote> replaced
            by <quote symbol> and all occurrences of <doublequote symbol>
            replaced by <doublequote>), considered as the repetition of a
            <character string literal> that specifies a <character set spec-
            ification> of SQL_TEXT and an implementation-defined collation
            that is sensitive to case, compare equally according to the
            comparison rules in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>".

         15)For the purposes of identifying <key word>s, any <simple Latin
            lower case letter> contained in a candidate <key word> shall
            be effectively treated as the corresponding <simple Latin upper
            case letter>.

         Access Rules

            None.



                                                       Lexical elements   87

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.2 <token> and <separator>


         General Rules

            None.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) No <identifier body> shall end in an <underscore>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) No <regular identifier> or <delimited identifier body> shall
              contain more than 18 <character representation>s.

            b) An <identifier body> shall contain no <simple Latin lower
              case letter>.




































         88  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               5.3 <literal>


         5.3  <literal>

         Function

         Specify a non-null value.

         Format

         <literal> ::=
                <signed numeric literal>
              | <general literal>

         <unsigned literal> ::=
                <unsigned numeric literal>
              | <general literal>

         <general literal> ::=
                <character string literal>
              | <national character string literal>
              | <bit string literal>
              | <hex string literal>
              | <datetime literal>
              | <interval literal>

         <character string literal> ::=
              [ <introducer><character set specification> ]
              <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
                [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]


         <introducer> ::= <underscore>

         <character representation> ::=
                <nonquote character>
              | <quote symbol>

         <nonquote character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <quote symbol> ::= <quote><quote>

         <national character string literal> ::=
              N <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
                [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]


         <bit string literal> ::=
              B <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote>
                [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> }... ]

         <hex string literal> ::=
              X <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote>
                [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> }... ]


                                                       Lexical elements   89

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.3 <literal>


         <bit> ::= 0 | 1

         <hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f


         <signed numeric literal> ::=
              [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

         <unsigned numeric literal> ::=
                <exact numeric literal>
              | <approximate numeric literal>

         <exact numeric literal> ::=
                <unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
              | <period> <unsigned integer>

         <sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

         <approximate numeric literal> ::= <mantissa> E <exponent>

         <mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

         <exponent> ::= <signed integer>

         <signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

         <unsigned integer> ::= <digit>...

         <datetime literal> ::=
                <date literal>
              | <time literal>
              | <timestamp literal>

         <date literal> ::=
              DATE <date string>

         <time literal> ::=
              TIME <time string>

         <timestamp literal> ::=
              TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

         <date string> ::=
              <quote> <date value> <quote>

         <time string> ::=
              <quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

         <timestamp string> ::=
              <quote> <date value> <space> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>


         <time zone interval> ::=

         90  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               5.3 <literal>


              <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

         <date value> ::=
              <years value> <minus sign> <months value> <minus sign> <days value>


         <time value> ::=
              <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>


         <interval literal> ::=
              INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

         <interval string> ::=
              <quote> { <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> } <quote>


         <year-month literal> ::=
                <years value>
              | [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

         <day-time literal> ::=
                <day-time interval>
              | <time interval>

         <day-time interval> ::=
              <days value>
                [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]


         <time interval> ::=
                <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]

              | <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
              | <seconds value>

         <years value> ::= <datetime value>

         <months value> ::= <datetime value>

         <days value> ::= <datetime value>

         <hours value> ::= <datetime value>

         <minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

         <seconds value> ::=
                <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]


         <seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

         <seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

                                                       Lexical elements   91

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.3 <literal>


         <datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>


         Syntax Rules

         1) In a <character string literal> or <national character string
            literal>, the sequence:

              <quote> <character representation>... <quote>
              <separator>... <quote> <character representation>... <quote>

            is equivalent to the sequence

              <quote> <character representation>... <character representa-
              tion>... <quote>

            Note: The <character representation>s in the equivalent se-
            quence are in the same sequence and relative sequence as in the
            original <character string literal>.

         2) In a <bit string literal>, the sequence

              <quote> <bit>... <quote> <separator>... <quote> <bit>...
              <quote>

            is equivalent to the sequence

              <quote> <bit>... <bit>... <quote>

            Note: The <bit>s in the equivalent sequence are in the same
            sequence and relative sequence as in the original <bit string
            literal>.

         3) In a <hex string literal>, the sequence

              <quote> <hexit>... <quote> <separator>... <quote> <hexit>...
              <quote>

            is equivalent to the sequence

              <quote> <hexit>... <hexit>... <quote>

            Note: The <hexit>s in the equivalent sequence are in the same
            sequence and relative sequence as in the original <hex string
            literal>.

         4) In a <character string literal>, <national character string
            literal>, <bit string literal>, or <hex string literal>, a <sep-
            arator> shall contain a <newline>.

         5) A <nonquote character> is one of:

            a) Any <SQL language character> other than a <quote>;

            b) Any character other than a <quote> in the character reper-
              toire identified by the <module character set specification>;
              or

            c) Any character other than a <quote> in the character reper-
              toire identified by the <character set specification> or
              implied by "N".

         92  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               5.3 <literal>


         6) If a <character set specification> is not specified in a <char-
            acter string literal>, then the set of characters contained
            in the <character string literal> shall be wholly contained
            in either <SQL language character> or the character repertoire
            indicated by:

            Case:

            a) If the <character string literal> is contained in a <module>,
              then the <module character set specification>,

            b) If the <character string literal> is contained in a <schema
              definition> that is not contained in a <module>, then the
              <schema character set specification>,

            c) If the <character string literal> is contained in a <prepara-
              ble statement> that is prepared in the current SQL-session
              by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare statement>
              or in a <direct SQL statement> that is invoked directly, then
              the default character set name for the SQL-session.

         7) If a <character set specification> is specified in a <character
            string literal>, then

            a) There shall be no <separator> between the <introducer> and
              the <character set specification>.

            b) The set of characters contained in the <character string lit-
              eral> shall be wholly contained in the character repertoire
              indicated by the <character set specification>.

         8) A <national character string literal> is equivalent to a
            <character string literal> with the "N" replaced by "<intro-
            ducer><character set specification>", where "<character set
            specification>" is an implementation-defined <character set
            name>.

         9) The data type of a <character string literal> is fixed-length
            character string. The length of a <character string literal>
            is the number of <character representation>s that it contains.
            Each <quote symbol> contained in <character string literal>
            represents a single <quote> in both the value and the length of
            the <character string literal>. The two <quote>s contained in a
            <quote symbol> shall not be separated by any <separator>.

            Note: <character string literal>s are allowed to be zero-length
            strings (i.e., to contain no characters) even though it is
            not permitted to declare a <data type> that is CHARACTER with
            <length> zero.

         10)The data type of a <bit string literal> is fixed-length bit
            string. The length of a <bit string literal> is the number of
            bits that it contains.

                                                       Lexical elements   93

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.3 <literal>


         11)The data type of a <hex string literal> is fixed-length bit
            string. Each <hexit> appearing in the literal is equivalent
            to a quartet of bits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C,
            D, E, and F are interpreted as 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100,
            0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110,
            and 1111, respectively. The <hexit>s a, b, c, d, e, and f have
            respectively the same values as the <hexit>s A, B, C, D, E, and
            F.

         12)An <exact numeric literal> without a <period> has an implied
            <period> following the last <digit>.

         13)The data type of an <exact numeric literal> is exact numeric.
            The precision of an <exact numeric literal> is the number of
            <digit>s that it contains. The scale of an <exact numeric lit-
            eral> is the number of <digit>s to the right of the <period>.

         14)The data type of an <approximate numeric literal> is approximate
            numeric. The precision of an <approximate numeric literal> is
            the precision of its <mantissa>.

         15)The data type of a <date literal> is DATE.

         16)The data type of a <time literal> that does not specify <time
            zone interval> is TIME(P), where P is the number of digits in
            <seconds fraction>, if specified, and 0 otherwise. The data
            type of a <time literal> that specifies <time zone interval>
            is TIME(P) WITH TIME ZONE, where P is the number of digits in
            <seconds fraction>, if specified, and 0 otherwise.

         17)The data type of a <timestamp literal> that does not specify
            <time zone interval> is TIMESTAMP(P), where P is the number of
            digits in <seconds fraction>, if specified, and 0 otherwise.
            The data type of a <timestamp literal> that specifies <time zone
            interval> is TIMESTAMP(P) WITH TIME ZONE, where P is the number
            of digits in <seconds fraction>, if specified, and 0 otherwise.

         18)If <time zone interval> is not specified, then the effective
            <time zone interval> of the datetime data type is the current
            default time zone displacement for the SQL-session.

         19)Let datetime component be either <years value>, <months value>,
            <days value>, <hours value>, <minutes value>, or <seconds
            value>.

         20)Let N be the number of <datetime field>s in the precision of the
            <interval literal>, as specified by <interval qualifier>.

            The <interval literal> being defined shall contain N datetime
            components.

            The data type of <interval literal> specified with an <interval
            qualifier> is INTERVAL with the <interval qualifier>.

         94  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               5.3 <literal>


         21)Within a <datetime literal>, the <years value> shall contain
            four digits. The <seconds integer value> and other datetime
            components, with the exception of <seconds fraction>, shall each
            contain two digits.

         22)Within the definition of a <datetime literal>, the <datetime
            value>s are constrained by the natural rules for dates and times
            according to the Gregorian calendar.

         23)Within the definition of an <interval literal>, the <datetime
            value>s are constrained by the natural rules for intervals ac-
            cording to the Gregorian calendar.

         24)Within the definition of a <year-month literal>, the <inter-
            val qualifier> shall not specify DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, or SECOND.
            Within the definition of a <day-time literal>, the <interval
            qualifier> shall not specify YEAR or MONTH.

         25)Within the definition of a <datetime literal>, the value of the
            <time zone interval> shall be in the range -12:59 to +13:00.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The value of a <character string literal> is the sequence of
            <character representation>s that it contains.

         2) The value of a <bit string literal> or a <hex string literal> is
            the sequence of bits that it contains.

         3) The numeric value of an <exact numeric literal> is determined
            by the normal mathematical interpretation of positional decimal
            notation.

         4) The numeric value of an <approximate numeric literal> is approx-
            imately the product of the exact numeric value represented by
            the <mantissa> with the number obtained by raising the number
            10 to the power of the exact numeric value represented by the
            <exponent>.

         5) The <sign> in a <signed numeric literal> or an <interval lit-
            eral> is a monadic arithmetic operator. The monadic arithmetic
            operators + and - specify monadic plus and monadic minus, re-
            spectively. If neither monadic plus nor monadic minus are spec-
            ified in a <signed numeric literal> or an <interval literal>,
            or if monadic plus is specified, then the literal is positive.
            If monadic minus is specified in a <signed numeric literal> or
            <interval literal>, then the literal is negative.



                                                       Lexical elements   95

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.3 <literal>


         6) Let V be the integer value of the <unsigned integer> contained
            in <seconds fraction> and let N be the number of digits in the
            <seconds fraction> respectively. The resultant value of the
            <seconds fraction> is effectively determined as follows:

            Case:

            a) If <seconds fraction> is specified within the definition of a
              <datetime literal>, then the effective value of the <seconds
              fraction> is V*10 -N seconds.

            b) If <seconds fraction> is specified within the definition of
              an <interval literal>, then let M be the <interval fractional
              seconds precision> specified in the <interval qualifier>.

              Case:

              i) If N < M, then let V1 be V *10M-N; the effective value of

                 the <seconds fraction> is V1*10 -M seconds.

             ii) If N > M, then let V2 be the integer part of the quotient
                 of V /10N-M; the effective value of the <seconds fraction>

                 is V2*10 -M seconds.

            iii) Otherwise, the effective value of the <seconds fraction> is
                 V*10 -M seconds.

         7) The i-th datetime component in a <datetime literal> or <interval
            literal> assigns the value of the datetime component to the
            i-th <datetime field> in the <datetime literal> or <interval
            literal>.

         8) If <time zone interval> is specified, then the time and times-
            tamp values in <time literal> and <timestamp literal> represent
            a datetime in the specified time zone. Otherwise, the time and
            timestamp values represent a datetime in the current default
            time zone of the SQL-session. The value of the <time literal>
            or the <timestamp literal> is effectively the <time value> or
            the <date value> and <time value> together minus the <time zone
            interval> value, followed by the <time zone interval>.

            Note: <time literal>s and <timestamp literal>s are specified in
            a time zone chosen by the SQL-agent (the default is the cur-
            rent default time zone of the SQL-session). However, they are
            effectively converted to UTC while maintaining the <time zone
            interval> information that permits knowing the original time
            zone value for the time or timestamp value.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) An <unsigned integer> that is a <seconds fraction> shall not
              contain more than 6 <digit>s.

         96  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               5.3 <literal>


            b) A <general literal> shall not be a <bit string literal> or a
              <hex string literal>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <general literal> shall not be a <national character string
              literal>.

            b) A <general literal> shall not be a <datetime literal> or
              <interval literal>.

            c) A <character string literal> shall contain at least one
              <character representation>.

            d) Conforming Entry SQL language shall contain exactly one rep-
              etition of <character representation> (that is, it shall
              contain exactly one sequence of "<quote> <character represen-
              tation>... <quote>").

            e) A <character string literal> shall not specify a <character
              set specification>.
































                                                       Lexical elements   97

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.4 Names and identifiers


         5.4  Names and identifiers

         Function

         Specify names.

         Format

         <identifier> ::=
              [ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>


         <actual identifier> ::=
                <regular identifier>
              | <delimited identifier>

         <SQL language identifier> ::=
              <SQL language identifier start>
                [ { <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> }... ]

         <SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

         <SQL language identifier part> ::=
                <simple Latin letter>
              | <digit>

         <authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>

         <table name> ::=
                <qualified name>
              | <qualified local table name>

         <qualified local table name> ::=
              MODULE <period> <local table name>

         <local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>

         <domain name> ::= <qualified name>

         <schema name> ::=
              [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

         <unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>

         <catalog name> ::= <identifier>

         <qualified name> ::=
              [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

         <qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

         <column name> ::= <identifier>


         98  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   5.4 Names and identifiers


         <correlation name> ::= <identifier>

         <module name> ::= <identifier>

         <cursor name> ::= <identifier>

         <procedure name> ::= <identifier>

         <SQL statement name> ::=
                <statement name>
              | <extended statement name>

         <statement name> ::= <identifier>

         <extended statement name> ::=
              [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

         <dynamic cursor name> ::=
                <cursor name>
              | <extended cursor name>

         <extended cursor name> ::=
              [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

         <descriptor name> ::=
              [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

         <scope option> ::=
                GLOBAL
              | LOCAL

         <parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

         <constraint name> ::= <qualified name>

         <collation name> ::= <qualified name>

         <character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <SQL language identifier>


         <translation name> ::= <qualified name>

         <form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>

         <connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

         <SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

         <user name> ::= <simple value specification>





                                                       Lexical elements   99

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.4 Names and identifiers


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <character set specification> is not specified in an <iden-
            tifier>, then the set of characters contained in the <identi-
            fier> shall be wholly contained in either <SQL language charac-
            ter> or the character repertoire identified by:

            Case:

            a) If the <identifier> is contained in a <module>, then the
              <module character set specification>,

            b) If the <identifier> is contained in a <schema definition>
              that is not contained in a <module>, then the <schema charac-
              ter set specification>,

            c) If the <identifier> is contained in a <preparable statement>
              that is prepared in the current SQL-session by an <execute
              immediate statement> or a <prepare statement> or in a <direct
              SQL statement> that is invoked directly, then the default
              character set name for the SQL-session.

         2) If a <character set specification> is specified in an <identi-
            fier>, then:

            a) There shall be no <separator> between the <introducer> and
              the <character set specification>.

            b) The set of characters contained in the <identifier body>
              or <delimited identifier body> shall be wholly contained
              in the character repertoire indicated by the <character set
              specification>.

         3) The sum of the number of <SQL language identifier start>s and
            the number of <SQL language identifier part>s in an <SQL lan-
            guage identifier> shall not be greater than 128.

         4) An <SQL language identifier> is equivalent to an <SQL language
            identifier> in which every letter that is a lower-case letter
            is replaced by the equivalent upper-case letter or letters. This
            treatment includes determination of equivalence, representation
            in the Information and Definition Schemas, representation in the
            diagnostics area, and similar uses.

         5) An <SQL language identifier> (with every letter that is a lower-
            case letter replaced by the equivalent upper-case letter),
            treated as the repetition of a <character string literal> that
            specifies a <character set specification> of SQL_TEXT, shall not
            be equal, according to the comparison rules in Subclause 8.2,
            "<comparison predicate>", to any <reserved word> (with every
            letter that is a lower-case letter replaced by the equivalent
            upper-case letter), treated as the repetition of a <character
            string literal> that specifies a <character set specification>
            of SQL_TEXT.

         100  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   5.4 Names and identifiers


            Note: It is the intention that no <key word> specified in this
            International standard or revisions thereto shall end with an
            <underscore>.

         6) If <table name> is not a <qualified local table name>, then the
            table identified by <table name> shall not be a declared local
            temporary table.

         7) No <unqualified schema name> shall specify DEFINITION_SCHEMA.

         8) If a <qualified name> does not contain a <schema name>, then

            Case:

            a) If the <qualified name> is contained in a <schema defini-
              tion>, then the <schema name> that is specified or implicit
              in the <schema definition> is implicit.

            b) If the <qualified name> is contained in a <preparable state-
              ment> that is prepared in the current SQL-session by an <ex-
              ecute immediate statement> or a <prepare statement> or in
              a <direct SQL statement> that is invoked directly, then the
              default <unqualified schema name> for the SQL-session is
              implicit.

            c) Otherwise, the <schema name> that is specified or implicit
              for the <module> is implicit.

         9) If a <schema name> does not contain a <catalog name>, then

            Case:

            a) If the <unqualified schema name> is contained in a <mod-
              ule authorization clause>, then an implementation-defined
              <catalog name> is implicit.

            b) If the <unqualified schema name> is contained in a <schema
              definition> other than in a <schema name clause>, then the
              <catalog name> that is specified or implicit in the <schema
              name clause> is implicit.

            c) If the <unqualified schema name> is contained in a <prepara-
              ble statement> that is prepared in the current SQL-session
              by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare statement>
              or in a <direct SQL statement> that is invoked directly, then
              the default catalog name for the SQL-session is implicit.

            d) If the <unqualified schema name> is contained in a <schema
              name clause>, then

              Case:

              i) If the <schema name clause> is contained in a <module>,
                 then the explicit or implicit <catalog name> contained in
                 the <module authorization clause> is implicit.

                                                      Lexical elements   101

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.4 Names and identifiers


             ii) Otherwise, an implementation-defined <catalog name> is
                 implicit.

            e) Otherwise, the explicit or implicit <catalog name> contained
              in the <module authorization clause> is implicit.

         10)Two <qualified name>s are equal if and only if they have the
            same <qualified identifier> and the same <schema name>, regard-
            less of whether the <schema name>s are implicit or explicit.

         11)Two <schema name>s are equal if and only if they have the same
            <unqualified schema name> and the same <catalog name>, regard-
            less of whether the <catalog name>s are implicit or explicit.


         12)An <identifier> that is a <correlation name> is associated with
            a table within a particular scope. The scope of a <correlation
            name> is either a <select statement: single row>, <subquery>, or
            <query specification> (see Subclause 6.3, "<table reference>").
            Scopes may be nested. In different scopes, the same <correlation
            name> may be associated with different tables or with the same
            table.

         13)The <simple value specification> of <extended statement name> or
            <extended cursor name> shall not be a <literal>.

         14)The data type of the <simple value specification> of <ex-
            tended statement name> shall be character string with an
            implementation-defined character set and shall have an octet
            length of 128 octets or less.

         15)The data type of the <simple value specification> of <extended
            cursor name> shall be character string with an implementation-
            defined character set and shall have an octet length of 128
            octets or less.

         16)The data type of the <simple value specification> of <descriptor
            name> shall be character string with an implementation-defined
            character set and shall have an octet length of 128 octets or
            less.

         17)In a <descriptor name>, <extended statement name>, or <extended
            cursor name>, if a <scope option> is not specified, then a
            <scope option> of LOCAL is implicit.

         18)No <authorization identifier> shall specify "PUBLIC".

         19)Those <identifier>s that are valid <authorization identifier>s
            are implementation-defined.

         20)Those <identifier>s that are valid <catalog name>s are implementation-
            defined.


         102  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   5.4 Names and identifiers


         21)If a <character set name> does not specify a <schema name>, then
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA is implicit.

         22)If a <collation name> does not specify a <schema name>, then
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA is implicit.

         23)If a <translation name> does not specify a <schema name>, then
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA is implicit.

         24)The <data type> of <SQL-server name>, <connection name>, and
            <user name> shall be character string with an implementation-
            defined character set and shall have an octet length of 128
            octets or less.

         25)If a <form-of-use conversion name> does not specify a <schema
            name>, then INFORMATION_SCHEMA is implicit; otherwise, INFORMATION_
            SCHEMA shall be specified.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) A <table name> identifies a table.

         2) Within its scope, a <correlation name> identifies a table.

         3) A <local table name> identifies a declared local temporary ta-
            ble.

         4) A <column name> identifies a column.

         5) A <domain name> identifies a domain.

         6) An <authorization identifier> represents an authorization iden-
            tifier and identifies a set of privileges.

         7) A <module name> identifies a <module>.

         8) A <cursor name> identifies a cursor.

         9) A <procedure name> identifies a <procedure>.

         10)A <parameter name> identifies a parameter.

         11)A <constraint name> identifies a table constraint, a domain
            constraint, or an assertion.

         12)A <statement name> identifies a statement prepared by the execu-
            tion of a <prepare statement>. The scope of a <statement name>
            is the <module> in which it appears and the current SQL-session.


                                                      Lexical elements   103

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         5.4 Names and identifiers


         13)The value of an <extended statement name> identifies a statement
            prepared by the execution of a <prepare statement>. If a <scope
            option> of GLOBAL is specified, then the scope of the <extended
            statement name> is the current SQL-session. If a <scope option>
            of LOCAL is specified or implicit, then the scope of the state-
            ment name is further restricted to the <module> in which the
            <extended statement name> appears.

         14)A <dynamic cursor name> identifies a cursor in an <SQL dynamic
            statement>.

         15)The value of an <extended cursor name> identifies a cursor cre-
            ated by the execution of an <allocate cursor statement>. If a
            <scope option> of GLOBAL is specified, then the scope of the
            <extended cursor name> is the current SQL-session. If a <scope
            option> of LOCAL is specified of implicit, then the scope of the
            cursor name is further restricted to the <module> in which the
            <extended cursor name> appears.

         16)A <descriptor name> identifies an SQL descriptor area created
            by the execution of an <allocate descriptor statement>. If a
            <scope option> of GLOBAL is specified, then the scope of the
            <descriptor name> is the current SQL-session. If a <scope op-
            tion> of LOCAL is specified or implicit, then the scope of the
            <descriptor name> is further restricted to the <module> in which
            the <descriptor name> appears.

         17)A <catalog name> identifies a catalog.

         18)A <schema name> identifies a schema.

         19)A <collation name> identifies a collating sequence.

         20)A <character set name> identifies a character set.

         21)A <translation name> identifies a character translation.

         22)A <form-of-use conversion name> identifies a form-of-use con-
            version. All <form-of-use conversion name>s are implementation-
            defined.

         23)A <connection name> identifies an SQL-connection.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <extended statement name> or <extended cursor name>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              explicit <catalog name>, <connection name>, <collation name>,
              <translation name>, <form-of-use conversion name>, or <quali-
              fied local table name>.

         104  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   5.4 Names and identifiers


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <domain
              name>, <SQL statement name>, <dynamic cursor name>, <con-
              straint name>, <descriptor name>, or <character set name>.

            b) An <identifier> shall not specify a <character set specifica-
              tion>.













































                                                      Lexical elements   105

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         106  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         6  Scalar expressions



         6.1  <data type>

         Function

         Specify a data type.

         Format

         <data type> ::=
                <character string type> [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]

              | <national character string type>
              | <bit string type>
              | <numeric type>
              | <datetime type>
              | <interval type>

         <character string type> ::=
                CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
              | CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
              | CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
              | CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
              | VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>

         <national character string type> ::=
                NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
              | NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
              | NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
              | NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

              | NATIONAL CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
              | NCHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

         <bit string type> ::=
                BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
              | BIT VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

         <numeric type> ::=
                <exact numeric type>
              | <approximate numeric type>

         <exact numeric type> ::=
                NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]

              | DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]


                                                    Scalar expressions   107

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.1 <data type>


              | DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]

              | INTEGER
              | INT
              | SMALLINT

         <approximate numeric type> ::=
                FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
              | REAL
              | DOUBLE PRECISION

         <length> ::= <unsigned integer>

         <precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

         <scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

         <datetime type> ::=
                DATE
              | TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]
              [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
              | TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]
              [ WITH TIME ZONE ]

         <time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

         <timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

         <time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

         <interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>


         Syntax Rules

         1) CHAR is equivalent to CHARACTER. DEC is equivalent to DECIMAL.
            INT is equivalent to INTEGER. VARCHAR is equivalent to CHARACTER
            VARYING. NCHAR is equivalent to NATIONAL CHARACTER.

         2) "NATIONAL CHARACTER" is equivalent to the corresponding <char-
            acter string type> with a specification of "CHARACTER SET CSN",
            where "CSN" is an implementation-defined <character set name>.

         3) The value of a <length> or a <precision> shall be greater than
            0.

         4) If <length> is omitted, then a <length> of 1 is implicit.

         5) If a <scale> is omitted, then a <scale> of 0 is implicit.

         6) If a <precision> is omitted, then an implementation-defined
            <precision> is implicit.

         7) CHARACTER specifies the data type character string.

         108  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             6.1 <data type>


         8) Characters in a character string are numbered beginning with 1.

         9) Case:

            a) If VARYING is not specified in <character string type>, then
              the length in characters of the character string is fixed and
              is the value of <length>.

            b) If VARYING is specified in <character string type>, then the
              length in characters of the character string is variable,
              with a minimum length of 0 and a maximum length of the value
              of <length>.

            The maximum value of <length> is implementation-defined.
            <length> shall not be greater than this maximum value.

         10)If <character string type> is not contained in a <domain def-
            inition> or a <column definition> and CHARACTER SET is not
            specified, then an implementation-defined <character set speci-
            fication> is implicit.

            Note: Subclause 11.21, "<domain definition>", and Subclause 11.4,
            "<column definition>", specify the result when <character string
            type> is contained in a <domain definition> or <column defini-
            tion>, respectively.

         11)The character set named SQL_TEXT is an implementation-defined
            character set whose character repertoire is SQL_TEXT.

            Note: The character repertoire SQL_TEXT is defined in Subclause 4.2,
            "Character strings".

         12)BIT specifies the data type bit string.

         13)Bits in a bit string are numbered beginning with 1.

         14)Case:

            a) If VARYING is not specified in <bit string type>, then the
              length in bits of the bit string is fixed and is the value of
              <length>.

            b) If VARYING is specified in <bit string type>, then the length
              in bits of the string is variable, with a minimum length of 0
              and a maximum length of the value of <length>.

            The maximum value of <length> is implementation-defined.
            <length> shall not be greater than this maximum value.

         15)The <scale> of an <exact numeric type> shall not be greater than
            the <precision> of the <exact numeric type>.

         16)For the <exact numeric type>s DECIMAL and NUMERIC:

            a) The maximum value of <precision> is implementation-defined.
              <precision> shall not be greater than this value.

                                                    Scalar expressions   109

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.1 <data type>


            b) The maximum value of <scale> is implementation-defined.
              <scale> shall not be greater than this maximum value.

         17)NUMERIC specifies the data type exact numeric, with the decimal
            precision and scale specified by the <precision> and <scale>.

         18)DECIMAL specifies the data type exact numeric, with the decimal
            scale specified by the <scale> and the implementation-defined
            decimal precision equal to or greater than the value of the
            specified <precision>.

         19)INTEGER specifies the data type exact numeric, with binary or
            decimal precision and scale of 0. The choice of binary versus
            decimal precision is implementation-defined, but shall be the
            same as SMALLINT.

         20)SMALLINT specifies the data type exact numeric, with scale of
            0 and binary or decimal precision. The choice of binary versus
            decimal precision is implementation-defined, but shall be the
            same as INTEGER. The precision of SMALLINT shall be less than or
            equal to the precision of INTEGER.

         21)FLOAT specifies the data type approximate numeric, with binary
            precision equal to or greater than the value of the specified
            <precision>. The maximum value of <precision> is implementation-
            defined. <precision> shall not be greater than this value.

         22)REAL specifies the data type approximate numeric, with implementation-
            defined precision.

         23)DOUBLE PRECISION specifies the data type approximate numeric,
            with implementation-defined precision that is greater than the
            implementation-defined precision of REAL.

         24)For the <approximate numeric type>s FLOAT, REAL, and DOUBLE
            PRECISION, the maximum and minimum values of the exponent are
            implementation-defined.

         25)If <time precision> is not specified, then 0 is implicit. If
            <timestamp precision> is not specified, then 6 is implicit.

         26)The maximum value of <time precision> and the maximum value of
            <timestamp precision> shall be the same implementation-defined
            value that is not less than 6. The values of <time precision>
            and <timestamp precision> shall not be greater than that maximum
            value.

         27)The length of a DATE is 10 positions. The length of a TIME is 8
            positions plus the <time fractional seconds precision>, plus 1
            position if the <time fractional seconds precision> is greater
            than 0. The length of a TIME WITH TIME ZONE is 14 positions
            plus the <time fractional seconds precision> plus 1 position if
            the <time fractional seconds precision> is greater than 0. The
            length of a TIMESTAMP is 19 positions plus the <time fractional

         110  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             6.1 <data type>


            seconds precision>, plus 1 position if the <time fractional sec-
            onds precision> is greater than 0. The length of a TIMESTAMP
            WITH TIME ZONE is 25 positions plus the <time fractional sec-
            onds precision> plus 1 position if the <time fractional seconds
            precision> is greater than 0.

         28)If an <interval qualifier> in an <interval type> includes no
            fields other than YEAR and MONTH, then the <interval type> is a
            year-month interval. If an <interval qualifier> in an <interval
            type> includes any fields other than YEAR or MONTH, then the
            <interval type> is a day-time interval.

         29)The i-th value of an interval data type corresponds to the i-th
            <datetime field>.

         30)Within the non-null values of a <datetime type>, the value of
            the time zone interval shall be in the range -12:59 to +13:00.

            Note: The range for time zone intervals is larger than many
            readers might expect because it is governed by political deci-
            sions in governmental bodies rather than by any natural law.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If any specification or operation attempts to cause an item of
            a character type to contain a character that is not a member
            of the character repertoire associated with the character item,
            then an exception condition is raised: data exception-character
            not in repertoire.

         2) For a <datetime type>,

            Case:

            a) If DATE is specified, then the data type contains the <date-
              time field>s years, months, and days.

            b) If TIME is specified, then the data type contains the <date-
              time field>s hours, minutes, and seconds.

            c) If TIMESTAMP is specified, then the data type contains the
              <datetime field>s years, months, days, hours, minutes, and
              seconds.

         3) For a <datetime type>, a <time fractional seconds precision>
            that is an explicit or implicit <time precision> or <timestamp
            precision> defines the number of decimal digits following the
            decimal point in the SECOND <datetime field>.


                                                    Scalar expressions   111

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.1 <data type>


         4) Table 10, "Valid values for fields in datetime items", specifies
            the constraints on the values of the <datetime field>s in a
            datetime data type.

         _________Table_10-Valid_values_for_fields_in_datetime_items________

         _Keyword____________Valid_values_of_datetime_fields________________

        | YEAR             | 0001 to 9999                                  |
        |                  |                                               |
        | MONTH            | 01 to 12                                      |
        |                  |                                               |
        | DAY              | Within the range 1 to 31, but further con-    |
                             strained by the value of MONTH and YEAR
                             fields, according to the rules for well-
                             formed dates in the Gregorian calendar.

        | HOUR             | 00 to 23                                      |
        |                  |                                               |
        | MINUTE           | 00 to 59                                      |
        |                  |                                               |
        | SECOND           | 00 to 61.9(N) where "9(N)" indicates the num- |
                             ber of digits specified by <time fractional
                             seconds precision>.

        | TIMEZONE_HOUR    | 00 to 13                                      |
        |                  |                                               |
        |_TIMEZONE_MINUTE__|_00_to_59______________________________________|
        |                  |                                               |
            Note: Datetime data types will allow dates in the Gregorian
            format to be stored in the date range 0001-01-01 CE through
            9999-12-31 CE. The range for SECOND allows for as many as two
            "leap seconds". Interval arithmetic that involves leap seconds
            or discontinuities in calendars will produce implementation-
            defined results.

         5) If WITH TIME ZONE is not specified, then the time zone dis-
            placement of the datetime data type is effectively the current
            default time zone displacement of the SQL-session.

         6) If any specification or operation attempts to cause an item
            of type datetime to take a value where the <datetime field>
            YEAR has the value greater than 9999 or less than 1, then an
            exception condition is raised: data exception-invalid datetime
            format.

         7) The values of the <datetime field>s within an interval data type
            are constrained as follows:

            a) The value corresponding to the first <datetime field> is
              an integer with at most N digits, where N is the <interval
              leading field precision>.

            b) Table 11, "Valid values for fields in INTERVAL items", spec-
              ifies the constraints for the other <datetime field>s in the
              interval data type.

         112  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                             6.1 <data type>


         _________Table_11-Valid_values_for_fields_in_INTERVAL_items________

         _Keyword______Valid_values_of_INTERVAL_fields______________________

        | MONTH      | 0 to 11                                             |
        |            |                                                     |
        | HOUR       | 0 to 23                                             |
        |            |                                                     |
        | MINUTE     | 0 to 59                                             |
        |            |                                                     |
        | SECOND     | 0 to 59.9(N) where "9(N)" indicates the number of   |
                       digits specified by <interval fractional seconds
         ______________precision>_in_the_<interval_qualifier>.______________

        |8) An item o| type interval can contain positive or negative inter|
        |   vals.    |                                                     |
        |            |                                                     |
         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <datetime type> shall not specify a <time precision> or
              <timestamp precision>.

            b) A <data type> shall not be a <bit string type>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <character string type> shall not specify VARYING or
              VARCHAR.

            b) A <data type> shall not be a <datetime type> or an <interval
              type>.

            c) A <data type> shall not be a <national character string type>
              nor specify CHARACTER SET.

















                                                    Scalar expressions   113

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.2 <value specification> and <target specification>


         6.2  <value specification> and <target specification>

         Function

         Specify one or more values, parameters, or variables.

         Format

         <value specification> ::=
                <literal>
              | <general value specification>

         <unsigned value specification> ::=
                <unsigned literal>
              | <general value specification>

         <general value specification> ::=
                <parameter specification>
              | <dynamic parameter specification>
              | <variable specification>
              | USER
              | CURRENT_USER
              | SESSION_USER
              | SYSTEM_USER
              | VALUE

         <simple value specification> ::=
                <parameter name>
              | <embedded variable name>
              | <literal>

         <target specification> ::=
                <parameter specification>
              | <variable specification>

         <simple target specification> ::=
                <parameter name>
              | <embedded variable name>

         <parameter specification> ::=
              <parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

         <indicator parameter> ::=
              [ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>

         <dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

         <variable specification> ::=
              <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

         <indicator variable> ::=
              [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>


         114  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                        6.2 <value specification> and <target specification>



         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of an <indicator parameter> or <indicator vari-
            able> shall be exact numeric with a scale of 0.

         2) Each <parameter name> shall be contained in a <module>. Each
            <embedded variable name> shall be contained in an <embedded
            SQL statement>. Each <dynamic parameter specification> shall
            be contained in a <preparable statement> that is dynamically
            prepared in the current SQL-session through the execution of a
            <prepare statement> or an <execute immediate statement>.

         3) If USER is specified, then CURRENT_USER is implicit.

         4) The data type of CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, and SYSTEM_USER is
            character string. Whether the character string is fixed-length
            or variable-length, and its length if it is fixed-length or
            maximum length if it is variable-length, are implementation-
            defined. The character set of the character string is SQL_TEXT.

         5) The <value specification> or <unsigned value specification>
            VALUE shall be contained in a <domain constraint>. The data
            type of an instance of VALUE is the <data type> of the <domain
            definition> containing that <domain constraint>.

         6) If the data type of the <value specification> or <unsigned value
            specification> is character string, then the <value specifi-
            cation> or <unsigned value specification> has the Coercible
            coercibility attribute, and the collating sequence is deter-
            mined by Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence
            usage".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) A <value specification> or <unsigned value specification> speci-
            fies a value that is not selected from a table.

         2) A <parameter specification> identifies a parameter or a parame-
            ter and an indicator parameter in a <module>.

         3) A <dynamic parameter specification> identifies a parameter used
            by a dynamically prepared statement.

         4) A <variable specification> identifies a host variable or a host
            variable and an indicator variable.

         5) A <target specification> specifies a parameter or variable that
            can be assigned a value.

                                                    Scalar expressions   115

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.2 <value specification> and <target specification>


         6) If a <parameter specification> contains an <indicator parame-
            ter> and the value of the indicator parameter is negative, then
            the value specified by the <parameter specification> is null.
            Otherwise, the value specified by a <parameter specification> is
            the value of the parameter identified by the <parameter name>.

         7) If a <variable specification> contains an <indicator vari-
            able> and the value of the indicator variable is negative, then
            the value specified by the <variable specification> is null.
            Otherwise, the value specified by a <variable specification> is
            the value of the variable identified by the <embedded variable
            name>.

         8) The value specified by a <literal> is the value represented by
            that <literal>.

         9) The value specified by CURRENT_USER is the value of the current
            <authorization identifier>.

         10)The value specified by SESSION_USER is the value of the SQL-
            session <authorization identifier>.

         11)The value specified by SYSTEM_USER is equal to an implementation-
            defined string that represents the operating system user who
            executed the <module> that contains the SQL-statement whose ex-
            ecution caused the SYSTEM_USER <general value specification> to
            be evaluated.

         12)A <simple value specification> specifies a <value specifica-
            tion> or <unsigned value specification> that is not null and
            does not have an associated <indicator parameter> or <indicator
            variable>.

         13)A <simple target specification> specifies a parameter or vari-
            able that can be assigned a value that is not null.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) In Intermediate SQL, the specific data type of <indicator
              parameter>s and <indicator variable>s shall be the same
              implementation-defined data type.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <general value specification> shall not be a <dynamic pa-
              rameter specification>.

            b) A <general value specification> shall not specify VALUE.



         116  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                        6.2 <value specification> and <target specification>


            c) A <general value specification> shall not specify CURRENT_
              USER, SYSTEM_USER, or SESSION_USER.

              Note: Although CURRENT_USER and USER are semantically the
              same, in Entry SQL, CURRENT_USER must be specified as USER.

















































                                                    Scalar expressions   117

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.3 <table reference>


         6.3  <table reference>

         Function

         Reference a table.

         Format

         <table reference> ::=
                <table name> [ [ AS ] <correlation name>
                    [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
              | <derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name>
                    [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
              | <joined table>

         <derived table> ::= <table subquery>

         <derived column list> ::= <column name list>

         <column name list> ::=
              <column name> [ { <comma> <column name> }... ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) A <correlation name> immediately contained in a <table refer-
            ence> TR is exposed by TR. A <table name> immediately contained
            in a <table reference> TR is exposed by TR if and only if TR
            does not specify a <correlation name>.

         2) Case:

            a) If a <table reference> TR is contained in a <from clause> FC
              with no intervening <derived table>, then the scope clause
              SC of TR is the <select statement: single row> or innermost
              <query specification> that contains FC. The scope clause of
              the exposed <correlation name> or exposed <table name> of TR
              is the <select list>, <where clause>, <group by clause>, and
              <having clause> of SC, together with the <join condition> of
              all <joined table>s contained in SC that contains TR.

            b) Otherwise, the scope clause SC of TR is the outermost <joined
              table> that contains TR with no intervening <derived table>.
              The scope of the exposed <correlation name> or exposed <table
              name> of TR is the <join condition> of SC and of all <joined
              table>s contained in SC that contain TR.

         3) A <table name> that is exposed by a <table reference> TR shall
            not be the same as any other <table name> that is exposed by a
            <table reference> with the same scope clause as TR.




         118  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       6.3 <table reference>


         4) A <correlation name> that is exposed by a <table reference> TR
            shall not be the same as any other <correlation name> that is
            exposed by a <table reference> with the same scope clause as TR
            and shall not be the same as the <qualified identifier> of any
            <table name> that is exposed by a <table reference> with the
            same scope clause as TR.

         5) A <table name> immediately contained in a <table reference> TR
            has a scope clause and scope defined by that <table reference>
            if and only if the <table name> is exposed by TR.

         6) The same <column name> shall not be specified more than once in
            a <derived column list>.

         7) If a <derived column list> is specified in a <table reference>,
            then the number of <column name>s in the <derived column list>
            shall be the same as the degree of the table specified by the
            <derived table> or the <table name> of that <table reference>,
            and the name of the i-th column of that <derived table> or the
            effective name of the i-th column of that <table name> is the
            i-th <column name> in that <derived column list>.

         8) A <derived table> is an updatable derived table if and only if
            the <query expression> simply contained in the <subquery> of the
            <table subquery> of the <derived table> is updatable.

         Access Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name> immediately
            contained in <table reference>. If the <table reference> is
            contained in any of:

            a) a <query expression> simply contained in a <cursor speci-
              fication>, a <view definition>, a <direct select statement:
              multiple rows>, or an <insert statement>; or

            b) a <table expression> or <select list> immediately contained
              in a <select statement: single row>; or

            c) a <search condition> immediately contained in a <delete
              statement: searched> or an <update statement: searched>; or

            d) a <value expression> immediately contained in an <update
              source>,

            then the applicable privileges shall include SELECT for T.

         General Rules

         1) The <correlation name> or exposed <table name> contained in a
            <table reference> defines that <correlation name> or <table
            name> to be an identifier of the table identified by the <table
            name> or <derived table> of that <table reference>.

                                                    Scalar expressions   119

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.3 <table reference>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <table reference> shall not be a <derived table>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <table reference> shall not be a <joined table>.

            b) The optional <key word> AS shall not be specified.

            c) <derived column list> shall not be specified.








































         120  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      6.4 <column reference>


         6.4  <column reference>

         Function

         Reference a column.

         Format

         <column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>

         <qualifier> ::=
                <table name>
              | <correlation name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let CR be the <column reference>, let CN be the <column name>
            contained in CR, and let C be the column identified by CN.

         2) If CR contains a <qualifier> Q, then CR shall appear within the
            scope of one or more <table name>s or <correlation name>s that
            are equal to Q. If there is more than one such <table name> or
            <correlation name>, then the one with the most local scope is
            specified. Let T be the table associated with Q.

            a) T shall include a column whose <column name> is CN.

            b) If T is a <table reference> in a <joined table> J, then CN
              shall not be a common column name in J.

              Note: Common column name is defined in Subclause 7.5, "<joined
              table>".

         3) If CR does not contain a <qualifier>, then CR shall be contained
            within the scope of one or more <table name>s or <correlation
            name>s whose associated tables include a column whose <column
            name> is CN. Let the phrase possible qualifiers denote those
            <table name>s and <correlation name>s.

            a) Case:

              i) If the most local scope contains exactly one possible
                 qualifier, then the qualifier Q equivalent to that unique
                 <table name> or <correlation name> is implicit.

             ii) If there is more than one possible qualifier with most
                 local scope, then:

                 1) Each possible qualifier shall be a <table name> or a
                   <correlation name> of a <table reference> that is di-
                   rectly contained in a <joined table> J.


                                                    Scalar expressions   121

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.4 <column reference>


                 2) CN shall be a common column name in J.

                   Note: Common column name is defined in Subclause 7.5,
                   "<joined table>".

                 3) The implicit qualifier Q is implementation-dependent.
                   The scope of Q is that which Q would have had if J had
                   been replaced by the <table reference>:

                      ( J ) AS Q

            b) Let T be the table associated with Q.

         4) The data type of CR is the data type of column C of T. CN shall
            uniquely identify a column of T.

         5) If the data type of CR is character string, then CR has the
            Implicit coercibility attribute and its collating sequence is
            the default collating sequence for column C of T.

         6) If the data type of CR is TIME or TIMESTAMP, then the implicit
            time zone of the data is the current default time zone for the
            SQL-session.

         7) If the data type of CR is TIME WITH TIME ZONE or TIMESTAMP WITH
            TIME ZONE, then the time zone of the data is the time zone rep-
            resented in the value of CR.

         8) If CR is contained in a <table expression> TE and the scope
            clause of the <table reference> immediately containing the <ta-
            ble name> or <correlation name> Q also contains TE, then CR is
            an outer reference to the table associated with Q.

         9) Let CR be the <column reference> and let C be the column identi-
            fied by CR. C is an underlying column of CR. If C is a <derived
            column>, then every underlying column of C is an underlying
            column of CR.

            Note: The underlying columns of a <derived column> are defined
            in Subclause 7.9, "<query specification>".

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include SELECT for T if CR is
            contained in any of:

            a) a <search condition> immediately contained in a <delete
              statement: searched> or an <update statement: searched>; or

            b) a <value expression> immediately contained in an <update
              source>.



         122  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      6.4 <column reference>


         General Rules

         1) The <column reference> Q.CN references column C in a given row
            of T.

         2) If the data type of CR is TIME, TIMESTAMP, TIME WITH TIME ZONE
            or TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, then let TZ be an INTERVAL HOUR
            TO MINUTE containing the value of the time zone displacement
            associated with CR. The value of CR, normalized to UTC, is ef-
            fectively computed as

              CR + TZ.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL;

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL;

              None.
































                                                    Scalar expressions   123

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.5 <set function specification>


         6.5  <set function specification>

         Function

         Specify a value derived by the application of a function to an
         argument.

         Format

         <set function specification> ::=
                COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
              | <general set function>

         <general set function> ::=
                <set function type>
                    <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>


         <set function type> ::=
              AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

         <set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <set quantifier> is not specified, then ALL is implicit.

         2) The argument of COUNT(*) and the argument source of a <general
            set function> is a table or a group of a grouped table as spec-
            ified in Subclause 7.8, "<having clause>", and Subclause 7.9,
            "<query specification>".

            Note: argument source is defined in Subclause 7.8, "<having
            clause>".

         3) Let T be the argument or argument source of a <set function
            specification>.

         4) The <value expression> simply contained in <set function spec-
            ification> shall not contain a <set function specification> or
            a <subquery>. If the <value expression> contains a <column ref-
            erence> that is an outer reference, then that outer reference
            shall be the only <column reference> contained in the <value
            expression>.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         5) If a <set function specification> contains a <column reference>
            that is an outer reference, then the <set function specifica-
            tion> shall be contained in either:

            a) a <select list>, or

         124  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            6.5 <set function specification>


            b) a <subquery> of a <having clause>, in which case the scope
              of the explicit or implicit <qualifier> of the <column refer-
              ence> shall be a <table reference> that is directly contained
              in the <table expression> that directly contains the <having
              clause>.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         6) Let DT be the data type of the <value expression>.

         7) If COUNT is specified, then the data type of the result is exact
            numeric with implementation-defined precision and scale of 0.

         8) If MAX or MIN is specified, then the data type of the result is
            DT.

         9) If SUM or AVG is specified, then:

            a) DT shall not be character string, bit string, or datetime.

            b) If SUM is specified and DT is exact numeric with scale
              S, then the data type of the result is exact numeric with
              implementation-defined precision and scale S.

            c) If AVG is specified and DT is exact numeric, then the data
              type of the result is exact numeric with implementation-
              defined precision not less than the precision of DT and
              implementation-defined scale not less than the scale of DT.

            d) If DT is approximate numeric, then the data type of the
              result is approximate numeric with implementation-defined
              precision not less than the precision of DT.

            e) If DT is interval, then the data type of the result is inter-
              val with the same precision as DT.

         10)If the data type of the result is character string, then the
            collating sequence and the coercibility attribute are determined
            as in Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence
            usage".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If COUNT(*) is specified, then the result is the cardinality
              of T.


                                                    Scalar expressions   125

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.5 <set function specification>


            b) Otherwise, let TX be the single-column table that is the
              result of applying the <value expression> to each row of T
              and eliminating null values. If one or more null values are
              eliminated, then a completion condition is raised: warning-
              null value eliminated in set function.

         2) If DISTINCT is specified, then let TXA be the result of elimi-
            nating redundant duplicate values from TX. Otherwise, let TXA be
            TX.

            Case:

            a) If the <general set function> COUNT is specified, then the
              result is the cardinality of TXA.

            b) If AVG, MAX, MIN, or SUM is specified, then

              Case:

              i) If TXA is empty, then the result is the null value.

             ii) If AVG is specified, then the result is the average of the
                 values in TXA.

            iii) If MAX or MIN is specified, then the result is respec-
                 tively the maximum or minimum value in TXA. These results
                 are determined using the comparison rules specified in
                 Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>".

             iv) If SUM is specified, then the result is the sum of the
                 values in TXA. If the sum is not within the range of the
                 data type of the result, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-numeric value out of range.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) If a <general set function> specifies DISTINCT, then the
              <value expression> shall be a <column reference>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If a <general set function> specifies or implies ALL, then
              COUNT shall not be specified.

            b) If a <general set function> specifies or implies ALL, then
              the <value expression> shall include a <column reference>
              that references a column of T.

            c) If the <value expression> contains a <column reference> that
              is an outer reference, then the <value expression> shall be a
              <column reference>.

         126  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            6.5 <set function specification>


            d) No <column reference> contained in a <set function specifica-
              tion> shall reference a column derived from a <value expres-
              sion> that generally contains a <set function specification>.



















































                                                    Scalar expressions   127

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.6 <numeric value function>


         6.6  <numeric value function>

         Function

         Specify a function yielding a value of type numeric.

         Format

         <numeric value function> ::=
                <position expression>
              | <extract expression>
              | <length expression>

         <position expression> ::=
              POSITION <left paren> <character value expression>
                  IN <character value expression> <right paren>

         <length expression> ::=
                <char length expression>
              | <octet length expression>
              | <bit length expression>

         <char length expression> ::=
              { CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH }
                  <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

         <octet length expression> ::=
              OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>


         <bit length expression> ::=
              BIT_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>


         <extract expression> ::=
              EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field>
                  FROM <extract source> <right paren>

         <extract field> ::=
                <datetime field>
              | <time zone field>

         <time zone field> ::=
                TIMEZONE_HOUR
              | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

         <extract source> ::=
                <datetime value expression>
              | <interval value expression>





         128  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                6.6 <numeric value function>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <position expression> is specified, then the character reper-
            toires of the two <character value expression>s shall be the
            same.

         2) If <position expression> is specified, then the data type of the
            result is exact numeric with implementation-defined precision
            and scale 0.

         3) If <extract expression> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If <extract field> is a <datetime field>, then it shall iden-
              tify a <datetime field> of the <interval value expression> or
              <datetime value expression> immediately contained in <extract
              source>.

            b) If <extract field> is a <time zone field>, then the data
              type of the <extract source> shall be TIME WITH TIME ZONE or
              TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE.

         4) If <extract expression> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If <datetime field> does not specify SECOND, then the data
              type of the result is exact numeric with implementation-
              defined precision and scale 0.

            b) Otherwise, the data type of the result is exact numeric
              with implementation-defined precision and scale. The
              implementation-defined scale shall not be less than the spec-
              ified or implied <time fractional seconds precision> or <in-
              terval fractional seconds precision>, as appropriate, of the
              SECOND <datetime field> of the <extract source>.

         5) If a <length expression> is specified, then the data type of the
            result is exact numeric with implementation-defined precision
            and scale 0.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If <position expression> is specified and neither <character
            value expression> is the null value, then

            Case:

            a) If the first <character value expression> has a length of 0,
              then the result is 1.

                                                    Scalar expressions   129

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.6 <numeric value function>


            b) If the value of the first <character value expression> is
              equal to an identical-length substring of contiguous char-
              acters from the value of the second <character value ex-
              pression>, then the result is 1 greater than the number of
              characters within the value of the second <character value
              expression> preceding the start of the first such substring.

            c) Otherwise, the result is 0.

         2) If <position expression> is specified and either <character
            value expression> is the null value, then the result is the null
            value.

         3) If <extract expression> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If the value of the <interval value expression> or the <date-
              time value expression> is not the null value, then

              Case:

              i) If <extract field> is a <datetime field>, then the re-
                 sult is the value of the datetime field identified by that
                 <datetime field> and has the same sign as the <extract
                 source>.

                 Note: If the value of the identified <datetime field> is
                 zero or if <extract source> is not an <interval value ex-
                 pression>, then the sign is irrelevant.

             ii) Otherwise, let TZ be the interval value of the implicit
                 or explicit time zone associated with the <datetime value
                 expression>. If <extract field> is TIMEZONE_HOUR, then the
                 result is calculated as

                   EXTRACT (HOUR FROM TZ)

                 Otherwise, the result is calculated as

                   EXTRACT (MINUTE FROM TZ)

            b) Otherwise, the result is the null value.

         4) If a <char length expression> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) Let S be the <string value expression>. If the value of S is
              not the null value, then

              Case:

              i) If the data type of S is a character data type, then the
                 result is the number of characters in the value of S.

             ii) Otherwise, the result is OCTET_LENGTH(S).

            b) Otherwise, the result is the null value.

         130  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                6.6 <numeric value function>


         5) If an <octet length expression> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) Let S be the <string value expression>. If the value of S is
              not the null value, then the result is the smallest integer
              not less than the quotient of the division (BIT_LENGTH(S)/8).

            b) Otherwise, the result is the null value.

         6) If a <bit length expression> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) Let S be the <string value expression>. If the value of S is
              not the null value, then the result is the number of bits in
              the value of S.

            b) Otherwise, the result is the null value.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <numeric value function> shall not be a <position expres-
              sion>.

            b) A <numeric value function> shall not contain a <length ex-
              pression> that is a <bit length expression>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <numeric value function> shall not be a <length expres-
              sion>.

            b) A <numeric value function> shall not be an <extract expres-
              sion>.
















                                                    Scalar expressions   131

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.7 <string value function>


         6.7  <string value function>

         Function

         Specify a function yielding a value of type character string or bit
         string.

         Format

         <string value function> ::=
                <character value function>
              | <bit value function>

         <character value function> ::=
                <character substring function>
              | <fold>
              | <form-of-use conversion>
              | <character translation>
              | <trim function>

         <character substring function> ::=
              SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position>

                          [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

         <fold> ::= { UPPER | LOWER } <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>


         <form-of-use conversion> ::=
              CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression>
                  USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>

         <character translation> ::=
              TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression>
                  USING <translation name> <right paren>

         <trim function> ::=
              TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

         <trim operands> ::=
              [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>


         <trim source> ::= <character value expression>

         <trim specification> ::=
                LEADING
              | TRAILING
              | BOTH

         <trim character> ::= <character value expression>

         <bit value function> ::=

         132  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 6.7 <string value function>


              <bit substring function>

         <bit substring function> ::=
              SUBSTRING <left paren> <bit value expression> FROM <start position>

                  [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

         <start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

         <string length> ::= <numeric value expression>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of a <start position> and <string length> shall be
            exact numeric with scale 0.

         2) If <character substring function> is specified, then:

            a) The data type of the <character substring function> is
              variable-length character string with maximum length equal to
              the fixed length or maximum variable length of the <character
              value expression>. The character repertoire and form-of-use
              of the <character substring function> are the same as the
              character repertoire and form-of-use of the <character value
              expression>.

            b) The collating sequence and the coercibility attribute
              are determined as specified for monadic operators in
              Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence us-
              age", where the first operand of SUBSTRING plays the role of
              the monadic operand.

         3) If <fold> is specified, then:

            a) The data type of the result of <fold> is the data type of the
              <character value expression>.

            b) The collating sequence and the coercibility attribute
              are determined as specified for monadic operators in
              Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence us-
              age", where the operand of the <fold> is the monadic operand.

         4) If <form-of-use conversion> is specified, then:

            a) A <form-of-use conversion name> shall identify a form-of-use
              conversion.

            b) The data type of the result is variable-length character
              string with implementation-defined maximum length. The
              character set of the result is the same as the character
              repertoire of the <character value expression> and form-
              of-use determined by the form-of-use conversion identified

                                                    Scalar expressions   133

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.7 <string value function>


              by the <form-of-use conversion name>. Let CR be that char-
              acter repertoire. The result has the Implicit coercibility
              attribute and its collating sequence is X, where X is the
              default collating sequence of CR.

         5) If <character translation> is specified, then

            a) A <translation name> shall identify a character translation.

            b) The data type of the <character translation> is variable-
              length character string with implementation-defined maximum
              length and character repertoire equal to the character reper-
              toire of the target character set of the translation. Let CR
              be that character repertoire. The result has the Implicit co-
              ercibility attribute and its collating sequence is X, where X
              is the default collating sequence of CR.

         6) If <trim function> is specified, then

            a) If FROM is specified, then either <trim specification> or
              <trim character> or both shall be specified.

            b) If <trim specification> is not specified, then BOTH is im-
              plicit.

            c) If <trim character> is not specified, then ' ' is implicit.

            d) If

                 TRIM ( SRC )

              is specified, then

                 TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM SRC )

              is implicit.

            e) The data type of the <trim function> is variable-length char-
              acter string with maximum length equal to the fixed length or
              maximum variable length of the <trim source>.

            f) If a <trim character> is specified, then <trim character> and
              <trim source> shall be comparable.

            g) The character repertoire and form-of-use of the <trim func-
              tion> are the same as those of the <trim source>.

            h) The collating sequence and the coercibility attribute
              are determined as specified for monadic operators in
              Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence us-
              age", where the <trim source> of TRIM plays the role of the
              monadic operand.

         7) If <bit substring function> is specified, then the data type of
            the <bit substring function> is variable-length bit string with
            maximum length equal to the fixed length or maximum variable
            length of the <bit value expression>.

         134  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 6.7 <string value function>


         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include USAGE for every <trans-
            lation name> contained in the <string value expression>.

         General Rules

         1) If <character substring function> is specified, then:

            a) Let C be the value of the <character value expression>, let
              LC be the length of C, and let S be the value of the <start
              position>.

            b) If <string length> is specified, then let L be the value of
              <string length> and let E be S+L. Otherwise, let E be the
              larger of LC + 1 and S.

            c) If either C, S, or L is the null value, then the result of
              the <character substring function> is the null value.

            d) If E is less than S, then an exception condition is raised:
              data exception-substring error.

            e) Case:

              i) If S is greater than LC or if E is less than 1, then the
                 result of the <character substring function> is a zero-
                 length string.

             ii) Otherwise,

                 1) Let S1 be the larger of S and 1. Let E1 be the smaller
                   of E and LC+1. Let L1 be E1-S1.

                 2) The result of the <character substring function> is
                   a character string containing the L1 characters of C
                   starting at character number S1 in the same order that
                   the characters appear in C.

         2) If <fold> is specified, then:

            a) Let S be the value of the <character value expression>.

            b) If S is the null value, then the result of the <fold> is the
              null value.

            c) Case:

              i) If UPPER is specified, then the result of the <fold> is a
                 copy of S in which every <simple Latin lower case letter>
                 that has a corresponding <simple Latin upper case let-
                 ter> in the character repertoire of S is replaced by that
                 <simple Latin upper case letter>.

                                                    Scalar expressions   135

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.7 <string value function>


             ii) If LOWER is specified, then the result of the <fold> is a
                 copy of S in which every <simple Latin upper case letter>
                 that has a corresponding <simple Latin lower case let-
                 ter> in the character repertoire of S is replaced by that
                 <simple Latin lower case letter>.

         3) If a <character translation> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If the value of <character value expression> is the null
              value, then the result of the <character translation> is the
              null value.

            b) Otherwise, the value of the <character translation> is the
              value of the <character value expression> after translation
              to the character repertoire of the target character set of
              the translation.

         4) If a <form-of-use conversion> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If the value of <character value expression> is the null
              value, then the result of the <form-of-use conversion> is the
              null value.

            b) Otherwise, the value of the <form-of-use conversion> is the
              value of the <character value expression> after the applica-
              tion of the form-of-use conversion specified by <form-of-use
              conversion name>.

         5) If <trim function> is specified, then:

            a) Let S be the value of the <trim source>.

            b) If <trim character> is specified, then let SC be the value of
              <trim character>; otherwise, let SC be <space>.

            c) If either S or SC is the null value, then the result of the
              <trim function> is the null value.

            d) If the length in characters of SC is not 1, then an exception
              condition is raised: data exception-trim error.

            e) Case:

              i) If BOTH is specified or if no <trim specification> is spec-
                 ified, then the result of the <trim function> is the value
                 of S with any leading or trailing characters equal to SC
                 removed.

             ii) If TRAILING is specified, then the result of the <trim
                 function> is the value of S with any trailing characters
                 equal to SC removed.

         136  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 6.7 <string value function>


            iii) If LEADING is specified, then the result of the <trim func-
                 tion> is the value of S with any leading characters equal
                 to SC removed.

         6) If <bit substring function> is specified, then:

            a) Let B be the value of the <bit value expression>, let LB be
              the length in bits of B, and let S be the value of the <start
              position>.

            b) If <string length> is specified, then let L be the value of
              <string length> and let E be S+L. Otherwise, let E be the
              larger of LB + 1 and S.

            c) If either B, S, or L is the null value, then the result of
              the <bit substring function> is the null value.

            d) If E is less than S, then an exception condition is raised:
              data exception-substring error.

            e) Case:

              i) If S is greater than LB or if E is less than 1, then the
                 result of the <bit substring function> is a zero-length
                 string.

             ii) Otherwise,

                 1) Let S1 be the larger of S and 1. Let E1 be the smaller
                   of E and LB+1. Let L1 be E1-S1.

                 2) The result of the <bit substring function> is a bit
                   string containing L1 bits of B starting at bit number S1
                   in the same order that the bits appear in B.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <character value function> shall not be a <fold>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <char-
              acter translation>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <form-
              of-use conversion>.

            d) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <bit
              value function>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <character value function> shall not be a <character sub-
              string function>.

                                                    Scalar expressions   137

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.7 <string value function>


            b) A <character value function> shall not be a <trim function>.





















































         138  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                               6.8 <datetime value function>


         6.8  <datetime value function>

         Function

         Specify a function yielding a value of type datetime.

         Format

         <datetime value function> ::=
                <current date value function>
              | <current time value function>
              | <current timestamp value function>

         <current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

         <current time value function> ::=
                CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]


         <current timestamp value function> ::=
                CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]



         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of a <current date value function> is DATE. The
            data type of a <current time value function> is TIME WITH TIME
            ZONE. The data type of a <current timestamp value function> is
            TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE.

            Note: See the Syntax Rules of Subclause 6.1, "<data type>", for
            rules governing <time precision> and <timestamp precision>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The <datetime value function>s CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, and
            CURRENT_TIMESTAMP respectively return the current date, current
            time, and current timestamp; the time and timestamp values are
            returned with time zone displacement equal to the current time
            zone displacement of the SQL-session.

         2) If specified, <time precision> and <timestamp precision> respec-
            tively determine the precision of the time or timestamp value
            returned.

         3) If an SQL-statement generally contains more than one reference
            to one or more <datetime value function>s, then all such ref-
            erences are effectively evaluated simultaneously. The time of

                                                    Scalar expressions   139

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.8 <datetime value function>


            evaluation of the <datetime value function> during the execution
            of the SQL-statement is implementation-dependent.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <time
              precision> or <timestamp precision>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <datetime
              value function>.







































         140  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       6.9 <case expression>


         6.9  <case expression>

         Function

         Specify a conditional value.

         Format

         <case expression> ::=
                <case abbreviation>
              | <case specification>

         <case abbreviation> ::=
                NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma>
                      <value expression> <right paren>
              | COALESCE <left paren> <value expression>
                      { <comma> <value expression> }... <right paren>

         <case specification> ::=
                <simple case>
              | <searched case>

         <simple case> ::=
              CASE <case operand>
                <simple when clause>...
                [ <else clause> ]
              END

         <searched case> ::=
              CASE
                <searched when clause>...
                [ <else clause> ]
              END

         <simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

         <searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

         <else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

         <case operand> ::= <value expression>

         <when operand> ::= <value expression>

         <result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

         <result expression> ::= <value expression>







                                                    Scalar expressions   141

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.9 <case expression>


         Syntax Rules

         1) NULLIF (V1, V2) is equivalent to the following <case specifica-
            tion>:

              CASE WHEN V1=V2 THEN NULL ELSE V1 END

         2) COALESCE (V1, V2) is equivalent to the following <case specifi-
            cation>:

              CASE WHEN V1 IS NOT NULL THEN V1 ELSE V2 END

         3) COALESCE (V1, V2, . . . ,n ), for n >= 3, is equivalent to the
            following <case specification>:

              CASE WHEN V1 IS NOT NULL THEN V1 ELSE COALESCE (V2, . . . ,n )
              END

         4) If a <case specification> specifies a <simple case>, then let CO
            be the <case operand>:

            a) The data type of each <when operand> WO shall be comparable
              with the data type of the <case operand>.

            b) The <case specification> is equivalent to a <searched case>
              in which each <searched when clause> specifies a <search
              condition> of the form "CO=WO".

         5) At least one <result> in a <case specification> shall specify a
            <result expression>.

         6) If an <else clause> is not specified, then ELSE NULL is im-
            plicit.

         7) The data type of a <case specification> is determined by ap-
            plying Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types", to the
            data types of all <result expression>s in the <case specifica-
            tion>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If a <result> specifies NULL, then its value is the null
              value.

            b) If a <result> specifies a <value expression>, then its value
              is the value of that <value expression>.


         142  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       6.9 <case expression>


         2) Case:

            a) If the <search condition> of some <searched when clause> in
              a <case specification> is true, then the value of the <case
              specification> is the value of the <result> of the first
              (leftmost) <searched when clause> whose <search condition> is
              true, cast as the data type of the <case specification>.

            b) If no <search condition> in a <case specification> is true,
              then the value of the <case expression> is the value of the
              <result> of the explicit or implicit <else clause>, cast as
              the data type of the <case specification>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <case
              expression>.






























                                                    Scalar expressions   143

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.10 <cast specification>


         6.10  <cast specification>

         Function

         Specify a data conversion.

         Format

         <cast specification> ::=
              CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS <cast target> <right paren>


         <cast operand> ::=
                <value expression>
              | NULL

         <cast target> ::=
                <domain name>
              | <data type>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If a <domain name> is specified, then let TD be the <data
              type> of the specified domain.

            b) If a <data type> is specified, then let TD be the specified
              <data type>.

         2) The data type of the result of the <cast specification> is TD.

         3) If the <cast operand> is a <value expression>, then let SD be
            the underlying data type of the <value expression>.

         4) If the <cast operand> is a <value expression>, then the valid
            combinations of TD and SD in a <cast specification> are given by
            the following table. Y indicates that the combination is syntac-
            tically valid without restriction; M indicates that the combi-
            nation is valid subject to other syntax rules in this Subclause
            being satisfied; and N indicates that the combination is not
            valid:

              <data type>
              SD of                 <data type> of TD
              <value
              expression>   EN   AN   VC   FC   VB   FB   D    T    TS   YM   DT

                  EN        Y    Y    Y    Y    N    N    N    N    N    M    M
                  AN        Y    Y    Y    Y    N    N    N    N    N    N    N
                  C         Y    Y    M    M    Y    Y    Y    Y    Y    Y    Y
                  B         N    N    Y    Y    Y    Y    N    N    N    N    N
                  D         N    N    Y    Y    N    N    Y    N    Y    N    N

         144  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   6.10 <cast specification>


                  T         N    N    Y    Y    N    N    N    Y    Y    N    N
                  TS        N    N    Y    Y    N    N    Y    Y    Y    N    N
                  YM        M    N    Y    Y    N    N    N    N    N    Y    N
                  DT        M    N    Y    Y    N    N    N    N    N    N    Y

              Where:

                  EN = Exact Numeric
                  AN = Approximate Numeric
                  C  = Character (Fixed- or Variable-length)
                  FC = Fixed-length Character
                  VC = Variable-length Character
                  B  = Bit String (Fixed- or Variable-length)
                  FB = Fixed-length Bit String
                  VB = Variable-length Bit String
                  D  = Date
                  T  = Time
                  TS = Timestamp
                  YM = Year-Month Interval
                  DT = Day-Time Interval

         5) If TD is an interval and SD is exact numeric, then TD shall
            contain only a single <datetime field>.

         6) If TD is exact numeric and SD is an interval, then SD shall
            contain only a single <datetime field>.

         7) If SD is character string and TD is fixed-length or variable-
            length character string, then the character repertoires of SD
            and TD shall be the same.

         8) If TD is a fixed-length or variable-length character string,
            then the collating sequence of the result of the <cast speci-
            fication> is the default collating sequence for the character
            repertoire of TD and the result of the <cast specification> has
            the Coercible coercibility attribute.

         Access Rules

         1) If <domain name> is specified, then the applicable privileges
            shall include USAGE.

         General Rules

         1) If the <cast operand> is a <value expression>, then let SV be
            its value.

         2) Case:

            a) If the <cast operand> specifies NULL or if SV is the null
              value, then the result of the <cast specification> is the
              null value.


                                                    Scalar expressions   145

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.10 <cast specification>


            b) Otherwise, let TV be the result of the <cast specifica-
              tion> as specified in the remaining General Rules of this
              Subclause.

         3) If TD is exact numeric, then

            Case:

            a) If SD is exact numeric or approximate numeric, then

              Case:

              i) If there is a representation of SV in the data type TD
                 that does not lose any leading significant digits after
                 rounding or truncating if necessary, then TV is that rep-
                 resentation. The choice of whether to round or truncate is
                 implementation-defined.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 numeric value out of range.

            b) If SD is character string, then SV is replaced by SV with any
              leading or trailing <space>s removed.

              Case:

              i) If SV does not comprise a <signed numeric literal> as
                 defined by the rules for <literal> in Subclause 5.3,
                 "<literal>", then an exception condition is raised: data
                 exception-invalid character value for cast.

             ii) Otherwise, let LT be that <signed numeric literal>. The
                 <cast specification> is equivalent to

                   CAST ( LT AS TD )

            c) If SD is an interval data type, then

              Case:

              i) If there is a representation of SV in the data type TD that
                 does not lose any leading significant digits, then TV is
                 that representation.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 numeric value out of range.

         4) If TD is approximate numeric, then

            Case:

            a) If SD is exact numeric or approximate numeric, then

              Case:

              i) If there is a representation of SV in the data type TD
                 that does not lose any leading significant digits after

         146  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   6.10 <cast specification>


                 rounding or truncating if necessary, then TV is that rep-
                 resentation. The choice of whether to round or truncate is
                 implementation-defined.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 numeric value out of range.

            b) If SD is character string, then SV is replaced by SV with any
              leading or trailing <space>s removed.

              Case:

              i) If SV does not comprise a <signed numeric literal> as
                 defined by the rules for <literal> in Subclause 5.3,
                 "<literal>", then an exception condition is raised: data
                 exception-invalid character value for cast.

             ii) Otherwise, let LT be that <signed numeric literal>. The
                 <cast specification> is equivalent to

                   CAST ( LT AS TD )

         5) If TD is fixed-length character string, then let LTD be the
            length in characters of TD.

            Case:

            a) If SD is exact numeric, then let YP be the shortest character
              string that conforms to the definition of <exact numeric
              literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>", whose scale is the
              same as the scale of SD and whose interpreted value is the
              absolute value of SV.

              If SV is less than 0, then let Y be the result of

                 '-' | YP

              Otherwise, let Y be YP.

              Case:

              i) If Y contains any <SQL language character> that is not
                 in the repertoire of TD, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-invalid character value for cast.

             ii) If the length in characters LY of Y is equal to LTD, then
                 TV is Y.

            iii) If the length in characters LY of Y is less than LTD, then
                 TV is Y extended on the right by LTD-LY <space>s.

             iv) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 string data, right truncation.

            b) If SD is approximate numeric, then:

              i) Let YP be a character string as follows:

                                                    Scalar expressions   147

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.10 <cast specification>


                 Case:

                 1) If SV equals 0, then YP is '0E0'.

                 2) Otherwise, YP is the shortest character string that con-
                   forms to the definition of <approximate numeric literal>
                   in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>", whose interpreted value
                   is equal to the absolute value of SV and whose <man-
                   tissa> consists of a single <digit> that is not '0',
                   followed by a <period> and an <unsigned integer>.

             ii) If SV is less than 0, then let Y be the result of

                   '-' | YP

                 otherwise, let Y be YP.

            iii) Case:

                 1) If Y contains any <SQL language character> that is not
                   in the repertoire of TD, then an exception condition is
                   raised: data exception-invalid character value for cast.

                 2) If the length in characters LY of Y is equal to LTD,
                   then TV is Y.

                 3) If the length in characters LY of Y is less than LTD,
                   then TV is Y extended on the right by LTD-LY <space>s.

                 4) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data
                   exception-string data, right truncation.

            c) If SD is fixed-length character string or variable-length
              character string, then

              Case:

              i) If the length in characters of SV is equal to LTD, then TV
                 is SV.

             ii) If the length in characters of SV is larger than LTD, then
                 TV is the first LTD characters of SV. If any of the re-
                 maining characters of SV are non-<space> characters, then a
                 completion condition is raised: warning-string data, right
                 truncation.

            iii) If the length in characters M of SV is smaller than LTD,
                 then TV is SV extended on the right by LTD-M <space>s.

            d) If SD is fixed-length bit string or variable-length bit
              string, then let LSV be the value of BIT_LENGTH(SV) and let
              B be the BIT_LENGTH of the character with the smallest BIT_
              LENGTH in the form-of-use of TD. Let PAD be the value of the
              remainder of the division LSV/B. Let NC be a character whose
              bits all have the value 0.

         148  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   6.10 <cast specification>


              If PAD is not 0, then append (B - PAD) 0-valued bits to
              the least significant end of SV; a completion condition is
              raised: warning-implicit zero-bit padding.

              Let SVC be the possibly padded value of SV expressed as a
              character string without regard to valid character encodings
              and let LTDS be a character string of LTD characters of value
              NC characters in the form-of-use of TD.

              TV is the result of

                 SUBSTRING (SVC | LTDS FROM 1 FOR LTD)

              Case:

              i) If the length of TV is less than the length of SVC, then a
                 completion condition is raised: warning-string data, right
                 truncation.

             ii) If the length of TV is greater than the length of SVC, then
                 a completion condition is raised: warning-implicit zero-bit
                 padding.

            e) If SD is a datetime data type or an interval data type, then
              let Y be the shortest character string that conforms to the
              definition of <literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>", and
              such that the interpreted value of Y is SV and the inter-
              preted precision of Y is the precision of SD.

              Case:

              i) If Y contains any <SQL language character> that is not
                 in the repertoire of TD, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-invalid character value for cast.

             ii) If the length in characters LY of Y is equal to LTD, then
                 TV is Y.

            iii) If the length in characters LY of Y is less than LTD, then
                 TV is Y extended on the right by LTD-LY <space>s.

             iv) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 string data, right truncation.

         6) If TD is variable-length character string, then let MLTD be the
            maximum length in characters of TD.

            Case:

            a) If SD is exact numeric, then let YP be the shortest character
              string that conforms to the definition of <exact numeric
              literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>", whose scale is the
              same as the scale of SD and whose interpreted value is the
              absolute value of SV.

              If SV is less than 0, then let Y be the result of

                 '-' | YP

                                                    Scalar expressions   149

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.10 <cast specification>


              Otherwise, let Y be YP.

              Case:

              i) If Y contains any <SQL language character> that is not
                 in the repertoire of TD, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-invalid character value for cast.

             ii) If the length in characters LY of Y is less than or equal
                 to MLTD, then TV is Y.

            iii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 string data, right truncation.

            b) If SD is approximate numeric, then

              i) Let YP be a character string as follows:

                 Case:

                 1) If SV equals 0, then YP is '0E0'.

                 2) Otherwise, YP is the shortest character string that con-
                   forms to the definition of <approximate numeric literal>
                   in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>", whose interpreted value
                   is equal to the absolute value of SV and whose <man-
                   tissa> consists of a single <digit> that is not '0',
                   followed by a <period> and an <unsigned integer>.

             ii) If SV is less than 0, then let Y be the result of

                   '-' | YP

                 otherwise, let Y be YP.

            iii) Case:

                 1) If Y contains any <SQL language character> that is not
                   in the repertoire of TD, then an exception condition is
                   raised: data exception-invalid character value for cast.

                 2) If the length in characters LY of Y is less than or
                   equal to MLTD, then TV is Y.

                 3) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data
                   exception-string data, right truncation.

            c) If SD is fixed-length character string or variable-length
              character string, then

              Case:

              i) If the length in characters of SV is less than or equal to
                 MLTD, then TV is SV.

         150  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   6.10 <cast specification>


             ii) If the length in characters of SV is larger than MLTD,
                 then TV is the first MLTD characters of SV. If any of the
                 remaining characters of SV are non-<space> characters,
                 then a completion condition is raised: warning-string data,
                 right truncation.

            d) If SD is fixed-length bit string or variable-length bit
              string, then let LSV be the value of BIT_LENGTH(SV) and let
              B be the BIT_LENGTH of the character with the smallest BIT_
              LENGTH in the form-of-use of TD. Let PAD be the value of the
              remainder of the division LSV/B.

              If PAD is not 0, then append (B - PAD) 0-valued bits to
              the least significant end of SV; a completion condition is
              raised: warning-implicit zero-bit padding.

              Let SVC be the possible padded value of SV expressed as a
              character string without regard to valid character encodings.

              Case:

              i) If CHARACTER_LENGTH (SVC) is not greater than MLTD, then TV
                 is SVC.

             ii) Otherwise, TV is the result of

                   SUBSTRING (SVC FROM 1 FOR MLTD)

                 If the length of TV is less than the length of SVC, then a
                 completion condition is raised: warning-string data, right
                 truncation.

            e) If SD is a datetime data type or an interval data type then
              let Y be the shortest character string that conforms to the
              definition of <literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>", and
              such that the interpreted value of Y is SV and the inter-
              preted precision of Y is the precision of SD.

              Case:

              i) If Y contains any <SQL language character> that is not
                 in the repertoire of TD, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-invalid character value for cast.

             ii) If the length in characters LY of Y is less than or equal
                 to MLTD, then TV is Y.

            iii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 string data, right truncation.

         7) If TD is fixed-length bit string, then let LTD be the length in
            bits of TD. Let BLSV be the result of BIT_LENGTH(SV).

            Case:

            a) If BLSV is equal to LTD, then TV is SV expressed as a bit
              string with a length in bits of BLSV.

                                                    Scalar expressions   151

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.10 <cast specification>


            b) If BLSV is larger than LTD, then TV is the first LTD bits of
              SV expressed as a bit string with a length in bits of LTD,
              and a completion condition is raised: warning-string data,
              right truncation.

            c) If BLSV is smaller than LTD, then TV is SV expressed as a bit
              string extended on the right with LTD-BLSV bits whose values
              are all 0 and a completion condition is raised: warning-
              implicit zero-bit padding.

         8) If TD is variable-length bit string, then let MLTD be the
            maximum length in bits of TD. Let BLSV be the result of BIT_
            LENGTH(SV).

            Case:

            a) If BLSV is less than or equal to MLTD, then TV is SV ex-
              pressed as a bit string with a length in bits of BLSV.

            b) If BLSV is larger than MLTD, then TV is the first MLTD bits
              of SV expressed as a bit string with a length in bits of MLTD
              and a completion condition is raised: warning-string data,
              right truncation.

         9) If TD is the datetime data type DATE, then

            Case:

            a) If SD is character string, then SV is replaced by

                 TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM SV )

              Case:

              i) If the rules for <literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>",
                 can be applied to SV to determine a valid value of the data
                 type TD, then let TV be that value.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 invalid character value for cast.

            b) If SD is a date, then TV is SV.

            c) If SD is a timestamp, then TV is the year, month, and day
              <datetime field>s of SV adjusted to the implicit or explicit
              time zone displacement of SV.

         10)If TD is the datetime data type TIME, then

            Case:

            a) If SD is character string, then SV is replaced by

                 TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM SV )

              Case:

         152  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   6.10 <cast specification>


              i) If the rules for <literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>",
                 can be applied to SV to determine a valid value of the data
                 type TD, then let TV be that value.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 invalid character value for cast.

            b) If SD is a time, then TV is SV. If TD is specified WITH TIME
              ZONE, then TV also includes the implicit or explicit time
              zone displacement of SV; otherwise, TV is adjusted to the
              current time zone displacement of the SQL-session.

            c) If SD is a timestamp, then TV is the hour, minute, and second
              <datetime field>s of SV. If TD is specified WITH TIME ZONE,
              then TV also includes the implicit or explicit time zone
              displacement of SV; otherwise, TV is adjusted to the current
              time zone displacement of the SQL-session.

         11)If TD is the datetime data type TIMESTAMP, then

            Case:

            a) If SD is character string, then SV is replaced by

                 TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM SV )

              Case:

              i) If the rules for <literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>",
                 can be applied to SV to determine a valid value of the data
                 type TD, then let TV be that value.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 invalid character value for cast.

            b) If SD is a date, then the <datetime field>s hour, minute,
              and second of TV are set to 0 and the <datetime field>s year,
              month, and day of TV are set to their respective values in
              SV. If TD is specified WITH TIME ZONE, then the time zone
              fields of TV are set to the current time zone displacement of
              the SQL-session.

            c) If SD is a time, then the <datetime field>s year, month, and
              day of TV are set to their respective values in an execution
              of CURRENT_DATE and the <datetime field>s hour, minute, and
              second of TV are set to their respective values in SV. If TD
              is specified WITH TIME ZONE, then the time zone fields of TV
              are set to the explicit or implicit time zone interval of SV.

            d) If SD is a timestamp, then TV is SV.

         12)If TD is interval, then

            Case:

            a) If SD is exact numeric, then

                                                    Scalar expressions   153

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.10 <cast specification>


              Case:

              i) If the representation of SV in the data type TD would re-
                 sult in the loss of leading significant digits, then an
                 exception condition is raised: data exception-interval
                 field overflow.

             ii) Otherwise, TV is that representation.

            b) If SD is character string, then SV is replaced by

                 TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM SV )

              Case:

              i) If the rules for <literal> in Subclause 5.3, "<literal>",
                 can be applied to SV to determine a valid value of the data
                 type TD, then let TV be that value.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 invalid character value for cast.

            c) If SD is interval and TD and SD have the same interval preci-
              sion, then TV is SV.

            d) If SD is interval and TD and SD have different interval pre-
              cisions, then let Q be the least significant <datetime field>
              of TD.

              i) Let Y be the result of converting SV to a scalar in units Q
                 according to the natural rules for intervals as defined in
                 the Gregorian calendar.

             ii) Normalize Y to conform to the datetime qualifier "P TO Q"
                 of TD. If this would result in loss of precision of the
                 leading datetime field of Y, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-interval field overflow.

            iii) TV is the value of Y.

         13)If the <cast specification> contains a <domain name> and that
            <domain name> refers to a domain that contains a <domain con-
            straint> and if TV does not satisfy the <check constraint> of
            the <domain constraint>, then an exception condition is raised:
            integrity constraint violation.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <cast
              specification>.

         154  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     6.11 <value expression>


         6.11  <value expression>

         Function

         Specify a value.

         Format

         <value expression> ::=
                <numeric value expression>
              | <string value expression>
              | <datetime value expression>
              | <interval value expression>

         <value expression primary> ::=
                <unsigned value specification>
              | <column reference>
              | <set function specification>
              | <scalar subquery>
              | <case expression>
              | <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
              | <cast specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of a <value expression> is the data type of the
            <numeric value expression>, <string value expression>, <datetime
            value expression>, or <interval value expression>, respectively.

         2) If the data type of a <value expression primary> is character
            string, then the collating sequence and coercibility attribute
            of the <value expression primary> are the collating sequence and
            coercibility attribute of the <unsigned value specification>,
            <column reference>, <set function specification>, <scalar sub-
            query>, <case expression>, <value expression>, or <cast specifi-
            cation> immediately contained in the <value expression primary>.

         3) Let C be some column. Let VE be the <value expression>. C is an
            underlying column of VE if and only if C is identified by some
            <column reference> contained in VE.

         Access Rules

            None.









                                                    Scalar expressions   155

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.11 <value expression>


         General Rules

         1) When a <value expression> V is evaluated for a row of a table,
            each reference to a column of that table by a <column reference>
            directly contained in V is a reference to the value of that
            column in that row.

         2) If a <value expression primary> is a <scalar subquery> and the
            result of the <subquery> is empty, then the result of the <value
            expression primary> is the null value.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <value expression> shall not be a <datetime value expres-
              sion>.

            b) A <value expression> shall not be an <interval value expres-
              sion>.

            c) A <value expression primary> shall not be a <case expres-
              sion>.

            d) A <value expression primary> shall not be a <cast specifica-
              tion>.

            e) A <value expression primary> shall not be a <scalar subquery>
              except when the <value expression primary> is simply con-
              tained in a <value expression> that is simply contained in
              the second <row value constructor> of a <comparison predi-
              cate>.

















         156  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             6.12 <numeric value expression>


         6.12  <numeric value expression>

         Function

         Specify a numeric value.

         Format

         <numeric value expression> ::=
                <term>
              | <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
              | <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

         <term> ::=
                <factor>
              | <term> <asterisk> <factor>
              | <term> <solidus> <factor>

         <factor> ::=
              [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

         <numeric primary> ::=
                <value expression primary>
              | <numeric value function>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If the data type of both operands of a dyadic arithmetic opera-
            tor is exact numeric, then the data type of the result is exact
            numeric, with precision and scale determined as follows:

            a) Let S1 and S2 be the scale of the first and second operands
              respectively.

            b) The precision of the result of addition and subtraction is
              implementation-defined, and the scale is the maximum of S1
              and S2.

            c) The precision of the result of multiplication is implementation-
              defined, and the scale is S1 + S2.

            d) The precision and scale of the result of division is
              implementation-defined.

         2) If the data type of either operand of a dyadic arithmetic op-
            erator is approximate numeric, then the data type of the re-
            sult is approximate numeric. The precision of the result is
            implementation-defined.

         3) The data type of a <factor> is that of the immediately contained
            <numeric primary>.


                                                    Scalar expressions   157

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.12 <numeric value expression>


         4) The data type of a <numeric primary> shall be numeric.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the value of any <numeric primary> simply contained in a
            <numeric value expression> is the null value, then the result of
            the <numeric value expression> is the null value.

         2) If the <numeric value expression> contains only a <numeric pri-
            mary>, then the value of the <numeric value expression> is the
            value of the specified <numeric primary>.

         3) The monadic arithmetic operators <plus sign> and <minus sign>
            (+ and -, respectively) specify monadic plus and monadic minus,
            respectively. Monadic plus does not change its operand. Monadic
            minus reverses the sign of its operand.

         4) The dyadic arithmetic operators <plus sign>, <minus sign>, <as-
            terisk>, and <solidus> (+, -, *, and /, respectively) specify
            addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, respec-
            tively. If the value of a divisor is zero, then an exception
            condition is raised: data exception-division by zero.

         5) If the type of the result of an arithmetic operation is exact
            numeric, then

            Case:

            a) If the operator is not division and the mathematical result
              of the operation is not exactly representable with the pre-
              cision and scale of the result type, then an exception con-
              dition is raised: data exception-numeric value out of range.

            b) If the operator is division and the approximate mathemati-
              cal result of the operation represented with the precision
              and scale of the result type loses one or more leading sig-
              nificant digits after rounding or truncating if necessary,
              then an exception condition is raised: data exception-numeric
              value out of range. The choice of whether to round or trun-
              cate is implementation-defined.

         6) If the type of the result of an arithmetic operation is approx-
            imate numeric and the exponent of the approximate mathematical
            result of the operation is not within the implementation-defined
            exponent range for the result type, then an exception condition
            is raised: data exception-numeric value out of range.




         158  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             6.12 <numeric value expression>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.












































                                                    Scalar expressions   159

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.13 <string value expression>


         6.13  <string value expression>

         Function

         Specify a character string value or a bit string value.

         Format

         <string value expression> ::=
                <character value expression>
              | <bit value expression>

         <character value expression> ::=
                <concatenation>
              | <character factor>

         <concatenation> ::=
              <character value expression> <concatenation operator>
              <character factor>

         <character factor> ::=
              <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

         <character primary> ::=
                <value expression primary>
              | <string value function>

         <bit value expression> ::=
                <bit concatenation>
              | <bit factor>

         <bit concatenation> ::=
              <bit value expression> <concatenation operator> <bit factor>

         <bit factor> ::= <bit primary>

         <bit primary> ::=
                <value expression primary>
              | <string value function>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of a <character primary> shall be character
            string.

         2) Character strings of different character repertoires shall
            not be mixed in a <character value expression>. The character
            repertoire of a <character value expression> is the character
            repertoire of its components.




         160  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                              6.13 <string value expression>


         3) Case:

            a) If <concatenation> is specified, then:

              Let D1 be the data type of the <character value expression>
              and let D2 be the data type of the <character factor>. Let
              M be the length in characters of D1 plus the length in char-
              acters of D2. Let VL be the implementation-defined maximum
              length of a variable-length character string and let FL be
              the implementation-defined maximum length of a fixed-length
              character string.

              Case:

              i) If the data type of the <character value expression> or
                 <character factor> is variable-length character string,
                 then the data type of the <concatenation> is variable-
                 length character string with maximum length equal to the
                 lesser of M and VL.

             ii) If the data type of the <character value expression> and
                 <character factor> is fixed-length character string, then M
                 shall not be greater than FL and the data type of the <con-
                 catenation> is fixed-length character string with length M.

            b) Otherwise, the data type of the <character value expression>
              is the data type of the <character factor>.

         4) Case:

            a) If <character factor> is specified, then

              Case:

              i) If <collate clause> is specified, then the <character value
                 expression> has the collating sequence given in <collate
                 clause>, and has the Explicit coercibility attribute.

             ii) Otherwise, if <value expression primary> or <string value
                 function> are specified, then the collating sequence and
                 coercibility attribute of the <character factor> are spec-
                 ified in Subclause 6.2, "<value specification> and <target
                 specification>", and Subclause 6.7, "<string value func-
                 tion>", respectively.

            b) If <concatenation> is specified, then the collating sequence
              and the coercibility attribute are determined as specified
              for dyadic operators in Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining
              collating sequence usage".

         5) The data type of a <bit primary> shall be bit string.



                                                    Scalar expressions   161

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.13 <string value expression>


         6) Case:

            a) If <bit concatenation> is specified, then let D1 be the
              data type of the <bit value expression>, let D2 be the data
              type of the <bit factor>, let M be the length in bits of D1
              plus the length in bits of D2, let VL be the implementation-
              defined maximum length of a variable-length bit string, and
              let FL be the implementation-defined maximum length of a
              fixed-length bit string.

              Case:

              i) If the data type of the <bit value expression> or <bit
                 factor> is variable-length bit string, then the data type
                 of the <bit concatenation> is variable-length bit string
                 with maximum length equal to the lesser of M and VL.

             ii) If the data type of the <bit value expression> and <bit
                 factor> is fixed-length bit string, then M shall not be
                 greater than FL and the data type of the <bit concatena-
                 tion> is fixed-length bit string with length M.

            b) Otherwise, the data type of a <bit value expression> is the
              data type of the <bit factor>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the value of any <character primary> simply contained in a
            <character value expression> is the null value, then the result
            of the <character value expression> is the null value.

         2) If <concatenation> is specified, then let S1 and S2 be the re-
            sult of the <character value expression> and <character factor>,
            respectively.

            Case:

            a) If either S1 or S2 is the null value, then the result of the
              <concatenation> is the null value.

            b) Otherwise, let S be the string consisting of S1 followed by
              S2 and let M be the length of S.

              Case:

              i) If the data type of either S1 or S2 is variable-length
                 character string, then

                 Case:

                 1) If M is less than or equal to VL, then the result of the
                   <concatenation> is S with length M.

         162  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                              6.13 <string value expression>


                 2) If M is greater than VL and the right-most M-VL charac-
                   ters of S are all the <space> character, then the result
                   of the <concatenation> is the first VL characters of S
                   with length VL.

                 3) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data
                   exception-string data, right truncation.

             ii) If the data types of both S1 and S2 are fixed-length char-
                 acter string, then the result of the <concatenation> is
                 S.

         3) If the value of any <bit primary> simply contained in a <bit
            value expression> is the null value, then the result of the <bit
            value expression> is the null value.

         4) If <bit concatenation> is specified, then let S1 and S2 be the
            result of the <bit value expression> and <bit factor>, respec-
            tively.

            Case:

            a) If either S1 or S2 is the null value, then the result of the
              <bit concatenation> is the null value.

            b) Otherwise, let S be the string consisting of S1 followed by
              S2 and let M be the length in bits of S.

              Case:

              i) If the data type of either S1 or S2 is variable-length bit
                 string, then

                 Case:

                 1) If M is less than or equal to VL, then the result of the
                   <bit concatenation> is S with length M.

                 2) If M is greater than VL and the right-most M-VL bits of
                   S are all 0-valued, then the result of the <bit concate-
                   nation> is the first VL bits of S with length VL.

                 3) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data
                   exception-string data, right truncation.

             ii) If the data types of both S1 and S2 are fixed-length bit
                 string, then the result of the <bit concatenation> is S.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <bit
              value expression>.

                                                    Scalar expressions   163

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.13 <string value expression>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <character value expression> shall not be a <concatena-
              tion>.

















































         164  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            6.14 <datetime value expression>


         6.14  <datetime value expression>

         Function

         Specify a datetime value.

         Format

         <datetime value expression> ::=
                <datetime term>
              | <interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
              | <datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
              | <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

         <datetime term> ::=
                <datetime factor>

         <datetime factor> ::=
                <datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

         <datetime primary> ::=
                <value expression primary>
              | <datetime value function>

         <time zone> ::=
              AT <time zone specifier>

         <time zone specifier> ::=
                LOCAL
              | TIME ZONE <interval value expression>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of a <datetime primary> shall be datetime.

         2) Case:

            a) If the <datetime value expression> is a <datetime term>, then
              the precision of the result of the <datetime value expres-
              sion> is the precision of the <datetime value function> or
              <value expression primary> that it simply contains.

            b) Otherwise, the precision of the result of the <datetime value
              expression> is the precision of the <datetime value expres-
              sion> or <datetime term> that it simply contains.

         3) If an <interval value expression> or <interval term> is spec-
            ified, then the <interval value expression> or <interval term>
            shall only contain <datetime field>s that are contained within
            the <datetime value expression> or <datetime term>.



                                                    Scalar expressions   165

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.14 <datetime value expression>


         4) The data type of the <interval value expression> immediately
            contained in a <time zone specifier> shall be INTERVAL HOUR TO
            MINUTE.

         5) Case:

            a) If the data type of the <datetime primary> is DATE, then
              <time zone> shall not be specified.

            b) If the data type of the <datetime primary> is TIME or
              TIMESTAMP and <time zone> is not specified, then "AT LOCAL"
              is implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the result of any <datetime primary>, <interval value expres-
            sion>, <datetime value expression>, or <interval term> simply
            contained in a <datetime value expression> is the null value,
            then the result of the <datetime value expression> is the null
            value.

         2) If <time zone> is specified or implied and the <interval value
            expression> immediately contained in <time zone specifier> is
            the null value, then the result of the <datetime value expres-
            sion> is the null value.

         3) If a <datetime value expression> immediately contains the opera-
            tor + or -, then the result is effectively evaluated as follows:

            a) Case:

              i) If <datetime value expression> immediately contains the
                 operator + and the <interval value expression> or <interval
                 term> is not negative, or if <datetime value expression>
                 immediately contains the operator - and the <interval term>
                 is negative, then successive <datetime field>s of the <in-
                 terval value expression> or <interval term> are added to
                 the corresponding fields of the <datetime value expression>
                 or <datetime term>.

             ii) Otherwise, successive <datetime field>s of the <interval
                 value expression> or <interval term> are subtracted from
                 the corresponding fields of the <datetime value expression>
                 or <datetime term>.

            b) Arithmetic is performed so as to maintain the integrity of
              the datetime data type that is the result of the <datetime
              value expression>. This may involve carry from or to the
              immediately next more significant <datetime field>. If the
              data type of the <datetime value expression> is TIME, then

         166  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            6.14 <datetime value expression>


              arithmetic on the HOUR <datetime field> is undertaken modulo
              24. If the <interval value expression> or <interval term> is
              a year-month interval, then the DAY field of the result is
              the same as the DAY field of the <datetime term> or <datetime
              value expression>.

            c) If, after the preceding step, any <datetime field> of the
              result is outside the permissible range of values for the
              field or the result is invalid based on the natural rules for
              dates and times, then an exception condition is raised: data
              exception-datetime field overflow.

              Note: For the permissible range of values for <datetime
              field>s, see Table 10, "Valid values for fields in datetime
              items".

         4) If <time zone> is specified or implied, then:

            a) If LOCAL is specified, then let TZ be the current default
              time zone displacement of the SQL-session. Otherwise, let
              TZ be the value of the <simple value specification> simply
              contained in the <time zone>.

            b) If the value of the <interval value expression> immediately
              contained in <time zone specifier> is less than INTERVAL
              -'12:59' or greater than INTERVAL +'13:00', then an excep-
              tion condition is raised: data exception-invalid time zone
              displacement value.

            c) Let DV be the value of the <datetime primary> directly con-
              tained in the <datetime value expression> expressed as a
              datetime normalized to UTC.

            d) The value of the <datetime value expression> is calculated
              as:

                 DV - TZ

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <datetime
              value expression>.





                                                    Scalar expressions   167

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.15 <interval value expression>


         6.15  <interval value expression>

         Function

         Specify an interval value.

         Format

         <interval value expression> ::=
                <interval term>
              | <interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>

              | <interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>

              | <left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign>
                    <datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

         <interval term> ::=
                <interval factor>
              | <interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
              | <interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
              | <term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

         <interval factor> ::=
              [ <sign> ] <interval primary>

         <interval primary> ::=
                <value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]

         <interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

         <interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

         <interval term 2> ::= <interval term>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of an <interval value expression> is interval. The
            data type of an <interval primary> shall be interval.

         2) An <interval primary> shall specify <interval qualifier> only if
            the <interval primary> specifies a <dynamic parameter specifica-
            tion>.

         3) Case:

            a) If the <interval value expression> simply contains an <in-
              terval qualifier>, then the result contains the <datetime
              field>s specified in the <interval qualifier>.

            b) If the <interval value expression> is an <interval term>,
              then the result of an <interval value expression> contains
              the same <datetime field>s as the <interval primary>.

         168  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            6.15 <interval value expression>


            c) If <interval term 1> is specified, then the result contains
              all the <datetime field>s that are contained within either
              <interval value expression 1> or <interval term 1>.

         4) Case:

            a) If <interval term 1> is a year-month interval, then <interval
              value expression 1> shall be a year-month interval.

            b) If <interval term 1> is a day-time interval, then <interval
              value expression 1> shall be a day-time interval.

         5) If <datetime value expression> is specified, then <datetime
            value expression> and <datetime term> shall be comparable.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If an <interval term> specifies "<term> * <interval factor>",
            then let T and F be respectively the value of the <term> and
            the value of the <interval factor>. The result of the <interval
            term> is the result of F * T.

         2) If the result of any <interval primary>, <datetime value ex-
            pression>, <datetime term>, or <factor> simply contained in an
            <interval value expression> is the null value, then the result
            of the <interval value expression> is the null value.

         3) If the <sign> of an <interval factor> is <minus sign>, then the
            value of the <interval factor> is the negative of the value of
            the <interval primary>.

         4) If <interval term 2> is specified, then:

            a) Let X be the value of <interval term 2> and let Y be the
              value of <factor>.

            b) Let P and Q be respectively the most significant and least
              significant <datetime field>s of <interval term 2>.

            c) Let E be an exact numeric result of the operation

                 CAST (CAST (X AS INTERVAL Q) AS E1)

              where E1 is an exact numeric data type of sufficient scale
              and precision so as to not lose significant digits.

            d) Let OP be the operator * or / specified in the <interval
              value expression>.


                                                    Scalar expressions   169

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         6.15 <interval value expression>


            e) Let I, the result of the <interval value expression> ex-
              pressed in terms of the <datetime field> Q, be the result
              of

                 CAST ((E OP Y) AS INTERVAL Q).

            f) The result of the <interval value expression> is

                 CAST (I AS INTERVAL W)

              where W is an <interval qualifier> identifying the <datetime
              field>s P TO Q, but with <interval leading field precision>
              such that significant digits are not lost.

         5) If <interval term 1> is specified, then let P and Q be respec-
            tively the most significant and least significant <datetime
            field>s in <interval term 1> and <interval value expression 1>,
            let X be the value of <interval value expression 1>, and let Y
            be the value of <interval term 1>.

            a) Let A be an exact numeric result of the operation

                 CAST (CAST (X AS INTERVAL Q) AS E1)

              where E1 is an exact numeric data type of sufficient scale
              and precision so as to not lose significant digits.

            b) Let B be an exact numeric result of the operation

                 CAST (CAST (Y AS INTERVAL Q) AS E2)

              where E2 is an exact numeric data type of sufficient scale
              and precision so as to not lose significant digits.

            c) Let OP be the operator + or - specified in the <interval
              value expression>.

            d) Let I, the result of the <interval value expression> ex-
              pressed in terms of the <datetime field> Q, be the result
              of:

                 CAST ((A OP B) AS INTERVAL Q)

            e) The result of the <interval value expression> is

                 CAST (I AS INTERVAL W)

              where W is an <interval qualifier> identifying the <datetime
              field>s P TO Q, but with <interval leading field precision>
              such that significant digits are not lost.

         6) If <datetime value expression> is specified, then let Y be the
            least significant <datetime field> specified by <interval qual-
            ifier>. Let A be the value represented by <datetime value ex-
            pression> and let B be the value represented by <datetime term>.

         170  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            6.15 <interval value expression>


            Evaluation of <interval value expression> proceeds as follows:

            a) A and B are converted to integer scalars A2 and B2 respec-
              tively in units Y as displacements from some implementation-
              dependent start datetime.

            b) The result is determined by effectively computing A2-B2 and
              then converting the difference to an interval using an <in-
              terval qualifier> whose <end field> is Y and whose <start
              field> is sufficiently significant to avoid loss of signif-
              icant digits. That interval is then converted to an inter-
              val using the specified <interval qualifier>, rounding or
              truncating if necessary. The choice of whether to round or
              truncate is implementation-defined.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <interval
              value expression>.




























                                                    Scalar expressions   171

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         172  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         7  Query expressions



         7.1  <row value constructor>

         Function

         Specify an ordered set of values to be constructed into a row or
         partial row.

         Format

         <row value constructor> ::=
                <row value constructor element>
              | <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
              | <row subquery>

         <row value constructor list> ::=
              <row value constructor element>
                  [ { <comma> <row value constructor element> }... ]

         <row value constructor element> ::=
                <value expression>
              | <null specification>
              | <default specification>

         <null specification> ::=
              NULL

         <default specification> ::=
              DEFAULT


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <row value constructor> simply contains a <null speci-
            fication> or a <default specification>, then the <row value
            constructor> shall be simply contained in a <query expression>
            that is simply contained in an <insert statement>.

         2) A <row value constructor element> immediately contained in a
            <row value constructor> shall not be a <value expression> of the
            form "<left paren> <value expression> <right paren>".

            Note: This Rule removes a syntactic ambiguity. A <row value
            constructor> of this form is permitted, but is parsed in the
            form "<left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>".



                                                     Query expressions   173

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.1 <row value constructor>


         3) A <row value constructor> that immediately contains a <row value
            constructor element> X is equivalent to a <row value construc-
            tor> of the form

              ( X )

         4) The data types of the column or columns of a <row value con-
            structor> are the data types of the <row value constructor ele-
            ment> or <row value constructor element>s or the columns of the
            <row subquery> simply contained in the <row value constructor>.

         5) If a <row value constructor> is derived from a <row subquery>,
            then the degree of the <row value constructor> is the degree
            of the table resulting from the <row subquery>; otherwise, the
            degree of the <row value constructor> is the number of <row
            value constructor element>s that occur in its specification.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The value of a <null specification> is the null value.

         2) The value of a <default specification> is the default value in-
            dicated in the column descriptor for the corresponding column in
            the explicit or implicit <insert column list> simply contained
            in the <insert statement>.

         3) Case:

            a) If a <row value constructor list> is specified, then the re-
              sult of the <row value constructor> is a row of columns whose
              i-th column has an implementation-dependent name different
              from the <column name> of all other columns contained in the
              SQL-statement and whose value is the value of the i-th <row
              value constructor element> in the <row value constructor
              list>.

            b) If the <row value constructor> is a <row subquery>, then:

              i) Let R be the result of the <row subquery> and let D be the
                 degree of R.

             ii) If the cardinality of R is 0, then the result of the <row
                 value constructor> is D null values.

            iii) If the cardinality of R is 1, then the result of the <row
                 value constructor> is R.




         174  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 7.1 <row value constructor>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <row value constructor> that is not simply contained in
              a <table value constructor> shall not contain more than one
              <row value constructor element>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <row value constructor element> shall not specify DEFAULT.










































                                                     Query expressions   175

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.2 <table value constructor>


         7.2  <table value constructor>

         Function

         Specify a set of <row value constructor>s to be constructed into a
         table.

         Format

         <table value constructor> ::=
              VALUES <table value constructor list>

         <table value constructor list> ::=
              <row value constructor> [ { <comma> <row value constructor> }... ]



         Syntax Rules

         1) All <row value constructor>s shall be of the same degree.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let Ti be a table whose j-th column has the same data type as
            the j-th <value expression> in the i-th <row value construc-
            tor> and let Ti contain one row whose j-th column has the same
            value as the j-th <value expression> in the i-th <row value
            constructor>.

         2) The result of the <table value constructor> is the same as the
            result of

              T1 [ UNION ALL T2 [ . . . UNION ALL n ] . . . ]

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <table value constructor> shall contain exactly one <row
              value constructor> that shall be of the form "(<row value
              constructor list>)".

            b) A <table value constructor> shall be the <query expression>
              of an <insert statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

         176  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      7.3 <table expression>


         7.3  <table expression>

         Function

         Specify a table or a grouped table.

         Format

         <table expression> ::=
              <from clause>
              [ <where clause> ]
              [ <group by clause> ]
              [ <having clause> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) The result of a <table expression> is a derived table in which
            the descriptor of the i-th column is the same as the descriptor
            of the i-th column of the table specified by the <from clause>.

         2) Let C be some column. Let TE be the <table expression>. C is an
            underlying column of TE if and only if C is an underlying column
            of some <column reference> contained in TE.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If all optional clauses are omitted, then the result of the <ta-
            ble expression> is the same as the result of the <from clause>.
            Otherwise, each specified clause is applied to the result of
            the previously specified clause and the result of the <table ex-
            pression> is the result of the application of the last specified
            clause.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If the table identified in the <from clause> is a grouped
              view, then the <table expression> shall not contain a <where
              clause>, <group by clause>, or <having clause>.




                                                     Query expressions   177

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.4 <from clause>


         7.4  <from clause>

         Function

         Specify a table derived from one or more named tables.

         Format

         <from clause> ::= FROM <table reference> [ { <comma> <table reference> }... ]



         Syntax Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If the <from clause> contains a single <table reference> with
              no intervening <derived table> or <joined table>, then the
              descriptor of the result of the <from clause> is the same
              as the descriptor of the table identified by that <table
              reference>.

            b) If the <from clause> contains more than one <table reference>
              with no intervening <derived table> or <joined table>, then
              the descriptors of the columns of the result of the <from
              clause> are the descriptors of the columns of the tables
              identified by the <table reference>s, in the order in which
              the <table reference>s appear in the <from clause> and in the
              order in which the columns are defined within each table.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If the <from clause> contains a single <table reference> with
              no intervening <derived table> or <joined table>, then the
              result of the <from clause> is the table identified by that
              <table reference>.

            b) If the <from clause> contains more than one <table reference>
              with no intervening <derived table> or <joined table>, then
              the result of the <from clause> is the extended Cartesian
              product of the tables identified by those <table reference>s.

              The extended Cartesian product, CP, is the multiset of all
              rows R such that R is the concatenation of a row from each
              of the identified tables in the order in which they are iden-
              tified. The cardinality of CP is the product of the cardi-
              nalities of the identified tables. The ordinal position of a

         178  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                           7.4 <from clause>


              column in CP is N+S, where N is the ordinal position of that
              column in the identified table T from which it is derived and
              S is the sum of the degrees of the tables identified before T
              in the <from clause>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If the table identified by <table name> is a grouped view,
              then the <from clause> shall contain exactly one <table ref-
              erence>.





































                                                     Query expressions   179

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.5 <joined table>


         7.5  <joined table>

         Function

         Specify a table derived from a Cartesian product, inner or outer
         join, or union join.

         Format

         <joined table> ::=
                <cross join>
              | <qualified join>
              | <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

         <cross join> ::=
              <table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>

         <qualified join> ::=
              <table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN
                <table reference> [ <join specification> ]

         <join specification> ::=
                <join condition>
              | <named columns join>

         <join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

         <named columns join> ::=
              USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

         <join type> ::=
                INNER
              | <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
              | UNION

         <outer join type> ::=
                LEFT
              | RIGHT
              | FULL

         <join column list> ::= <column name list>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let TR1 and TR2 be the first and second <table reference>s of
            the <joined table>, respectively. Let T1 and T2 be the tables
            identified by TR1 and TR2, respectively. Let TA and TB be the
            correlation names of TR1 and TR2, respectively. Let CP be:

              SELECT * FROM TR1, TR2

         2) If a <qualified join> is specified, then

         180  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                          7.5 <joined table>


            Case:

            a) If NATURAL is specified, then a <join specification> shall
              not be specified.

            b) If UNION is specified, then neither NATURAL nor a <join spec-
              ification> shall be specified.

            c) Otherwise, a <join specification> shall be specified.

         3) If a <qualified join> is specified and a <join type> is not
            specified, then INNER is implicit.

         4) If a <qualified join> containing a <join condition> is speci-
            fied, then;

            a) Each <column reference> directly contained in the <search
              condition> shall unambiguously reference a column of T1 or T2
              or be an outer reference.

            b) If a <value expression> directly contained in the <search
              condition> is a <set function specification>, then the
              <joined table> shall be contained in a <having clause> or
              <select list> and the <set function specification> shall
              contain a <column reference> that is an outer reference.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         5) If neither NATURAL is specified nor a <join specification> sim-
            ply containing a <named columns join> is specified, then the
            descriptors of the columns of the result of the <joined table>
            are the same as the descriptors of the columns of CP.

         6) If NATURAL is specified or if a <join specification> simply
            containing a <named columns join> is specified, then:

            a) If NATURAL is specified, then let common column name be a
              <column name> that is the <column name> of exactly one column
              of T1 and the <column name> of exactly one column of T2. T1
              shall not have any duplicate common column names and T2 shall
              not have any duplicate common column names. Let corresponding
              join columns refer to all columns of T1 and T2 that have
              common column names, if any.

            b) If a <named columns join> is specified, then every <column
              name> in the <join column list> shall be the <column name>
              of exactly one column of T1 and the <column name> of exactly
              one column of T2. Let common column name be the name of such
              a column. Let corresponding join columns refer to the columns
              of T1 and T2 identified in the <join column list>.

            c) Let 1 and C2 be a pair of corresponding join columns con-
              tained in T1 and T2, respectively. C1 and C2 shall be compa-
              rable.

                                                     Query expressions   181

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.5 <joined table>


            d) Let SLCC be a <select list> of <derived column>s of the form

                 COALESCE ( TA.C, TB.C ) AS C

              for every column C that is a corresponding join column, taken
              in order of their ordinal positions in T1.

            e) Let SL1 be a <select list> of those <column name>s of T1
              that are not corresponding join columns, taken in order of
              their ordinal positions in T1, and let SLT2 be a <select
              list> of those <column name>s of T2 that are not correspond-
              ing join columns, taken in order of their ordinal positions
              in T2.

            f) The descriptors of the columns of the result of the <joined
              table> are the same as the descriptors of the columns of the
              result of

                 SELECT SLCC, SLT1, SLT2 FROM TR1, TR2

         7) For every column CR of the result of the <joined table> that
            is not a corresponding join column and that corresponds to a
            column C1 of T1, CR is possibly nullable if any of the following
            conditions are true:

            a) RIGHT, FULL, or UNION is specified, or

            b) INNER, LEFT, or CROSS JOIN is specified or implicit and 1 is
              possibly nullable.

         8) For every column CR of the result of the <joined table> that
            is not a corresponding join column and that corresponds to a
            column C2 of T2, CR is possibly nullable if any of the following
            conditions are true:

            a) LEFT, FULL, or UNION is specified, or

            b) INNER, RIGHT, or CROSS JOIN is specified or implicit and C
              is possibly nullable.

         9) For every column CR of the result of the <joined table> that
            is a corresponding join column and that corresponds to a column
            C1 of T1 and C2 of T2, CR is possibly nullable if any of the
            following conditions are true:

            a) RIGHT, FULL, or UNION is specified and 1 is possibly nul-
              lable, or

            b) LEFT, FULL, or UNION is specified and 2 is possibly nul-
              lable.

         10)The <joined table> is a read-only table.


         182  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                          7.5 <joined table>


         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If <join type> is UNION, then let T be the empty set.

            b) If a <cross join> is specified, then let T be the multiset of
              rows of CP.

            c) If a <join condition> is specified, then let T be the multi-
              set of rows of CP for which the specified <search condition>
              is true.

            d) If NATURAL is specified or <named columns join> is specified,
              then

              Case:

              i) If there are corresponding join columns, then let T be the
                 multiset of rows of CP for which the corresponding join
                 columns have equal values.

             ii) Otherwise, let T be the multiset of rows of CP.

         2) Let P1 be the multiset of rows of T1 for which there exists in T
            some row that is the concatenation of some row R1 of T1 and some
            row R2 of T2. Let P2 be the multiset of rows of T2 for which
            there exists in T some row that is the concatenation of some row
            R1 of T1 and some row R2 of T2.

         3) Let U1 be those rows of T1 that are not in P1 and let U2 be
            those rows of T2 that are not in P2.

         4) Let D1 and D2 be the degree of T1 and T2, respectively. Let
            X1 be U1 extended on the right with D2 columns containing the
            null value. Let X2 be U2 extended on the left with D1 columns
            containing the null value.

         5) Let XN1 and XN2 be effective distinct names for X1 and X2, re-
            spectively. Let TN be an effective name for T.

            Case:

            a) If INNER or <cross join> is specified, then let S be the
              multiset of rows of T.

            b) If LEFT is specified, then let S be the multiset of rows
              resulting from:

                 SELECT * FROM TN
                 UNION ALL
                 SELECT * FROM XN1

                                                     Query expressions   183

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.5 <joined table>


            c) If RIGHT is specified, then let S be the multiset of rows
              resulting from:

                 SELECT * FROM TN
                 UNION ALL
                 SELECT * FROM XN2

            d) If FULL is specified, then let S be the multiset of rows
              resulting from:

                 SELECT * FROM TN
                 UNION ALL
                 SELECT * FROM XN1
                 UNION ALL
                 SELECT * FROM XN2

            e) If UNION is specified, then let S be the multiset of rows
              resulting from:

                 SELECT * FROM XN1
                 UNION ALL
                 SELECT * FROM XN2

         6) Let SN be an effective name of S.

            Case:

            a) If NATURAL is specified or a <named columns join> is speci-
              fied, then the result of the <joined table> is the multiset
              of rows resulting from:

                 SELECT SLCC, SLT1, SLT2 FROM SN

            b) Otherwise, the result of the <joined table> is S.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <cross
              join>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not specify UNION
              JOIN.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <joined
              table>.




         184  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                          7.6 <where clause>


         7.6  <where clause>

         Function

         Specify a table derived by the application of a <search condition>
         to the result of the preceding <from clause>.

         Format

         <where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the result of the preceding <from clause>. Each <column
            reference> directly contained in the <search condition> shall
            unambiguously reference a column of T or be an outer reference.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         2) If a <value expression> directly contained in the <search condi-
            tion> is a <set function specification>, then the <where clause>
            shall be contained in a <having clause> or <select list> and the
            <column reference> in the <set function specification> shall be
            an outer reference.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         3) No <column reference> contained in a <subquery> in the <search
            condition> that references a column of T shall be specified in a
            <set function specification>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The <search condition> is applied to each row of T. The result
            of the <where clause> is a table of those rows of T for which
            the result of the <search condition> is true.

         2) Each <subquery> in the <search condition> is effectively exe-
            cuted for each row of T and the results used in the application
            of the <search condition> to the given row of T. If any executed
            <subquery> contains an outer reference to a column of T, then
            the reference is to the value of that column in the given row of
            T.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

                                                     Query expressions   185

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.6 <where clause>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <value expression> directly contained in the <search condi-
              tion> shall not include a reference to a column that gener-
              ally contains a <set function specification>.










































         186  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       7.7 <group by clause>


         7.7  <group by clause>

         Function

         Specify a grouped table derived by the application of the <group by
         clause> to the result of the previously specified clause.

         Format

         <group by clause> ::=
              GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>

         <grouping column reference list> ::=
              <grouping column reference> [ { <comma> <grouping column reference> }... ]


         <grouping column reference> ::=
              <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) If no <where clause> is specified, then let T be the result of
            the preceding <from clause>; otherwise, let T be the result of
            the preceding <where clause>.

         2) Each <column reference> in the <group by clause> shall unambigu-
            ously reference a column of T. A column referenced in a <group
            by clause> is a grouping column.

         3) For every grouping column, if <collate clause> is specified,
            then the data type of the <column reference> shall be character
            string. The column descriptor of the corresponding column in the
            result has the collating sequence specified in <collate clause>
            and the coercibility attribute Explicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The result of the <group by clause> is a partitioning of T into
            a set of groups. The set is the minimum number of groups such
            that, for each grouping column of each group of more than one
            row, no two values of that grouping column are distinct.

         2) Every row of a given group contains equal values of a given
            grouping column. When a <search condition> or <value expression>
            is applied to a group, a reference to a grouping column is a
            reference to that value.

            Note: See the General Rules of Subclause 8.2, "<comparison pred-
            icate>".

                                                     Query expressions   187

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.7 <group by clause>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











































         188  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         7.8 <having clause>


         7.8  <having clause>

         Function

         Specify a grouped table derived by the elimination of groups from
         the result of the previously specified clause that do not meet the
         <search condition>.

         Format

         <having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If neither a <where clause> nor a <group by clause> is speci-
            fied, then let T be the result of the preceding <from clause>;
            if a <where clause> is specified, but a <group by clause> is
            not specified, then let T be the result of the preceding <where
            clause>; otherwise, let T be the result of the preceding <group
            by clause>. Each <column reference> directly contained in the
            <search condition> shall unambiguously reference a grouping
            column of T or be an outer reference.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         2) Each <column reference> contained in a <subquery> in the <search
            condition> that references a column of T shall reference a
            grouping column of T or shall be specified within a <set func-
            tion specification>.

         3) The <having clause> is possibly non-deterministic if it contains
            a reference to a column C of T that has a data type of character
            string and:

            a) C is specified within a <set function specification> that
              specifies MIN or MAX, or

            b) C is a grouping column of T.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let T be the result of the preceding <from clause>, <where
            clause>, or <group by clause>. If that clause is not a <group
            by clause>, then T consists of a single group and does not have
            a grouping column.

         2) The <search condition> is applied to each group of T. The result
            of the <having clause> is a grouped table of those groups of T
            for which the result of the <search condition> is true.

                                                     Query expressions   189

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.8 <having clause>


         3) When the <search condition> is applied to a given group of T,
            that group is the argument or argument source of each <set func-
            tion specification> directly contained in the <search condition>
            unless the <column reference> in the <set function specifica-
            tion> is an outer reference.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         4) Each <subquery> in the <search condition> is effectively exe-
            cuted for each group of T and the result used in the application
            of the <search condition> to the given group of T. If any exe-
            cuted <subquery> contains an outer reference to a column of T,
            then the reference is to the values of that column in the given
            group of T.

            Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
            reference>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

























         190  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   7.9 <query specification>


         7.9  <query specification>

         Function

         Specify a table derived from the result of a <table expression>.

         Format

         <query specification> ::=
              SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

         <select list> ::=
                <asterisk>
              | <select sublist> [ { <comma> <select sublist> }... ]

         <select sublist> ::=
                <derived column>
              | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

         <derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

         <as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the result of the <table expression>.

         2) The degree of the table specified by a <query specification> is
            equal to the cardinality of the <select list>.

         3) Case:

            a) If the <select list> "*" is simply contained in a <subquery>
              that is immediately contained in an <exists predicate>, then
              the <select list> is equivalent to a <value expression> that
              is an arbitrary <literal>.

            b) Otherwise, the <select list> "*" is equivalent to a <value
              expression> sequence in which each <value expression> is a
              <column reference> that references a column of T and each
              column of T is referenced exactly once. The columns are ref-
              erenced in the ascending sequence of their ordinal position
              within T.

         4) The <select sublist> "<qualifier>.*" for some <qualifier> Q is
            equivalent to a <value expression> sequence in which each <value
            expression> is a <column reference> CR that references a column
            of T that is not a common column of a <joined table>. Each col-
            umn of T that is not a common column of a <joined table> shall
            be referenced exactly once. The columns shall be referenced in
            the ascending sequence of their ordinal positions within T.

            Note: common column of a <joined table> is defined in Subclause 7.5,
            "<joined table>".

                                                     Query expressions   191

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.9 <query specification>


         5) Let C be some column. Let QS be the <query specification>. Let
            DCi, for i ranging from 1 to the number of <derived column>s
            inclusively, be the i-th <derived column> simply contained in
            the <select list> of QS. For all i, C is an underlying column
            of DCi, and of any <column reference> that identifies DCi, if
            and only if C is an underlying column of the <value expression>
            of DCi, or C is an underlying column of the <table expression>
            immediately contained in QS.

         6) Each <column reference> directly contained in each <value ex-
            pression> and each <column reference> contained in a <set
            function specification> directly contained in each <value ex-
            pression> shall unambiguously reference a column of T.

         7) If T is a grouped table, then each <column reference> in each
            <value expression> that references a column of T shall refer-
            ence a grouping column or be specified within a <set function
            specification>. If T is not a grouped table and any <value ex-
            pression> contains a <set function specification> that contains
            a reference to a column of T or any <value expression> directly
            contains a <set function specification> that does not contain an
            outer reference, then every <column reference> in every <value
            expression> that references a column of T shall be specified
            within a <set function specification>.

         8) Each column of the table that is the result of a <query spec-
            ification> has a column descriptor that includes a data type
            descriptor that is the same as the data type descriptor of the
            <value expression> from which the column was derived.

         9) Case:

            a) If the i-th <derived column> in the <select list> specifies
              an <as clause> that contains a <column name> C, then the
              <column name> of the i-th column of the result is C.

            b) If the i-th <derived column> in the <select list> does not
              specify an <as clause> and the <value expression> of that
              <derived column> is a single <column reference>, then the
              <column name> of the i-th column of the result is C.

            c) Otherwise, the <column name> of the i-th column of the <query
              specification> is implementation-dependent and different
              from the <column name> of any column, other than itself, of
              a table referenced by any <table reference> contained in the
              SQL-statement.

         10)A column of the table that is the result of a <query specifica-
            tion> is possibly nullable if and only if it contains a <column
            reference> for a column C that is possibly nullable, an <indica-
            tor parameter>, an <indicator variable>, a <subquery>, CAST NULL
            AS X (X represents a <data type> or a <domain name>), SYSTEM_
            USER, or a <set function specification> that does not contain
            COUNT.

         192  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   7.9 <query specification>


         11)Let TREF be the <table reference>s that are simply contained
            in the <from clause> of the <table expression>. The simply un-
            derlying tables of the <query specification> are the tables
            identified by the <table name>s and <derived table>s contained
            in TREF without an intervening <derived table>.

         12)A <query specification> QS is updatable if and only if the fol-
            lowing conditions hold:

            a) QS does not specify DISTINCT.

            b) Every <value expression> contained in the <select list> imme-
              diately contained in QS consists of a <column reference>, and
              no <column reference> appears more than once.

            c) The <from clause> immediately contained in the <table ex-
              pression> immediately contained in QS specifies exactly one
              <table reference> and that <table reference> refers either to
              a base table or to an updatable derived table.

              Note: updatable derived table is defined in Subclause 6.3,
              "<table reference>".

            d) If the <table expression> immediately contained in QS imme-
              diately contains a <where clause> WC, then no leaf generally
              underlying table of QS shall be a generally underlying table
              of any <query expression> contained in WC.

            e) The <table expression> immediately contained in QS does not
              include a <group by clause> or a <having clause>.

         13)A <query specification> is possibly non-deterministic if any of
            the following conditions are true:

            a) The <set quantifier> DISTINCT is specified and one of the
              columns of T has a data type of character string; or

            b) The <query specification> directly contains a <having clause>
              that is possibly non-deterministic; or

            c) The <select list> contains a reference to a column C of T
              that has a data type of character string and either

              i) C is specified with a <set function specification> that
                 specifies MIN or MAX, or

             ii) C is a grouping column of T.

         Access Rules

            None.



                                                     Query expressions   193

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.9 <query specification>


         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If T is not a grouped table, then

              Case:

              i) If the <select list> contains a <set function specifica-
                 tion> that contains a reference to a column of T or di-
                 rectly contains a <set function specification> that does
                 not contain an outer reference, then T is the argument or
                 argument source of each such <set function specification>
                 and the result of the <query specification> is a table con-
                 sisting of 1 row. The i-th value of the row is the value
                 specified by the i-th <value expression>.

             ii) If the <select list> does not include a <set function spec-
                 ification> that contains a reference to T, then each <value
                 expression> is applied to each row of T yielding a table of
                 M rows, where M is the cardinality of T. The i-th column of
                 the table contains the values derived by the evaluation of
                 the i-th <value expression>.

                 Case:

                 1) If the <set quantifier> DISTINCT is not specified, then
                   the table is the result of the <query specification>.

                 2) If the <set quantifier> DISTINCT is specified, then the
                   result of the <query specification> is the table derived
                   from that table by the elimination of any redundant
                   duplicate rows.

            b) If T is a grouped table, then

              Case:

              i) If T has 0 groups, then the result of the <query specifica-
                 tion> is an empty table.

             ii) If T has one or more groups, then each <value expression>
                 is applied to each group of T yielding a table of M rows,
                 where M is the number of groups in T. The i-th column of
                 the table contains the values derived by the evaluation of
                 the i-th <value expression>. When a <value expression> is
                 applied to a given group of T, that group is the argument
                 or argument source of each <set function specification> in
                 the <value expression>.

                 Case:

                 1) If the <set quantifier> DISTINCT is not specified, then
                   the table is the result of the <query specification>.

         194  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   7.9 <query specification>


                 2) If the <set quantifier> DISTINCT is specified, then the
                   result of the <query specification> is the table derived
                   from T by the elimination of any redundant duplicate
                   rows.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) The <set quantifier> DISTINCT shall not be specified more
              than once in a <query specification>, excluding any <sub-
              query> of that <query specification>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <query specification> is not updatable if the <where
              clause> of the <table expression> contains a <subquery>.

            b) A <select sublist> shall be a <derived column>.

            c) If the <table expression> of the <query specification> is a
              grouped view, then the <select list> shall not contain a <set
              function specification>.






























                                                     Query expressions   195

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.10 <query expression>


         7.10  <query expression>

         Function

         Specify a table.

         Format

         <query expression> ::=
                <non-join query expression>
              | <joined table>

         <non-join query expression> ::=
                <non-join query term>
              | <query expression> UNION  [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

              | <query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>


         <query term> ::=
                <non-join query term>
              | <joined table>

         <non-join query term> ::=
                <non-join query primary>
              | <query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>


         <query primary> ::=
                <non-join query primary>
              | <joined table>

         <non-join query primary> ::=
                <simple table>
              | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

         <simple table> ::=
                <query specification>
              | <table value constructor>
              | <explicit table>

         <explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>

         <corresponding spec> ::=
              CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]


         <corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>






         196  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     7.10 <query expression>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table specified by the <query expression>.

         2) The <explicit table>

              TABLE <table name>

            is equivalent to the <query expression>

              ( SELECT * FROM <table name> )

         3) Let set operator be UNION [ALL], EXCEPT [ALL], or INTERSECT
            [ALL].

         4) T is an updatable table and the <query expression> is updatable
            if and only if it simply contains a <query expression> QE or a
            <query specification> QS and:

            a) the <query expression> contains QE or QS without an inter-
              vening <non-join query expression> that specified UNION or
              EXCEPT;

            b) the <query expression> contains QE or QS without an interven-
              ing <non-join query term> that specifies INTERSECT; and

            c) QE or QS is updatable.

         5) Case:

            a) If a <simple table> is a <query specification>, then the
              column descriptor of the i-th column of the <simple table> is
              the same as the column descriptor of the i-th column of the
              <query specification>.

            b) If a <simple table> is an <explicit table>, then the column
              descriptor of the i-th column of the <simple table> is the
              same as the column descriptor of the i-th column of the table
              identified by the <table name> contained in the <explicit
              table>.

            c) Otherwise, the column descriptor of the i-th column of the
              <simple table> is same as the column descriptor of the i-
              th column of the <table value constructor>, except that the
              <column name> is implementation-dependent and different from
              the <column name> of any column, other than itself, of a
              table referenced by any <table reference> contained in the
              SQL-statement.

         6) Case:

            a) If a <non-join query primary> is a <simple table>, then the
              column descriptor of the i-th column of the <non-join query
              primary> is the same as the column descriptor of the i-th
              column of the <simple table>.

                                                     Query expressions   197

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.10 <query expression>


            b) Otherwise, the column descriptor of the i-th column of the
              <non-join query primary> is the same as the column descriptor
              of the i-th column of the <non-join query expression>.

         7) Case:

            a) If a <query primary> is a <non-join query primary>, then the
              column descriptor of the i-th column of the <query primary>
              is the same as the column descriptor of the i-th column of
              the <non-join query primary>.

            b) Otherwise, the column descriptor of the i-th column of the
              <query primary> is the same as the column descriptor of the
              i-th column of the <joined table>.

         8) If a set operator is specified in a <non-join query term> or a
            <non-join query expression>, then let T1, T2, and TR be respec-
            tively the first operand, the second operand, and the result of
            the <non-join query term> or <non-join query expression>. Let
            TN1 and TN2 be the effective names for T1 and T2, respectively.

         9) If a set operator is specified in a <non-join query term> or a
            <non-join query expression>, then let OP be the set operator.

            Case:

            a) If CORRESPONDING is specified, then:

              i) Within the columns of T1, the same <column name> shall not
                 be specified more than once and within the columns of T2,
                 the same <column name> shall not be specified more than
                 once.

             ii) At least one column of T1 shall have a <column name> that
                 is the <column name> of some column of T2.

            iii) Case:

                 1) If <corresponding column list> is not specified, then
                   let SL be a <select list> of those <column name>s that
                   are <column name>s of both T1 and T2 in the order that
                   those <column name>s appear in T1.

                 2) If <corresponding column list> is specified, then let
                   SL be a <select list> of those <column name>s explic-
                   itly appearing in the <corresponding column list> in
                   the order that these <column name>s appear in the <cor-
                   responding column list>. Every <column name> in the
                   <corresponding column list> shall be a <column name> of
                   both T1 and T2.

             iv) The <non-join query term> or <non-join query expression> is
                 equivalent to:

                   ( SELECT SL FROM TN1 ) OP ( SELECT SL FROM TN2 )

         198  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     7.10 <query expression>


            b) If CORRESPONDING is not specified, then T1 and T2 shall be of
              the same degree.

         10)Case:

            a) If the <non-join query term> is a <non-join query primary>,
              then the column descriptor of the i-th column of the <non-
              join query term> is same as the column descriptor of the i-th
              column of the <non-join query primary>.

            b) Otherwise,

              i) Case:

                 1) Let C be the <column name> of the i-th column of T1. If
                   the <column name> of the i-th column of T2 is C, then
                   the <column name> of the i-th column of TR is C.

                 2) Otherwise, the <column name> of the i-th column of TR is
                   implementation-dependent and different from the <column
                   name> of any column, other than itself, of any table
                   referenced by any <table reference> contained in the
                   SQL-statement.

             ii) The data type of the i-th column of TR is determined by
                 applying Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types",
                 to the data types of the i-th column of T1 and the i-th
                 column of T2. If the i-th column of both T1 and T2 are
                 known not nullable, then the i-th column of TR is known
                 not nullable; otherwise, the i-th column of T is possibly
                 nullable.

         11)Case:

            a) If a <query term> is a <non-join query term>, then the column
              descriptor of the i-th column of the <query term> is the same
              as the column descriptor of the i-th column of the <non-join
              query term>.

            b) Otherwise, the column descriptor of the i-th column of the
              <query term> is the same as the column descriptor of the i-th
              column of the <joined table>.

         12)Case:

            a) If a <non-join query expression> is a <non-join query term>,
              then the column descriptor of the i-th column of the <non-
              join query expression> is the same as the column descriptor
              of the i-th column of the <non-join query term>.





                                                     Query expressions   199

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.10 <query expression>


            b) Otherwise,

              i) Case:

                 1) Let C be the <column name> of the i-th column of T1. If
                   the <column name> of the i-th column of T2 is C, then
                   the <column name> of the i-th column of TR is C.

                 2) Otherwise, the <column name> of the i-th column of TR is
                   implementation-dependent and different from the <column
                   name> of any column, other than itself, of any table
                   referenced by any <table reference> contained in the
                   SQL-statement.

             ii) The data type of the i-th column of TR is determined by
                 applying Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types",
                 to the data types of the i-th column of T1 and the i-th
                 column of T2. If the i-th column of both T1 and T2 are
                 known not nullable, then the i-th column of TR is known
                 not nullable; otherwise, the i-th column of T is possibly
                 nullable.

         13)Case:

            a) If a <query expression> is a <non-join query expression>,
              then the column descriptor of the i-th column of the <query
              expression> is the same as the column descriptor of the i-th
              column of the <non-join query expression>.

            b) Otherwise, the column descriptor of the i-th column of the
              <query expression> is the same as the column descriptor of
              the i-th column of the <joined table>.

         14)The simply underlying tables of a <query expression> are the
            tables identified by those <table name>s, <query expression>s,
            and <derived table>s contained in the <query expression> without
            an intervening <derived table>, an intervening <query specifica-
            tion>, or an intervening <join condition>.

         15)A <query expression> is possibly non-deterministic if

            a) it contains a set operator UNION and ALL is not specified, or
              if it contains EXCEPT or INTERSECT; and

            b) the first or second operand contains a column that has a data
              type of character string.

         16)The underlying columns of each column of QE and of QE itself are
            defined as follows:

            a) A column of a <table value constructor> has no underlying
              columns.

            b) The underlying columns of every i-th column of a <simple
              table> ST are the underlying columns of the i-th column of
              the table immediately contained in ST.

         200  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     7.10 <query expression>


            c) If no set operator is specified, then the underlying columns
              of every i-th column of QE are the underlying columns of the
              i-th column of the <simple table> simply contained in QE.

            d) If a set operator is specified, then the underlying columns
              of every i-th column of QE are the underlying columns of the
              i-th column of T1 and those of the i-th column of T2.

            e) Let C be some column. C is an underlying column of QE if and
              only if C is an underlying column of some column of QE.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If no set operator is specified, then T is the result of the
              specified <simple table> or <joined table>.

            b) If a set operator is specified, then the result of applying
              the set operator is a table containing the following rows:

              i) Let R be a row that is a duplicate of some row in T1 or of
                 some row in T2 or both. Let m be the number of duplicates
                 of R in T1 and let n be the number of duplicates of R in
                 T2, where m � 0 and n � 0.

             ii) If ALL is not specified, then

                 Case:

                 1) If UNION is specified, then

                   Case:

                   A) If m > 0 or n > 0, then T contains exactly one dupli-
                      cate of R.

                   B) Otherwise, T contains no duplicate of R.

                 2) If EXCEPT is specified, then

                   Case:

                   A) If m > 0 and n = 0, then T contains exactly one dupli-
                      cate of R.

                   B) Otherwise, T contains no duplicate of R.

                 3) If INTERSECT is specified, then

                   Case:

                   A) If m > 0 and n > 0, then T contains exactly one dupli-
                      cate of R.

                                                     Query expressions   201

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.10 <query expression>


                   B) Otherwise, T contains no duplicates of R.

            iii) If ALL is specified, then

                 Case:

                 1) If UNION is specified, then the number of duplicates of
                   R that T contains is (m + n).

                 2) If EXCEPT is specified, then the number of duplicates of
                   R that T contains is the maximum of (m - n) and 0.

                 3) If INTERSECT is specified, then the number of duplicates
                   of R that T contains is the minimum of m and n.

            Note: See the General Rules of Subclause 8.2, "<comparison pred-
            icate>".

         2) If a set operator is specified, then for each column whose data
            type is interval, let UDT be in turn the data type of the cor-
            responding column of T and let SV be the value of the column
            in each row of the first and second operands. The value of the
            corresponding column of T in the corresponding row of T is

              CAST (SV AS UDT)

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <simple table> shall not be a <table value constructor>
              except in an <insert statement>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL shall contain no <explicit ta-
              ble>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <query expression> shall not specify EXCEPT.

            b) A <query term> shall not specify INTERSECT.

            c) A <query expression> shall not contain a <joined table>.

            d) A <query expression> shall not specify CORRESPONDING.

            e) If UNION is specified, then except for column names, the
              descriptors of the first and second operands shall be iden-
              tical and the descriptor of the result is identical to the
              descriptor of the operands.



         202  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                7.11 <scalar subquery>, <row subquery>, and <table subquery>


         7.11  <scalar subquery>, <row subquery>, and <table subquery>

         Function

         Specify a scalar value, a row, or a table derived from a <query
         expression>.

         Format

         <scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

         <row subquery> ::= <subquery>

         <table subquery> ::= <subquery>

         <subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The degree of a <scalar subquery> shall be 1.

         2) The degree of a <row subquery> shall be greater than 1.

         3) The data type of a <scalar subquery> is the data type of the
            column of the <query expression> immediately contained in the
            <scalar subquery>.

         4) The data types of the columns of a <row subquery> or <table
            subquery> are the data types of the respective columns of the
            <query expression> immediately contained in the <row subquery>
            or <table subquery>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the cardinality of a <scalar subquery> or a <row subquery> is
            greater than 1, then an exception condition is raised: cardinal-
            ity violation.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If a <subquery> is contained in a <comparison predicate>,
              then the <table expression> in the <query specification>
              shall not contain a <group by clause> or a <having clause>
              and shall not identify a grouped view.

                                                     Query expressions   203

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         7.11 <scalar subquery>, <row subquery>, and <table subquery>


            b) The <query expression> contained in a <subquery> shall be a
              <query specification>.




















































         204  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         8  Predicates



         8.1  <predicate>

         Function

         Specify a condition that can be evaluated to give a truth value of
         true, false, or unknown.

         Format

         <predicate> ::=
                <comparison predicate>
              | <between predicate>
              | <in predicate>
              | <like predicate>
              | <null predicate>
              | <quantified comparison predicate>
              | <exists predicate>
              | <unique predicate>
              | <match predicate>
              | <overlaps predicate>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The result of a <predicate> is a truth value derived according
            to the General Rules of Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>",
            Subclause 8.3, "<between predicate>", Subclause 8.4, "<in predi-
            cate>", Subclause 8.5, "<like predicate>", Subclause 8.6, "<null
            predicate>", Subclause 8.7, "<quantified comparison predi-
            cate>", Subclause 8.8, "<exists predicate>", Subclause 8.9,
            "<unique predicate>", Subclause 8.10, "<match predicate>", or
            Subclause 8.11, "<overlaps predicate>", as appropriate.







                                                            Predicates   205

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.1 <predicate>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <predicate> shall not be a <match predicate>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <overlaps
              predicate>.

            b) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <unique
              predicate>.








































         206  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                  8.2 <comparison predicate>


         8.2  <comparison predicate>

         Function

         Specify a comparison of two row values.

         Format

         <comparison predicate> ::=
              <row value constructor> <comp op> <row value constructor>

         <comp op> ::=
                <equals operator>
              | <not equals operator>
              | <less than operator>
              | <greater than operator>
              | <less than or equals operator>
              | <greater than or equals operator>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The two <row value constructor>s shall be of the same degree.

         2) Let corresponding values be values with the same ordinal posi-
            tion in the two <row value constructor>s.

         3) The data types of the corresponding values of the two <row value
            constructor>s shall be comparable.

         4) Let X be a value in the first <row value constructor> and Y be
            the corresponding value in the second <row value constructor>.
            If X and Y have data type character string, then the pair-wise
            comparison collating sequence used to compare X and Y is de-
            termined by the table for collating sequences for comparisons
            (Subclause 4.2.3, "Rules determining collating sequence usage").
            For any pair of corresponding character strings, let CS be the
            identified collating sequence.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let X and Y be any two corresponding <row value constructor
            element>s. Let XV and YV be the values represented by X and Y,
            respectively.

            Case:

            a) If XV or YV is the null value, then "X <comp op> Y" is un-
              known.

                                                            Predicates   207

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.2 <comparison predicate>


            b) If XV and YV are non-null values, then "X <comp op> Y" is
              true or false as follows:

              i) "X = Y" is true if and only if XV and YV are equal.

             ii) "X <> Y" is true if and only if XV and YV are not equal.

            iii) "X < Y" is true if and only if XV is less than YV.

             iv) "X > Y" is true if and only if XV is greater than YV.

              v) "X <= Y" is true if and only if XV is not greater than YV.

             vi) "X >= Y" is true if and only if XV is not less than YV.

            vii) "X <comp op> Y" is false if and only if "X <comp op> Y" is
                 not true.

         2) Numbers are compared with respect to their algebraic value.

         3) The comparison of two character strings is determined as fol-
            lows:

            a) If the length in characters of X is not equal to the length
              in characters of Y, then the shorter string is effectively
              replaced, for the purposes of comparison, with a copy of
              itself that has been extended to the length of the longer
              string by concatenation on the right of one or more pad char-
              acters, where the pad character is chosen based on CS. If
              CS has the NO PAD attribute, then the pad character is an
              implementation-dependent character different from any char-
              acter in the character set of X and Y that collates less
              than any string under CS. Otherwise, the pad character is a
              <space>.

            b) The result of the comparison of X and Y is given by the col-
              lating sequence CS.

            c) Depending on the collating sequence, two strings may com-
              pare as equal even if they are of different lengths or con-
              tain different sequences of characters. When the operations
              MAX, MIN, DISTINCT, references to a grouping column, and the
              UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT operators refer to character
              strings, the specific value selected by these operations from
              a set of such equal values is implementation-dependent.

            Note: If the coercibility attribute of the comparison is
            Coercible, then the collating sequence used is the default de-
            fined for the character repertoire. See also other Syntax Rules
            in this Subclause, Subclause 10.4, "<character set specifi-
            cation>", and Subclause 11.28, "<character set definition>".



         208  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                  8.2 <comparison predicate>


         4) The comparison of two bit string values, X and Y, is determined
            by comparison of their bits with the same ordinal position.
            If Xi and Yi are the values of the i-th bits of X and Y, re-
            spectively, and if LX is the length in bits of X and LY is the
            length in bits of Y, then:

            a) X is equal to Y if and only if X = LY and Xi = Yi for all i.

            b) X is less than Y if and only if:

              i) LX < LY and Xi = Yi for all i less than or equal to LX; or

             ii) Xi = Yi for all i < n and Xn = 0 and Yn = 1 for some n less
                 than or equal to the minimum of LX and LY.

         5) The comparison of two datetimes is determined according to the
            interval resulting from their subtraction. Let X and Y be the
            two values to be compared and let H be the least significant
            <datetime field> of X and Y. The result of X <comp op> Y is
            defined as:

              ( X - Y ) H <comp op> INTERVAL (0) H

            Note: Two datetimes are comparable only if they have the same
            <datetime field>s; see Subclause 4.5.1, "Datetimes".

         6) The comparison of two intervals is determined by the compari-
            son of their corresponding values after conversion to integers
            in some common base unit. Let X and Y be the two intervals to
            be compared. Let A TO B be the specified or implied datetime
            qualifier of X and C TO D be the specified or implied datetime
            qualifier of Y. Let T be the least significant <datetime field>
            of B and D and let U be a datetime qualifier of the form T(N),
            where N is an <interval leading field precision> large enough so
            that significance is not lost in the CAST operation.

            X is effectively replaced by CAST (X AS INTERVAL U).

            Y is effectively replaced by CAST (Y AS INTERVAL U).

            The result of the comparison is effectively computed as:

              CAST ( X AS INTEGER ) <comp op> CAST ( Y AS INTEGER )

         7) Let Rx and Ry be the two <row value constructor>s of the <com-
            parison predicate> and let RXi and RYi be the i-th <row value
            constructor element>s of Rx and Ry, respectively. "Rx <comp op>
            Ry" is true, false, or unknown as follows:

            a) "x = Ry" is true if and only if RXi = RYi for all i.

            b) "x <> Ry" is true if and only if RXi <> RYi for some i.

            c) "x < Ry" is true if and only if RXi = RYi for all i < n and
              RXn < RYn for some n.

            d) "x > Ry" is true if and only if RXi = RYi for all i < n and
              RXn > RYn for some n.

                                                            Predicates   209

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.2 <comparison predicate>


            e) "x <= Ry" is true if and only if Rx = Ry or Rx  < Ry.

            f) "x >= Ry" is true if and only if Rx = Ry or Rx  > Ry.

            g) "x = Ry" is false if and only if "Rx <> Ry" is true.

            h) "x <> Ry" is false if and only if "Rx = Ry" is true.

            i) "x < Ry" is false if and only if "Rx >= Ry" is true.

            j) "x > Ry" is false if and only if "Rx <= Ry" is true.

            k) "x <= Ry" is false if and only if "Rx > Ry" is true.

            l) "x >= Ry" is false if and only if "Rx < Ry" is true.

            m) "x <comp op> Ry" is unknown if and only if "Rx <comp op> Ry"
              is neither true nor false.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

























         210  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     8.3 <between predicate>


         8.3  <between predicate>

         Function

         Specify a range comparison.

         Format

         <between predicate> ::=
              <row value constructor> [ NOT ] BETWEEN
                <row value constructor> AND <row value constructor>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The three <row value constructor>s shall be of the same degree.

         2) Let respective values be values with the same ordinal position
            in the two <row value constructor>s.

         3) The data types of the respective values of the three <row value
            constructor>s shall be comparable.

         4) Let X, Y, and Z be the first, second, and third <row value con-
            structor>s, respectively.

         5) "X NOT BETWEEN Y AND Z" is equivalent to "NOT ( X BETWEEN Y AND
            Z )".

         6) "X BETWEEN Y AND Z" is equivalent to "X>=Y AND X<=Z".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

            None.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.





                                                            Predicates   211

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.4 <in predicate>


         8.4  <in predicate>

         Function

         Specify a quantified comparison.

         Format

         <in predicate> ::=
              <row value constructor>
                [ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

         <in predicate value> ::=
                <table subquery>
              | <left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

         <in value list> ::=
              <value expression> { <comma> <value expression> }...


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let IVL be an <in value list>.

              ( IVL )

            is equivalent to the <table value constructor>:

              ( VALUES IVL )

         2) Let RVC be the <row value constructor> and let IPV be the <in
            predicate value>.

         3) The expression

              RVC NOT IN IPV

            is equivalent to

              NOT ( RVC IN IPV )

         4) The expression

              RVC IN IPV

            is equivalent to

              RVC = ANY IPV

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

            None.

         212  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                          8.4 <in predicate>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain a
              <value expression> in an <in value list> that is not a <value
              specification>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.










































                                                            Predicates   213

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.5 <like predicate>


         8.5  <like predicate>

         Function

         Specify a pattern-match comparison.

         Format

         <like predicate> ::=
              <match value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern>
                [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

         <match value> ::= <character value expression>

         <pattern> ::= <character value expression>

         <escape character> ::= <character value expression>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data types of <match value>, <pattern>, and <escape char-
            acter> shall be character string. <match value>, <pattern>, and
            <escape character> shall be comparable.

         2) Let M be the result of the <character value expression> of the
            <match value>, let P be the result of the <character value
            expression> of the <pattern>, and let E be the result of the
            <character value expression> of the <escape character> if one is
            specified.

         3) "M NOT LIKE P" is equivalent to "NOT (M LIKE P)".

         4) Case:

            a) If <escape character> is not specified, then the collat-
              ing sequence used for the <like predicate> is determined by
              Table 3, "Collating sequence usage for comparisons", taking
              <match value> as comparand 1 and <pattern> as comparand 2.

            b) Otherwise, let C1 be the coercibility attribute and collat-
              ing sequence of the <match value>, and C2 be the coercibility
              attribute and collating sequence of the <pattern>. Let C3 be
              the resulting coercibility attribute and collating sequence
              as determined by Table 2, "Collating coercibility rules for
              dyadic operators", taking C1 as the operand 1 coercibility
              and C2 as the operand 2 coercibility. The collating sequence
              used for the <like predicate> is determined by Table 3,
              "Collating sequence usage for comparisons", taking C3 as the
              coercibility attribute and collating sequence of comparand 1
              and <escape character> as comparand 2.



         214  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                        8.5 <like predicate>


         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If an <escape character> is specified and M, P, or E is the null
            value, then

              M LIKE P ESCAPE E

            is unknown.

         2) If an <escape character> is not specified and M or P is the null
            value, then

              M LIKE P

            is unknown.

         3) Case:

            a) If an <escape character> is specified, then:

              i) If the length in characters of E is not equal to 1, then
                 an exception condition is raised: data exception-invalid
                 escape character.

             ii) If there is not a partitioning of the string P into sub-
                 strings such that each substring has length 1 or 2, no
                 substring of length 1 is the escape character E, and each
                 substring of length 2 is the escape character E followed by
                 either the escape character E, an <underscore> character,
                 or the <percent> character, then an exception condition is
                 raised: data exception-invalid escape sequence.

                 If there is such a partitioning of P, then in that parti-
                 tioning, each substring with length 2 represents a single
                 occurrence of the second character of that substring. Each
                 substring with length 1 that is the <underscore> character
                 represents an arbitrary character specifier. Each substring
                 with length 1 that is the <percent> character represents
                 an arbitrary string specifier. Each substring with length
                 1 that is neither the <underscore> character nor the <per-
                 cent> character represents the character that it contains.

            b) If an <escape character> is not specified, then each <under-
              score> character in P represents an arbitrary character spec-
              ifier, each <percent> character in P represents an arbitrary
              string specifier, and each character in P that is neither the
              <underscore> character nor the <percent> character represents
              itself.


                                                            Predicates   215

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.5 <like predicate>


         4) The string P is a sequence of the minimum number of substring
            specifiers such that each <character representation> of P is
            part of exactly one substring specifier. A substring specifier
            is an arbitrary character specifier, an arbitrary string spec-
            ifier, or any sequence of <character representation>s other
            than an arbitrary character specifier or an arbitrary string
            specifier.

         5) Case:

            a) If M and P are character strings whose lengths are variable
              and if the lengths of both M and P are 0, then

                 M LIKE P

              is true.

            b) The <predicate>

                 M LIKE P

              is true if there exists a partitioning of M into substrings
              such that:

              i) A substring of M is a sequence of 0 or more contiguous
                 <character representation>s of M and each <character repre-
                 sentation> of M is part of exactly one substring.

             ii) If the i-th substring specifier of P is an arbitrary char-
                 acter specifier, the i-th substring of M is any single
                 <character representation>.

            iii) If the i-th substring specifier of P is an arbitrary string
                 specifier, then the i-th substring of M is any sequence of
                 0 or more <character representation>s.

             iv) If the i-th substring specifier of P is neither an arbi-
                 trary character specifier nor an arbitrary string speci-
                 fier, then the i-th substring of M is equal to that sub-
                 string specifier according to the collating sequence of
                 the <like predicate>, without the appending of <space>
                 characters to M, and has the same length as that substring
                 specifier.

              v) The number of substrings of M is equal to the number of
                 substring specifiers of P.

            c) Otherwise,

                 M LIKE P

              is false.


         216  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                        8.5 <like predicate>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) The <match value> shall be a <column reference>.

            b) A <pattern> shall be a <value specification>.

            c) An <escape character> shall be a <value specification>.








































                                                            Predicates   217

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.6 <null predicate>


         8.6  <null predicate>

         Function

         Specify a test for a null value.

         Format

         <null predicate> ::= <row value constructor> IS [ NOT ] NULL


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let R be the value of the <row value constructor>.

         2) If all the values in R are the null value, then "R IS NULL" is
            true; otherwise, it is false.

         3) If none of the values in R are the null value, then "R IS NOT
            NULL" is true; otherwise, it is false.

            Note: For all R, "R IS NOT NULL" has the same result as "NOT
            R IS NULL" if and only if R is of degree 1. Table 12, "<null
            predicate> semantics", specifies this behavior.

         ________________Table_12-<null_predicate>_semantics________________

                           R IS    R IS NOT      NOT R IS      NOT R IS NOT
         _Expression_______NULL____NULL__________NULL__________NULL_________

        | degree 1: null | true  | false       | false      |  true        |
        |                |       |             |            |              |
        | degree 1: not  | false | true        | true       |  false       |
          null

        | degree > 1:    | true  | false       | false      |  true        |
        | all null       |       |             |            |              |
        |                |       |             |            |              |
        | degree > 1:    | false | false       | true       |  true        |
        | some null      |       |             |            |              |
        |                |       |             |            |              |
        | degree > 1:    | false | true        | true       |  false       |
        |_none_null______|_______|_____________|____________|______________|
        |                |       |             |            |              |
        |Leveling Rules  |       |             |            |              |
        |                |       |             |            |              |
         218  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                        8.6 <null predicate>


         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <row value constructor> shall be a <column reference>.














































                                                            Predicates   219

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.7 <quantified comparison predicate>


         8.7  <quantified comparison predicate>

         Function

         Specify a quantified comparison.

         Format

         <quantified comparison predicate> ::=
              <row value constructor> <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>


         <quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

         <all> ::= ALL

         <some> ::= SOME | ANY


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <row value constructor> shall be of the same degree as the
            result of the <table subquery>.

         2) The data types of the values of the <row value constructor>
            shall be respectively comparable to those of the columns of the
            <table subquery>.

         3) The collating sequence for each pair of respective values in
            the <quantified comparison predicate> is determined in the same
            manner as described in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let R be the result of the <row value constructor> and let T be
            the result of the <table subquery>.

         2) The result of "R <comp op> <quantifier> T" is derived by the
            application of the implied <comparison predicate> "R <comp op>
            RT" to every row RT in T:

            Case:

            a) If T is empty or if the implied <comparison predicate> is
              true for every row RT in T, then "R <comp op> <all> T" is
              true.

            b) If the implied <comparison predicate> is false for at least
              one row RT in T, then "R <comp op> <all> T" is false.

         220  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                       8.7 <quantified comparison predicate>


            c) If the implied <comparison predicate> is true for at least
              one row RT in T, then "R <comp op> <some> T" is true.

            d) If T is empty or if the implied <comparison predicate> is
              false for every row RT in T, then "R <comp op> <some> T" is
              false.

            e) If "R <comp op> <quantifier> T" is neither true nor false,
              then it is unknown.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.


































                                                            Predicates   221

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.8 <exists predicate>


         8.8  <exists predicate>

         Function

         Specify a test for a non-empty set.

         Format

         <exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let T be the result of the <table subquery>.

         2) If the cardinality of T is greater than 0, then the result of
            the <exists predicate> is true; otherwise, the result of the
            <exists predicate> is false.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.
















         222  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      8.9 <unique predicate>


         8.9  <unique predicate>

         Function

         Specify a test for the absence of duplicate rows.

         Format

         <unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let T be the result of the <table subquery>.

         2) If there are no two rows in T such that the value of each column
            in one row is non-null and is equal to the value of the cor-
            responding column in the other row according to Subclause 8.2,
            "<comparison predicate>", then the result of the <unique predi-
            cate> is true; otherwise, the result of the <unique predicate>
            is false.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <unique
              predicate>.












                                                            Predicates   223

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.10 <match predicate>


         8.10  <match predicate>

         Function

         Specify a test for matching rows.

         Format

         <match predicate> ::=
              <row value constructor> MATCH [ UNIQUE ] [ PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>



         Syntax Rules

         1) The <row value constructor> shall be of the same degree as the
            <table subquery>.

         2) The data types of the values of the <row value constructor>
            shall be respectively comparable to those of the corresponding
            columns of the <table subquery>.

         3) The collating sequence for each pair of respective values in the
            <match predicate> is determined in the same manner as described
            in Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let R be the <row value constructor>.

         2) If neither PARTIAL nor FULL is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If some value in R is the null value, then the <match predi-
              cate> is true.

            b) If no value in R is the null value, then

              Case:

              i) If UNIQUE is not specified and there exists a (possibly
                 non-unique) row RTi of the <table subquery> such that

                   R = RTi

                 then the <match predicate> is true.

             ii) If UNIQUE is specified and there is a unique row RTi of the
                 <table subquery> such that

                   R = RTi

         224  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      8.10 <match predicate>


                 then the <match predicate> is true.

            iii) Otherwise, the <match predicate> is false.

         3) If PARTIAL is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If all values in R are the null value, then the <match predi-
              cate> is true.

            b) Otherwise,

              Case:

              i) If UNIQUE is not specified and there exists a (possibly
                 non-unique) row RTi of the <table subquery> such that each
                 non-null value of R equals its corresponding value in RTi,
                 then the <match predicate> is true.

             ii) If UNIQUE is specified and there is a unique row RTi of the
                 <table subquery> such that each non-null value of R equals
                 its corresponding value in RTi, then the <match predicate>
                 is true.

            iii) Otherwise, the <match predicate> is false.

         4) If FULL is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If all values in R are the null value, then the <match predi-
              cate> is true.

            b) If no values in R are the null value, then

              Case:

              i) If UNIQUE is not specified and there exists a (possibly
                 non-unique) row RTi of the <table subquery> such that

                   R = RTi

                 then the <match predicate> is true.

             ii) If UNIQUE is specified and there exists a unique row RTi of
                 the <table subquery> such that

                   R = RTi

                 then the <match predicate> is true.

            iii) Otherwise, the <match predicate> is false.

            c) Otherwise, the <match predicate> is false.

                                                            Predicates   225

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.10 <match predicate>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <match predicate>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











































         226  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   8.11 <overlaps predicate>


         8.11  <overlaps predicate>

         Function

         Specify a test for an overlap between two events.

         Format

         <overlaps predicate> ::=
              <row value constructor 1> OVERLAPS <row value constructor 2>

         <row value constructor 1> ::= <row value constructor>

         <row value constructor 2> ::= <row value constructor>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The degree of <row value constructor 1> and <row value construc-
            tor 2> shall both be 2.

         2) The data type of the first column of each <row value construc-
            tor> shall be a datetime data type and the first column of each
            <row value constructor> shall be comparable.

            Note: Two datetimes are comparable only if they have the same
            <datetime field>s; see Subclause 4.5.1, "Datetimes".

         3) The data type of the second column of each <row value construc-
            tor> shall be a datetime data type or INTERVAL.

            Case:

            a) If the data type is INTERVAL, then the precision of the data
              type shall be such that the interval can be added to the
              datetime data type contained in the first column of the <row
              value constructor>.

            b) If the data type is a datetime data type, then it shall be
              comparable with the datetime data type contained in the first
              column of the <row value constructor>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let D1 be the value of the first column of <row value construc-
            tor 1> and D2 be the value of the first column of <row value
            constructor 2>.



                                                            Predicates   227

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.11 <overlaps predicate>


         2) Case:

            a) If the data type of the second column of <row value construc-
              tor 1> is a datetime data type, then let E1 be the value of
              the second column of <row value constructor 1>.

            b) If the data type of the second column of <row value construc-
              tor 1> is INTERVAL, then let I1 be the value of the second
              column of <row value constructor 1>. Let E1 = D1 + I1.

         3) If D1 is the null value or if E1 < D1, then let S1 = E1 and let
            T1 = D1. Otherwise, let S1 = D1 and let T1 = E1.

         4) Case:

            a) If the data type of the second column of <row value construc-
              tor 2> is a datetime data type, then let E2 be the value of
              the second column of <row value constructor 2>.

            b) If the data type of the second column of <row value construc-
              tor 2> is INTERVAL, then let I2 be the value of the second
              column of <row value constructor 2>. Let E2 = D2 + I2.

         5) If D2 is the null value or if E2 < D2, then let S2 = E2 and let
            T2 = D2. Otherwise, let S2 = D2 and let T2 = E2.

         6) The result of the <overlaps predicate> is the result of the
            following expression:

              ( S1 > S2 AND NOT ( S1 >= T2 AND T1 >= T2 ) )
              OR
              ( S2 > S1 AND NOT ( S2 >= T1 AND T2 >= T1 ) )
              OR
              ( S1 = S2 AND ( T1 <> T2 OR T1 = T2 ) )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <overlaps
              predicate>.








         228  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     8.12 <search condition>


         8.12  <search condition>

         Function

         Specify a condition that has the truth value true, false, or
         unknown, depending on the result of applying boolean operators
         to specified conditions.

         Format

         <search condition> ::=
                <boolean term>
              | <search condition> OR <boolean term>

         <boolean term> ::=
                <boolean factor>
              | <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

         <boolean factor> ::=
              [ NOT ] <boolean test>

         <boolean test> ::=
              <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ] <truth value> ]

         <truth value> ::=
                TRUE
              | FALSE
              | UNKNOWN

         <boolean primary> ::=
                <predicate>
              | <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If NOT is specified in a <boolean test>, then let BP be the
            contained <boolean primary> and let TV be the contained <truth
            value>. The <boolean test> is equivalent to:

            ( NOT ( BP IS TV ) )

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The result is derived by the application of the specified
            boolean operators ("AND", "OR", "IS", and "NOT") to the results
            derived from each <predicate> evaluation. If boolean operators
            are not specified, then the result of the <search condition> is
            the result of the specified <predicate>.

                                                            Predicates   229

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         8.12 <search condition>


         2) NOT(true) is false, NOT(false) is true, and NOT(unknown) is
            unknown. Table 13, "Truth table for the AND boolean", Table 14,
            "Truth table for the OR boolean", and Table 15, "Truth table
            for the IS boolean" specify the semantics of AND, OR, and IS,
            respectively.

         ______________Table_13-Truth_table_for_the_AND_boolean_____________

         ___________________________________________________________________

        | true     | true    | false    | unknown                          |
        |          |         |          |                                  |
        | false    | false   | false    | false                            |
        |          |         |          |                                  |
        |__________|_________|__________|__________________________________|
        |          |         |          |                                  |
         ______________Table_14-Truth_table_for_the_OR_boolean______________

         ___________________________________________________________________

        | true     | true    | true     | true                             |
        |          |         |          |                                  |
        | false    | true    | false    | unknown                          |
        |          |         |          |                                  |
        |__________|_________|__________|__________________________________|
        |          |         |          |                                  |
         ______________Table_15-Truth_table_for_the_IS_boolean______________

         _IS_________TRUE______FALSE______UNKNOWN___________________________

        | true     | true    | false    | false                            |
        |          |         |          |                                  |
        | false    | false   | true     | false                            |
        |          |         |          |                                  |
        |__________|_________|__________|__________________________________|
        |          |         |          |                                  |
         3) When a <search condition> S is evaluated against a row of a
            table, each reference to a column of that table by a <column
            reference> directly contained in S is a reference to the value
            of that column in that row.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <boolean test> shall not specify a <truth value>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.



         230  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         9  Data assignment rules



         9.1  Retrieval assignment

         Function

         Specify rules for value assignments that retrieve SQL-data.

         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T and V be a TARGET and VALUE specified in an application of
            this Subclause.

         2) If the data type of T is character string, bit string, numeric,
            datetime, or interval, then the data type of V shall be a mu-
            tually assignable character string type, a bit string type, a
            numeric type, the same datetime type, or a comparable interval
            type, respectively.

         General Rules

         1) If V is the null value, then

            Case:

            a) If an indicator is specified for T, then that indicator is
              set to -1.

            b) If no indicator is specified for T, then an exception con-
              dition is raised: data exception-null value, no indicator
              parameter.

         2) If V is not the null value and T has an indicator, then

            Case:

            a) If the data type of T is character string or bit string and
              the length in characters or bits, respectively, M of V is
              greater than the length in characters or bits, respectively,
              of T, then the indicator is set to M. If M exceeds the maxi-
              mum value that the indicator can contain, then an exception
              condition is raised: data exception-indicator overflow.

            b) Otherwise, the indicator is set to 0.

         3) If V is not the null value, then

            Case:

            a) If the data type of T is fixed-length character string with
              length in characters L and the length in characters of V is
              equal to L, then the value of T is set to V.

                                                 Data assignment rules   231

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         9.1 Retrieval assignment


            b) If the data type of T is fixed-length character string with
              length in characters L, and the length in characters of V
              is greater than L, then the value of T is set to the first
              L characters of V and a completion condition is raised:
              warning-string data, right truncation.

            c) If the data type of T is fixed-length character string with
              length in characters L, and the length in characters M of V
              is smaller than L, then the first M characters of T are set
              to V, and the last L-M characters of T are set to <space>s.

            d) If the data type of T is variable-length character string
              and the length in characters M of V is not greater than the
              maximum length in characters of T, then the value of T is set
              to V and the length in characters of T is set to M.

            e) If the data type of T is variable-length character string
              and the length in characters of V is greater than the maximum
              length in characters L of T, then the value of T is set to
              the first L characters of V, the length in characters of T
              becomes L, and a completion condition is raised: warning-
              string data, right truncation.

            f) If the data type of T is fixed-length bit string with length
              in bits L and the length in bits of V is equal to L, then the
              value of T is set to V.

            g) If the data type of T is fixed-length bit string with length
              in bits L and the length in bits of V is greater than L,
              then the value of T is set to the first L bits of V and a
              completion condition is raised: warning-string data, right
              truncation.

            h) If the data type of T is fixed-length bit string with length
              in bits L and the length in bits M of V is smaller than L,
              then the first M bits of T are set to V, the remaining bits
              of T are set to bits each with the value of 0, and a comple-
              tion condition is raised: warning-implicit zero-bit padding.

            i) If the data type of T is variable-length bit string and the
              length in bits M of V is not greater than the maximum length
              in bits of T, then the value of T is set to V and the length
              in bits of T is set to M.

            j) If the data type of T is variable-length bit string, and the
              length in bits of V is greater than the maximum length in
              bits L of T, then the value of T is set to the first L bits
              of V, the length in bits of T is set to L, and a completion
              condition is raised: warning-string data, right truncation.





         232  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    9.1 Retrieval assignment


            k) If the data type of T is numeric and there is an approxi-
              mation obtained by rounding or truncation of the numerical
              value of V for the data type of T, then the value of T is set
              to such an approximation.

              If there is no such approximation, then an exception condi-
              tion is raised: data exception-numeric value out of range.

              If the data type of T is exact numeric, then it is implementation-
              defined whether the approximation is obtained by rounding or
              by truncation.

            l) If the data type of T is datetime and there is a representa-
              tion of the value of V in the data type of T, then the value
              of T is set to that representation.

            m) If the data type of T is interval and there is a representa-
              tion of the value of V in the data type of T, then the value
              of T is set to that representation. Otherwise, an exception
              condition is raised: data exception-interval field overflow.


































                                                 Data assignment rules   233

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         9.2 Store assignment


         9.2  Store assignment

         Function

         Specify rules for value assignments that store SQL-data.

         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T and V be a TARGET and VALUE specified in an application of
            this Subclause.

         2) If the data type of T is character string, bit string, numeric,
            datetime, or interval, then the data type of V shall be char-
            acter string, bit string, numeric, the same datetime type, or a
            comparable interval type, respectively.

         General Rules

         1) Let T be an object column.

         2) If the value of V is the null value, then the value of T is set
            to the null value.

         3) Otherwise, let V denote a non-null value of T.

            Case:

            a) If the data type of T is fixed-length character string with
              length in characters L and the length in characters of V is
              equal to L, then the value of T is set to V.

            b) If the data type of T is fixed-length character string with
              length in characters L and the length in characters M of V is
              larger than L, then

              Case:

              i) If the rightmost M-L characters of V are all <space>s, then
                 the value of T is set to the first L characters of V.

             ii) If one or more of the rightmost M-L characters of V are
                 not <space>s, then an exception condition is raised: data
                 exception-string data, right truncation.

            c) If the data type of T is fixed-length character string with
              length in characters L and the length in characters M of V
              is less than L, then the first M characters of T are set to V
              and the last L-M characters of T are set to <space>s.

            d) If the data type of T is variable-length character string
              and the length in characters M of V is not greater than the
              maximum length in characters of T, then the value of T is set
              to V and the length in characters of T is set to M.

            e) If the data type of T is variable-length character string and
              the length in characters M of V is greater than the maximum
              length in characters L of T, then,

         234  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                        9.2 Store assignment


              Case:

              i) If the rightmost M-L characters of V are all <space>s, then
                 the value of T is set to the first L characters of V and
                 the length in characters of T is set to L.

             ii) If one or more of the rightmost M-L characters of V are
                 not <space>s, then an exception condition is raised: data
                 exception-string data, right truncation.

            f) If the data type of T is fixed-length bit string with length
              in bits L and the length in bits of V is equal to L, then the
              value of T is set to V.

            g) If the data type of T is fixed-length bit string with length
              in bits L and the length in bits M of V is greater than L,
              then an exception condition is raised: data exception-string
              data, right truncation.

            h) If the data type of T is fixed-length bit string with length
              in bits L and the length in bits M of V is less than L, then
              an exception condition is raised: data exception-string data,
              length mismatch.

            i) If the data type of T is variable-length bit string and the
              length in bits M of V is not greater than the maximum length
              in bits of T, then the value of T is set to V and the length
              in bits of T is set to M.

            j) If the data type of T is variable-length bit string, and
              the length in bits M of V is greater than the maximum length
              in bits L of T, then an exception condition is raised: data
              exception-string data, right truncation.

            k) If the data type of T is numeric and there is an approxi-
              mation obtained by rounding or truncation of the numerical
              value of V for the data type of T, then the value of T is set
              to such an approximation.

              If there is no such approximation, then an exception condi-
              tion is raised: data exception-numeric value out of range.

              If the data type of T is exact numeric, then it is implementation-
              defined whether the approximation is obtained by rounding or
              by truncation.

            l) If the data type of T is datetime and there is a representa-
              tion of the value of V in the data type of T, then the value
              of T is set to that representation.

            m) If the data type of T is interval and there is a representa-
              tion of the value of V in the data type of T, then the value
              of T is set to that representation. Otherwise, an exception
              condition is raised: data exception-interval field overflow.

                                                 Data assignment rules   235

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         9.2 Store assignment


         4) If the column definition of T includes the name of a domain
            whose domain descriptor includes a domain constraint D, then D
            is effectively checked. If D is not satisfied, then an exception
            condition is raised: integrity constraint violation.


















































         236  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         9.3 Set operation result data types


         9.3  Set operation result data types

         Function

         Specify the Syntax Rules and result data types for <case expres-
         sion>s and <query expression>s having set operators.

         Syntax Rules

         1) Let DTS be a set of data types specified in an application of
            this Subclause.

         2) All of the data types in DTS shall be comparable.

         3) Case:

            a) If any of the data types in DTS is character string, then
              all data types in DTS shall be character string, and all of
              them shall have the same character repertoire. That charac-
              ter repertoire is the character repertoire of the result. The
              character set of the result is the character set of one of
              the data types in DTS. The specific character set chosen is
              implementation-dependent. The collating sequence and the co-
              ercibility attribute are determined as specified in Table 2,
              "Collating coercibility rules for dyadic operators".

              Case:

              i) If any of the data types in DTS is variable-length char-
                 acter string, then the result data type is variable-length
                 character string with maximum length in characters equal
                 to the maximum of the lengths in characters and maximum
                 lengths in characters of the data types in DTS.

             ii) Otherwise, the result data type is fixed-length character
                 string with length in characters equal to the maximum of
                 the lengths in characters of the data types in DTS.

            b) If any of the data types in DTS is bit string, then all data
              types in DTS shall be bit string.

              Case:

              i) If any of the data types in DTS is variable-length bit
                 string, then the result data type is variable-length bit
                 string with maximum length in bits equal to the maximum of
                 the lengths in bits and maximum lengths in bits of the data
                 types in DTS.

             ii) Otherwise, the result data type is fixed-length bit string
                 with length in bits equal to the maximum of the lengths in
                 bits of the data types in DTS.


                                                 Data assignment rules   237

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         9.3 Set operation result data types


            c) If all of the data types in DTS are exact numeric, then the
              result data type is exact numeric with implementation-defined
              precision and with scale equal to the maximum of the scales
              of the data types in DTS.

            d) If any data type in DTS is approximate numeric, then each
              data type in DTS shall be numeric and the result data type is
              approximate numeric with implementation-defined precision.

            e) If any data type in DTS is a datetime data type, then each
              data type in DTS shall be the same datetime data type. The
              result data type is the same datetime data type.

            f) If any data type in DTS is interval, then each data type
              in DTS shall be interval. If the precision of any data type
              in DTS specifies YEAR or MONTH, then the precision of each
              data type shall specify only YEAR or MONTH. If the preci-
              sion of any data type in DTS specifies DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, or
              SECOND(N), then the precision of no data type of DTS shall
              specify the <datetime field>s YEAR and MONTH. The result
              data type is interval with precision "S TO E", where S and E
              are the most significant of the <start field>s and the least
              significant of the <end field>s of the data types in DTS,
              respectively.

         General Rules

            None.


























         238  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         10  Additional common elements



         10.1  <interval qualifier>

         Function

         Specify the precision of an interval data type.

         Format

         <interval qualifier> ::=
                <start field> TO <end field>
              | <single datetime field>

         <start field> ::=
              <non-second datetime field>
                  [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]


         <end field> ::=
                <non-second datetime field>
              | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right paren> ]


         <single datetime field> ::=
                <non-second datetime field>
                    [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

              | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision>
                    [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]


         <datetime field> ::=
                <non-second datetime field>
              | SECOND

         <non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE

         <interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

         <interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>








                                            Additional common elements   239

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.1 <interval qualifier>


         Syntax rules

         1) There is a significance of ordering of <datetime field>s. In
            order from most significant to least significant, the ordering
            is: YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND. A <start field>
            or <single datetime field> with an <interval leading field pre-
            cision> i is more significant than a <start field> or <single
            datetime field> with an <interval leading field precision> j if
            i>j. An <end field> or <single datetime field> with an <interval
            fractional seconds precision> i is more significant than an <end
            field> or <single datetime field> with an <interval fractional
            seconds precision> j if i>j.

         2) If TO is specified, then:

            a) <start field> shall be more significant than <end field>,

            b) <start field> shall not specify MONTH, and

            c) if <start field> specified YEAR, then <end field> shall spec-
              ify MONTH.

         3) The maximum value of <interval leading field precision> is
            implementation-defined, but shall not be less than 2.

         4) The maximum value of <interval fractional seconds precision> is
            implementation-defined, but shall not be less than 6.

         5) An <interval leading field precision>, if specified, shall be
            greater than 0 and shall not be greater than the implementation-
            defined maximum. If <interval leading field precision> is not
            specified, then an <interval leading field precision> of 2 is
            implicit.

         6) An <interval fractional seconds precision>, if specified, shall
            be greater than or equal to 0 and shall not be greater than
            the implementation-defined maximum. If SECOND is specified and
            <interval fractional seconds precision> is not specified, then
            an <interval fractional seconds precision> of 6 is implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) An item qualified by an <interval qualifier> contains the date-
            time fields identified by the <interval qualifier>.

            Case:

            a) If the <interval qualifier> specifies a <single datetime
              field>, then the <interval qualifier> identifies a single
              <datetime field>. Any reference to the most significant or

         240  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   10.1 <interval qualifier>


              least significant <datetime field> of the item refers to that
              <datetime field>.

            b) Otherwise, the <interval qualifier> identifies those datetime
              fields from <start field> to <end field>, inclusive.

         2) An <interval leading field precision> specifies

            Case:

            a) If the <datetime field> is SECOND, then the number of decimal
              digits of precision before the specified or implied decimal
              point of the seconds <datetime field>.

            b) Otherwise, the number of decimal digits of precision of the
              first <datetime field>.

         3) An <interval fractional seconds precision> specifies the num-
            ber of decimal digits of precision following the specified or
            implied decimal point in the <datetime field> SECOND.

         4) If <single datetime field> is not specified and <start field>
            and <end field> are the same <datetime field>, then the <inter-
            val qualifier> is equivalent to a <single datetime field> that
            is that <datetime field>.

         5) The length in positions of an item of type interval is computed
            as follows.

            Case:

            a) If the item is a year-month interval, then

              Case:

              i) If the <interval qualifier> is a <single datetime field>,
                 then the length in positions of the item is the implicit or
                 explicit <interval leading field precision> of the <single
                 datetime field>.

             ii) Otherwise, the length in positions of the item is the im-
                 plicit or explicit <interval leading field precision> of
                 the <start field> plus 2 (the length of the <non-second
                 datetime field> that is the <end field>) plus 1 (the length
                 of the <minus sign> between the <years value> and the
                 <months value> in a <year-month literal>).

            b) Otherwise,

              Case:

              i) If the <interval qualifier> is a <single datetime field>
                 that does not specify SECOND, then the length in positions
                 of the item is the implicit or explicit <interval leading
                 field precision> of the <single datetime field>.

                                            Additional common elements   241

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.1 <interval qualifier>


             ii) If the <interval qualifier> is a <single datetime field>
                 that specifies SECOND, then the length in positions of the
                 item is the implicit or explicit <interval leading field
                 precision> of the <single datetime field> plus the implicit
                 or explicit <interval fractional seconds precision>. If
                 <interval fractional seconds precision> is greater than
                 zero, then the length in positions of the item is increased
                 by 1 (the length in positions of the <period> between the
                 <seconds integer value> and the <seconds fraction>).

            iii) Otherwise, let participating datetime fields mean the date-
                 time fields that are less significant than the <start
                 field> and more significant than the <end field> of the
                 <interval qualifier>. The length in positions of each par-
                 ticipating datetime field is 2.

                 Case:

                 1) If <end field> is SECOND, then the length in positions
                   of the item is the implicit or explicit <interval lead-
                   ing field precision>, plus 3 times the number of par-
                   ticipating datetime fields (each participating datetime
                   field has length 2 positions , plus the <minus sign>s
                   or <colon>s that precede them have length 1 position),
                   plus the implicit or explicit <interval fractional sec-
                   onds precision>, plus 1 (the length in positions of the
                   <colon> preceding the <end field>). If <interval frac-
                   tional seconds precision> is greater than zero, then the
                   length in positions of the item is increased by 1 (the
                   length in positions of the <period> within the field
                   identified by the <end field>).

                 2) Otherwise, the length in positions of the item is the
                   implicit or explicit <interval leading field preci-
                   sion>, plus 3 times the number of participating datetime
                   fields (each participating datetime field has length 2
                   positions, plus the <minus sign>s or <colon>s that pre-
                   cede them have length 1 position), plus 2 (the length
                   in positions of the <end field>), plus 1 (the length in
                   positions of the <colon> preceding the <end field>).

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <interval
              qualifier>.


         242  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      10.2 <language clause>


         10.2  <language clause>

         Function

         Specify a standard programming language.

         Format

         <language clause> ::=
              LANGUAGE <language name>

         <language name> ::=
              ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) The standard programming language specified by the clause is
            defined in the International Standard identified by the <lan-
            guage name> keyword. Table 16, "Standard programming languages",
            specifies the relationship.

         ______________Table_16-Standard_programming_languages______________

          Language
         _keyword______Relevant_standard____________________________________

        | ADA        | ISO/IEC 8652                                        |
        |            |                                                     |
        | C          | ISO/IEC 9899                                        |
        |            |                                                     |
        | COBOL      | ISO 1989                                            |
        |            |                                                     |
        | FORTRAN    | ISO/IEC 1539                                        |
        |            |                                                     |
        | MUMPS      | ISO/IEC 11756                                       |
        |            |                                                     |
        | PASCAL     | ISO 7185 and ISO/IEC 10206                          |
        |            |                                                     |
        |_PLI________|_ISO_6160____________________________________________|
        |            |                                                     |
         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

                                            Additional common elements   243

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.2 <language clause>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <language clause> shall not specify MUMPS.


















































         244  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                           10.3 <privileges>


         10.3  <privileges>

         Function

         Specify privileges.

         Format

         <privileges> ::=
                ALL PRIVILEGES
              | <action list>

         <action list> ::= <action> [ { <comma> <action> }... ]


         <action> ::=
                SELECT
              | DELETE
              | INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]

              | UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]

              | REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]

              | USAGE

         <privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

         <grantee> ::=
                PUBLIC
              | <authorization identifier>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If the <object name> of the <grant statement> or <revoke state-
            ment> specifying <privileges> specifies <table name>, then let T
            be the table identified by that <table name>. T shall not be a
            declared local temporary table.

         2) If T is a temporary table, then <privileges> shall specify ALL
            PRIVILEGES.

         3) Each <column name> in a <privilege column list> shall identify a
            column of T.

         4) UPDATE (<privilege column list>) is equivalent to the spec-
            ification of UPDATE (<column name>) for each <column name>
            in <privilege column list>. INSERT (<privilege column list>)
            is equivalent to the specification of INSERT (<column name>)
            for each <column name> in <privilege column list>. REFERENCES
            (<privilege column list>) is equivalent to the specification of


                                            Additional common elements   245

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.3 <privileges>


            REFERENCES (<column name>) for each <column name> in <privilege
            column list>.

         5) ALL PRIVILEGES is equivalent to the specification of all of the
            privileges on <object name> for which the current <authorization
            identifier> has grantable privilege descriptors.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) A <grantee> of PUBLIC denotes at all times a list of <grantee>s
            containing all of the <authorization identifier>s in the SQL
            environment.

         2) The set of applicable privileges for an <authorization identi-
            fier> includes those privileges defined by privilege descriptors
            associated with that <authorization identifier>, together with
            those defined by privilege descriptors associated with PUBLIC.

         3) UPDATE (<column name>) specifies the UPDATE privilege on the in-
            dicated column and implies one or more column privilege descrip-
            tors. If the <privilege column list> is omitted, then UPDATE
            specifies the UPDATE privilege on all columns of T including
            any column subsequently added to T and implies a table privilege
            descriptor and one or more column privilege descriptors.

         4) INSERT (<column name>) specifies the INSERT privilege on the in-
            dicated column and implies one or more column privilege descrip-
            tors. If the <privilege column list> is omitted, then INSERT
            specifies the INSERT privilege on all columns of T including
            any column subsequently added to T and implies a table privilege
            descriptor and one or more column privilege descriptors.

         5) REFERENCES (<column name>) specifies the REFERENCES privilege
            on the indicated column and implies one or more column privilege
            descriptors. If the <privilege column list> is omitted, then
            REFERENCES specifies the REFERENCES privilege on all columns
            of T including any column subsequently added to T and implies
            a table privilege descriptor and one or more column privilege
            descriptors.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) An <action> that specifies INSERT shall not contain a <privi-
              lege column list>.




         246  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                           10.3 <privileges>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.


















































                                            Additional common elements   247

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.4 <character set specification>


         10.4  <character set specification>

         Function

         Identify a character set.

         Format

         <character set specification> ::=
                <standard character repertoire name>
              | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
              | <user-defined character repertoire name>
              | <standard universal character form-of-use name>
              | <implementation-defined universal character form-of-
              use name>

         <standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

         <implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>


         <user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

         <standard universal character form-of-use name> ::=
              <character set name>

         <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::=
              <character set name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <standard character repertoire name>s, <implementation-
            defined character repertoire name>s, <standard universal char-
            acter form-of-use name>s, and <implementation-defined uni-
            versal character form-of-use name>s that are supported are
            implementation-defined.

         2) A character set identified by a <standard character repertoire
            name>, by an <implementation-defined character repertoire name>,
            by a <standard universal character form-of-use name>, or by an
            <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>
            has associated with it a privilege descriptor that was effec-
            tively defined by the <grant statement>

              GRANT USAGE ON CHARACTER SET CS TO PUBLIC WITH GRANT OPTION

            where CS is the <character set name> contained in the <character
            set specification>. The grantor of the privilege descriptor is
            set to the special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         3) The <implementation-defined character repertoire name>s shall
            include SQL_TEXT.

         248  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          10.4 <character set specification>


         Access Rules

         1) Let C be the <character set name> contained in the <character
            set specification>. The applicable privileges shall include
            USAGE on C.

         General Rules

         1) A <character set specification> identifies a character set. Let
            the identified character set be CS.

            Note: A character set comprises the characters in the character
            set's repertoire together with a form-of-use that specifies
            the convention for arranging those characters into character
            strings.

         2) A <standard character repertoire name> specifies the name of a
            character repertoire that is defined by a national or interna-
            tional standard. The character repertoire and form-of-use of CS,
            implied by the <standard character repertoire name>, are defined
            by the standard that defined that <standard character repertoire
            name>. The default collating sequence of the character reper-
            toire is defined by the order of the characters in the standard
            and has the PAD SPACE attribute.

         3) An <implementation-defined character repertoire name> speci-
            fies the name of a character repertoire that is implementation-
            defined. The character repertoire and form-of-use of CS, implied
            by the <implementation-defined character repertoire name>, are
            implementation-defined. The default collating sequence of the
            character repertoire and whether the collating sequence has the
            NO PAD attribute or the PAD SPACE attribute is implementation-
            defined.

         4) A <user-defined character repertoire name> identifies a charac-
            ter set whose descriptor is in some schema whose <schema name>
            is not INFORMATION_SCHEMA.

            Note: The default collating sequence and form-of-use of CS are
            as defined in Subclause 11.28, "<character set definition>".

         5) A <standard universal character form-of-use name> identifies
            form-of-use that is defined by some national or international
            standard. That form-of-use is the form-of-use of CS. The charac-
            ter repertoire of CS is as defined in that standard. The default
            collating sequence of the character repertoire is defined by the
            order of the characters in ISO/IEC 10646 and has the PAD SPACE
            attribute.

            Note: Specific forms-of-use implied by this rule include ISO
            2022 code extension techniques.

         6) An <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>
            identifies an implementation-defined form-of-use that shall
            be the form-of-use of CS. The implied character repertoire and

                                            Additional common elements   249

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.4 <character set specification>


            default collating sequence of CS and whether the collating se-
            quence has the NO PAD attribute or the PAD SPACE attribute are
            implementation-defined.

            Note: Specific forms-of-use implied by this rule include
            implementation-defined techniques such as mixed one-octet/two-
            octet Latin/Kanji or Compound String.

         7) There is a character set descriptor for every character set that
            can be specified by a <character set specification>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <character
              set specification>.
































         250  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       10.5 <collate clause>


         10.5  <collate clause>

         Function

         Specify a collating sequence.

         Format

         <collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules

         1) Let C be the <collation name> contained in the <collate clause>.
            The applicable privileges shall include USAGE on C.

         General Rules

            None.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.



















                                            Additional common elements   251

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         10.6 <constraint name definition> and <constraint attributes>


         10.6  <constraint name definition> and <constraint attributes>

         Function

         Specify the name of a constraint and its attributes.

         Format

         <constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

         <constraint attributes> ::=
                <constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
              | [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

         <constraint check time> ::=   INITIALLY DEFERRED
              | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <constraint name definition> is contained in a <schema def-
            inition>, and if the <constraint name> contains a <schema name>,
            then that <schema name> shall be the same as the specified or
            implicit <schema name> of the containing <schema definition>.

         2) The <qualified identifier> of <constraint name> shall be differ-
            ent from the <qualified identifier> of the <constraint name> of
            any other constraint defined in the same schema.

         3) If <constraint check time> is not specified, then INITIALLY
            IMMEDIATE is implicit.

         4) Case:

            a) If INITIALLY DEFERRED is specified, then:

              i) NOT DEFERRABLE shall not be specified.

             ii) If DEFERRABLE is not specified, then DEFERRABLE is im-
                 plicit.

            b) If INITIALLY IMMEDIATE is specified or implicit and nei-
              ther DEFERRABLE nor NOT DEFERRABLE is specified, then NOT
              DEFERRABLE is implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.






         252  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
               10.6 <constraint name definition> and <constraint attributes>


         General Rules

         1) If NOT DEFERRABLE is specified, then the constraint is not de-
            ferrable; otherwise it is deferrable.

         2) If <constraint check time> is INITIALLY DEFERRED, then the ini-
            tial constraint mode for the constraint is deferred; otherwise,
            the initial constraint mode for the constraint is immediate.

         3) If, on completion of any SQL-statement, the constraint mode of
            any constraint is immediate, then that constraint is effectively
            checked.

            Note: This includes the cases where <SQL statement> is a <set
            constraints mode statement>, a <commit statement>, or the
            statement that causes a constraint with a constraint mode of
            initially immediate to be created.

         4) When a constraint is effectively checked, if the constraint is
            not satisfied, then an exception condition is raised: integrity
            constraint violation. If this exception condition is raised as a
            result of executing a <commit statement>, then SQLSTATE is not
            set to integrity constraint violation, but is set to transaction
            rollback-integrity constraint violation (see the General Rules
            of Subclause 14.3, "<commit statement>").

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no ex-
              plicit <constraint attributes>.

              Note: This means that INITIALLY IMMEDIATE NOT DEFERRABLE is
              implicit.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <con-
              straint name definition>.













                                            Additional common elements   253

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         254  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         11  Schema definition and manipulation



         11.1  <schema definition>

         Function

         Define a schema.

         Format

         <schema definition> ::=
              CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause>
                [ <schema character set specification> ]
                [ <schema element>... ]



         <schema name clause> ::=
                <schema name>
              | AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
              | <schema name> AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>


         <schema authorization identifier> ::=
              <authorization identifier>

         <schema character set specification> ::=
              DEFAULT CHARACTER SET <character set specification>

         <schema element> ::=
                <domain definition>
              | <table definition>
              | <view definition>
              | <grant statement>
              | <assertion definition>
              | <character set definition>
              | <collation definition>
              | <translation definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <schema name> is not specified, then a <schema name> equal to
            <schema authorization identifier> is implicit.

         2) If AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier> is not speci-
            fied, then


                                    Schema definition and manipulation   255

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.1 <schema definition>


            Case:

            a) If the <schema definition> is contained in a <module> that
              has a <module authorization identifier> specified, then an
              <authorization identifier> equal to that <module authoriza-
              tion identifier> is implicit for the <schema definition>.

            b) Otherwise, an <authorization identifier> equal to the SQL-
              session <authorization identifier> is implicit.

         3) The <unqualified schema name> of the explicit or implicit
            <schema name> shall be different from the <unqualified schema
            name> of the <schema name> of any other schema in the catalog
            identified by the <catalog name> of <schema name>.

         4) If a <schema definition> appears in a <procedure> in a <module>,
            then the effective <schema authorization identifier> and <schema
            name> during processing of the <schema definition> is the
            <schema authorization identifier> and <schema name> specified
            or implicit in the <schema definition>. Other SQL-statements
            executed in <procedure>s in the <module> have the <module autho-
            rization identifier> and <schema name> specified or implicit for
            the <module>.

         5) If <schema character set specification> is not specified,
            then a <schema character set specification> containing an
            implementation-defined <character set specification> is im-
            plicit.

         Access Rules

         1) The privileges necessary to execute the <schema definition> are
            implementation-defined.

         General Rules

         1) A schema S is created with a name equal to the explicit or im-
            plicit <schema name> and a default character set name equal to
            the <character set specification> of the explicit or implicit
            <default character set specification>.

         2) The <schema authorization identifier> is the current <authoriza-
            tion identifier> for privilege determination for S.

         3) Those objects defined by <schema element>s (base tables, views,
            constraints, domains, assertions, character sets, translations,
            collations, privileges) and their associated descriptors are
            effectively created.

         4) The explicit or implicit <character set specification> is used
            as the default character set used for all <column definition>s
            and <domain definition>s that do not specify an explicit charac-
            ter set.

         256  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.1 <schema definition>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <assertion definition>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collation definition>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <translation definition>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <domain definition>.

            b) A <schema name clause> shall specify AUTHORIZATION and shall
              not specify a <schema name>.

            c) A <schema character set specification> shall not be speci-
              fied.

            d) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <charac-
              ter set definition>.



























                                    Schema definition and manipulation   257

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.2 <drop schema statement>


         11.2  <drop schema statement>

         Function

         Destroy a schema.

         Format

         <drop schema statement> ::=
              DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behavior>

         <drop behavior> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let S be the schema identified by <schema name>.

         2) S shall identify a schema in the catalog identified by the ex-
            plicit or implicit <catalog name>.

         3) If RESTRICT is specified, then S shall not contain any per-
            sistent base tables, global temporary tables, created local
            temporary tables, views, domains, assertions, character sets,
            collations, or translations.

            Note: If CASCADE is specified, then such objects will be dropped
            by the effective execution of the SQL schema manipulation state-
            ments specified in the General Rules of this Subclause.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name>.

         General Rules

         1) Let T be the <table name> of any base table or temporary ta-
            ble contained in S. The following <drop table statement> is
            effectively executed:

              DROP TABLE T CASCADE

         2) Let V be the <table name> of any view contained in S. The fol-
            lowing <drop view statement> is effectively executed:

              DROP VIEW V CASCADE

         3) Let D be the <domain name> of any domain contained in S. The
            following <drop domain statement> is effectively executed:

              DROP DOMAIN D CASCADE

         258  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                11.2 <drop schema statement>


         4) Let A be the <constraint name> of any assertion contained in
            S. The following <drop assertion statement> is effectively exe-
            cuted:

              DROP ASSERTION A

         5) Let CD be the <collation name> of any collation definition
            contained in S. The following <drop collation statement> is
            effectively executed:

              DROP COLLATION CD

         6) Let TD be the <translation name> of any translation contained
            in S. The following <drop translation statement> is effectively
            executed:

              DROP TRANSLATION TD

         7) Let RD be the <character set name> of any character set con-
            tained in S. The following <drop character set statement> is
            effectively executed:

              DROP CHARACTER SET RD

         8) The identified schema and its description are destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop
              schema statement>.

















                                    Schema definition and manipulation   259

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.3 <table definition>


         11.3  <table definition>

         Function

         Define a persistent base table, a created local temporary table, or
         a global temporary table.

         Format

         <table definition> ::=
              CREATE [ { GLOBAL | LOCAL } TEMPORARY ] TABLE <table name>
                <table element list>
                [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]

         <table element list> ::=
                <left paren> <table element> [ { <comma> <table element> }... ] <right paren>


         <table element> ::=
                <column definition>
              | <table constraint definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <table definition> is contained in a <schema definition>,
            and if the <table name> contains a <schema name>, then that
            <schema name> shall be the same as the specified or implicit
            <schema name> of the containing <schema definition>.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name
            of the <table name> shall not include a table descriptor whose
            table name is <table name>.

         3) If ON COMMIT is specified, then TEMPORARY shall be specified.

         4) If TEMPORARY is specified and ON COMMIT is not specified, then
            ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS is implicit.

         5) A <table definition> shall contain at least one <column defini-
            tion>.

         6) The scope of the <table name> is the <table definition>.

         Access Rules

         1) If a <table definition> is contained in a <module>, then the
            current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the <au-
            thorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by the
            implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <table name>.




         260  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     11.3 <table definition>


         General Rules

         1) A <table definition> defines either a persistent base table, a
            global temporary table or a created local temporary table. If
            GLOBAL is specified, then a global temporary table is defined.
            If LOCAL is specified, then a created local temporary table is
            defined. Otherwise, a persistent base table is defined.

         2) The degree of the table being created is initially set to 0; the
            General Rules of Subclause 11.4, "<column definition>" specify
            the degree of the table being created during the definition of
            columns in that table.

         3) A table descriptor is created that describes the table being
            defined.

            a) The name included in the table descriptor is <table name>.

            b) The table descriptor includes the degree of the table, which
              is the number of <table element>s in the <table definition>
              that are <column definition>s.

         4) A set of privilege descriptors is created that define the priv-
            ileges INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and REFERENCES on this
            table and INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, and REFERENCES for every <col-
            umn definition> in the table definition to the <authorization
            identifier> of the <schema definition> or <module> in which the
            <table definition> appears. These privileges are grantable. The
            grantor for each of these privilege descriptors is set to the
            special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not specify
              TEMPORARY and shall not reference any global or local tem-
              porary table.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











                                    Schema definition and manipulation   261

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.4 <column definition>


         11.4  <column definition>

         Function

         Define a column of a table.

         Format

         <column definition> ::=
              <column name> { <data type> | <domain name> }
              [ <default clause> ]
              [ <column constraint definition>... ]
              [ <collate clause> ]

         <column constraint definition> ::=
              [ <constraint name definition> ]
              <column constraint>
                [ <constraint attributes> ]

         <column constraint> ::=
                NOT NULL
              | <unique specification>
              | <references specification>
              | <check constraint definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If the <column definition> is contained in a <table def-
              inition>, then let T be the table defined by that <table
              definition>.

            b) If the <column definition> is contained in a <temporary ta-
              ble declaration>, then let T be the table declared by that
              <temporary table declaration>.

            c) If the <column definition> is contained in an <alter ta-
              ble statement>, then let T be the table identified in the
              containing <alter table statement>.

            The <column name> in the <column definition> shall be different
            from the <column name> of any column of T.

         2) The i-th column of the table is described by the i-th <column
            definition> in the <table definition>. The name and the data
            type or domain of the column are specified by the <column name>
            and <data type> or <domain name>, respectively.

         3) Let C be the <column name> of a <column definition>.

         4) If <domain name> is specified, then let D be the domain identi-
            fied by the <domain name>.

         262  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.4 <column definition>


         5) The data type of the column is

            Case:

            a) If <data type> is specified, then that data type.

            b) Otherwise, the data type of D.

         6) If the data type of the column is character string, then the
            collation of the column is

            Case:

            a) If <collate clause> is specified, then the collation speci-
              fied by that <collate clause>.

            b) If <domain name> is specified, then the collation of D, if
              any.

            c) Otherwise, the default collation of the character set of the
              column.

            Note: The character set of a column is determined by its data
            type.

         7) If a <data type> is specified, then:

            a) Let DT be the <data type>.

            b) The data type of the column is DT.

            c) If DT is CHARACTER or CHARACTER VARYING and does not spec-
              ify a <character set specification>, then the <character set
              specification> specified or implicit in the <schema char-
              acter set specification> of the <schema definition> that
              created the schema identified by the <schema name> immedi-
              ately contained in the <table name> of the containing <table
              definition> or <alter table statement> is implicit.

            d) If DT is a <character string type> that identifies a char-
              acter set that specifies a <collate clause> and the <column
              definition> does not contain a <collate clause>, then the
              <collate clause> of the <character string type> is implicit
              in the <column definition>.

         8) If <collate clause> is specified, then data type shall be a
            character string type.

         9) If a <column constraint definition> is specified, then let CND
            be the <constraint name definition> if one is specified and let
            CND be a zero-length string otherwise; let CA be the <constraint
            attributes> if specified and let CA be a zero-length string
            otherwise. The <column constraint definition> is equivalent to a
            <table constraint definition> as follows:

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   263

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.4 <column definition>


            Case:

            a) If a <column constraint definition> is specified that con-
              tains the <column constraint> NOT NULL, then it is equivalent
              to a <table constraint definition> that contains the follow-
              ing <table constraint>:

                 CND CHECK ( C IS NOT NULL ) CA

            b) If a <column constraint definition> is specified that con-
              tains a <unique specification>, then it is equivalent to a
              <table constraint definition> that contains the following
              <table constraint>:

                 CND <unique specification> (C) CA

              Note: The <unique specification> is defined in Subclause 11.7,
              "<unique constraint definition>".

            c) If a <column constraint definition> is specified that con-
              tains a <references specification>, then it is equivalent to
              a <table constraint definition> that contains the following
              <table constraint>:

                 CND FOREIGN KEY (C) <references specification> CA

              Note: The <references specification> is defined in Subclause 11.8,
              "<referential constraint definition>".

            d) If a <column constraint definition> is specified that con-
              tains a <check constraint definition>, then it is equivalent
              to a <table constraint definition> that contains the follow-
              ing <table constraint>:

                 CND CHECK ( <search condition> ) CA

              Each <column reference> directly contained in the <search
              condition> shall reference column C.

         Access Rules

         1) If <domain name> is specified, then the applicable privileges
            shall include USAGE on D..

         General Rules

         1) A <column definition> defines a column in a table.

         2) The <collate clause> specifies the default collating sequence
            for the column. If <collate clause> is not specified, then
            the default collating sequence is that used for comparisons of
            Coercible coercibility attribute, as defined in Subclause 8.2,
            "<comparison predicate>".

         3) If the <column definition> specifies <data type>, then a data
            type descriptor is created that describes the data type of the
            column being defined.

         264  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.4 <column definition>


         4) The degree of the table T being defined in the containing <table
            definition> or <temporary table declaration> or altered by the
            containing <alter table statement> is increased by 1.

         5) A column descriptor is created that describes the column being
            defined. The name included in the column descriptor is <col-
            umn name>. If the <column definition> specifies <data type>,
            then the column descriptor includes the data type descriptor
            of the column; otherwise, the column descriptor includes the
            name of the domain of the column. The ordinal position included
            in the column descriptor is equal to the degree of T. If the
            <column definition> contains a <collate clause>, then the <col-
            lation name> of the <collate clause> is included in the column
            descriptor. The column descriptor includes the nullability char-
            acteristic of the column, determined according to the rules in
            Subclause 4.8, "Columns". The column descriptor is included in
            the table descriptor for T.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <column definition> shall not contain a <domain name>.

            b) A <column constraint> shall not contain a <referential trig-
              gered action>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <con-
              straint name definition>.



















                                    Schema definition and manipulation   265

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.5 <default clause>


         11.5  <default clause>

         Function

         Specify the default for a column or domain.

         Format

         <default clause> ::=
                DEFAULT <default option>

         <default option> ::=
                <literal>
              | <datetime value function>
              | USER
              | CURRENT_USER
              | SESSION_USER
              | SYSTEM_USER
              | NULL


         Syntax Rules

         1) The subject data type of a <default clause> is the data type
            specified in the descriptor identified by the containing <column
            definition>, <domain definition>, <alter column definition>, or
            <alter domain definition>.

         2) If USER is specified, then CURRENT_USER is implicit.

         3) Case:

            a) If a <literal> is specified, then:

              Case:

              i) If the subject data type is character string, then the
                 <literal> shall be a <character string literal>. If the
                 length of the subject data type is fixed, then the length
                 in characters of the <character string literal> shall not
                 be greater than the length of the subject data type. If
                 the length of the subject data type is variable, then the
                 length in characters of the <character string literal>
                 shall not be greater than the maximum length of the subject
                 data type. The <literal> shall have the same character
                 repertoire as the subject data type.

             ii) If the subject data type is bit string, then the <literal>
                 shall be a <bit string literal> or a <hex string literal>.
                 If the length of the subject data type is fixed, then the
                 length in bits of the <bit string literal> or <hex string
                 literal> shall not be greater than the length of the sub-
                 ject data type. If the length of the subject data type is

         266  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       11.5 <default clause>


                 variable, then the length in bits of the <bit string lit-
                 eral> or <hex string literal> shall not be greater than the
                 maximum length of the subject data type.

            iii) If the subject data type is exact numeric, then the <lit-
                 eral> shall be a <signed numeric literal> that simply
                 contains an <exact numeric literal>. There shall be a rep-
                 resentation of the value of the <literal> in the subject
                 data type that does not lose any significant digits.

             iv) If the subject data type is approximate numeric, then the
                 <literal> shall be a <signed numeric literal>.

              v) If the subject data type is datetime, then the <literal>
                 shall be a <datetime literal> and shall contain the same
                 <datetime field>s as the subject data type.

             vi) If the subject data type is interval, then the <literal>
                 shall be an <interval literal> and shall contain the same
                 <interval qualifier> as the subject data type.

            b) If CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, or SYSTEM_USER is specified,
              then the subject data type shall be character string with
              character set SQL_TEXT. If the length of the subject data
              type is fixed, then its length shall not be less than 128
              characters. If the length of the subject data type is vari-
              able, then its maximum length shall not be less than 128
              characters.

            c) If <datetime value function> is specified, then the subject
              data type shall be datetime with the same datetime type as
              the datetime data type of the <datetime value function>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The default value inserted in the column descriptor, if the
            <default clause> is to apply to a column, or in the domain de-
            scriptor, if the <default clause> is to apply to a domain, is as
            follows:

            Case:

            a) If the <default clause> contains NULL, then the null value.

            b) If the <default clause> contains a <literal>, then

              Case:

              i) If the subject data type is numeric, then the numeric value
                 of the <literal>.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   267

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.5 <default clause>


             ii) If the subject data type is character string with variable
                 length, then the value of the <literal>.

            iii) If the subject data type is character string with fixed
                 length, then the value of the <literal>, extended as neces-
                 sary on the right with <space>s to the length in characters
                 of the subject data type.

             iv) If the subject data type is bit string with variable
                 length, then the value of the <literal>.

              v) If the subject data type is bit string with fixed length,
                 then the value of the <literal> extended as necessary on
                 the right with 0-valued bits to the length of the subject
                 data type and a completion condition is raised: warning-
                 implicit zero-bit padding.

             vi) If the subject data type is datetime or interval, then the
                 value of the <literal>.

            c) If the <default clause> specifies CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER,
              or SYSTEM_USER, then

              Case:

              i) If the subject data type is character string with variable
                 length, then the value specified by CURRENT_USER, SESSION_
                 USER, or SYSTEM_USER.

             ii) If the subject data type is character string with fixed
                 length, then the value specified by CURRENT_USER, SESSION_
                 USER, or SYSTEM_USER, extended as necessary on the right
                 with <space>s to the length in characters of the subject
                 data type.

            d) If the <default clause> contains a <datetime value function>,
              then the value of an implicit reference to the <datetime
              value function>.

         2) The default value of a column is

            Case:

            a) If the column descriptor of a column includes a default value
              derived from a <default option>, then the value of that <de-
              fault option>.

            b) If the column descriptor includes a domain name that iden-
              tifies a domain descriptor that includes a default value
              derived from a <default option>, then the value of that <de-
              fault option>.

            c) Otherwise, the null value.

         268  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       11.5 <default clause>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <default option> shall not specify a <datetime value func-
              tion>, SYSTEM_USER, SESSION_USER, or CURRENT_USER.











































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   269

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.6 <table constraint definition>


         11.6  <table constraint definition>

         Function

         Specify an integrity constraint.

         Format

         <table constraint definition> ::=
              [ <constraint name definition> ]
              <table constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]

         <table constraint> ::=
                <unique constraint definition>
              | <referential constraint definition>
              | <check constraint definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <constraint attributes> is not specified, then INITIALLY
            IMMEDIATE NOT DEFERRABLE is implicit.

         2) If <constraint name definition> is not specified, then a <con-
            straint name definition> that contains an implementation-
            dependent <constraint name> is implicit. The assigned <con-
            straint name> shall obey the Syntax Rules of an explicit <con-
            straint name>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) A <table constraint definition> defines a table constraint.

         2) A table constraint descriptor is created that describes the
            table constraint being defined. The table constraint descriptor
            includes the <constraint name> contained in the explicit or
            implicit <constraint name definition>.

            The table constraint descriptor includes an indication of
            whether the constraint is deferrable or not deferrable and
            whether the initial constraint mode of the constraint is de-
            ferred or immediate.

            Case:

            a) If <unique constraint definition> is specified, then the
              table constraint descriptor is a unique constraint descriptor
              that includes an indication of whether it was defined with
              PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE, and the names of the unique columns
              specified in the <unique column list>.

         270  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          11.6 <table constraint definition>


            b) If <referential constraint definition> is specified, then the
              table constraint descriptor is a referential constraint de-
              scriptor that includes the names of the referencing columns
              specified in the <referencing columns> and the names of
              the referenced columns and referenced table specified in
              the <referenced table and columns>, the value of the <match
              type>, if specified, and the <referential triggered actions>,
              if specified.

            c) If <check constraint definition> is specified, then the table
              constraint descriptor is a table check constraint descriptor
              that includes the <search condition>.

         3) If the <table constraint> is a <check constraint definition>,
            then let SC be the <search condition> immediately contained in
            the <check constraint definition> and let T be the table name
            included in the corresponding table constraint descriptor; the
            table constraint is not satisfied if and only if

              EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM T WHERE NOT ( SC ) )

            is true.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <con-
              straint name definition>.




















                                    Schema definition and manipulation   271

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.7 <unique constraint definition>


         11.7  <unique constraint definition>

         Function

         Specify a uniqueness constraint for a table.

         Format

         <unique constraint definition> ::=
              <unique specification>
                <left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>

         <unique specification> ::=
              UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

         <unique column list> ::= <column name list>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the containing <table defini-
            tion> or <alter table statement>. Let TN be the <table name> of
            T.

         2) Let UCL be the <unique column list> of the <unique constraint
            definition>.

         3) Case:

            a) If the <unique specification> specifies PRIMARY KEY, then let
              SC be the <search condition>:

                 UNIQUE ( SELECT UCL FROM TN )
                 AND
                 ( UCL ) IS NOT NULL

            b) Otherwise, let SC be the <search condition>:

                 UNIQUE ( SELECT UCL FROM TN )

         4) Each <column name> in the <unique column list> shall identify
            a column of T, and the same column shall not be identified more
            than once.

         5) A <table definition> shall specify at most one implicit or ex-
            plicit <unique constraint definition> that specifies PRIMARY
            KEY.

         6) If a <unique constraint definition> that specifies PRIMARY KEY
            is contained in an <add table constraint definition>, then the
            table identified by the <table name> immediately contained in
            the containing <alter table statement> shall not have a unique
            constraint that was defined by a <unique constraint definition>
            that specified PRIMARY KEY.

         272  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         11.7 <unique constraint definition>


         7) The set of columns in the <unique column list> shall be dis-
            tinct from the unique columns of any other unique constraint
            descriptor that is included in the base table descriptor of T.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) A <unique constraint definition> defines a unique constraint.

            Note: Subclause 10.6, "<constraint name definition> and <con-
            straint attributes>", specifies when a constraint is effectively
            checked.

         2) The unique constraint is not satisfied if and only if

              EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM TN WHERE NOT ( SC ) )

            is true.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE is specified, then the <column defi-
              nition> for each column whose <column name> is in the <unique
              column list> shall specify NOT NULL.




















                                    Schema definition and manipulation   273

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.8 <referential constraint definition>


         11.8  <referential constraint definition>

         Function

         Specify a referential constraint.

         Format

         <referential constraint definition> ::=
              FOREIGN KEY <left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren>
                <references specification>

         <references specification> ::=
              REFERENCES <referenced table and columns>
                [ MATCH <match type> ]
                [ <referential triggered action> ]

         <match type> ::=
                FULL
              | PARTIAL

         <referencing columns> ::=
              <reference column list>

         <referenced table and columns> ::=
              <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]


         <reference column list> ::= <column name list>

         <referential triggered action> ::=
                <update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
              | <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

         <update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

         <delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

         <referential action> ::=
                CASCADE
              | SET NULL
              | SET DEFAULT
              | NO ACTION


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let referencing table be the table identified by the containing
            <table definition> or <alter table statement>. Let referenced
            table be the table identified by the <table name> in the <refer-
            enced table and columns>. Let referencing columns be the column
            or columns identified by the <reference column list> in the


         274  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                    11.8 <referential constraint definition>


            <referencing columns> and let referencing column be one such
            column.

         2) Case:

            a) If the <referenced table and columns> specifies a <reference
              column list>, then the set of column names of that <refer-
              ence column list> shall be equal to the set of column names
              in the unique columns of a unique constraint of the refer-
              enced table. Let referenced columns be the column or columns
              identified by that <reference column list> and let refer-
              enced column be one such column. Each referenced column shall
              identify a column of the referenced table and the same column
              shall not be identified more than once.

            b) If the <referenced table and columns> does not specify a
              <reference column list>, then the table descriptor of the
              referenced table shall include a unique constraint that spec-
              ifies PRIMARY KEY. Let referenced columns be the column or
              columns identified by the unique columns in that unique con-
              straint and let referenced column be one such column. The
              <referenced table and columns> shall be considered to implic-
              itly specify a <reference column list> that is identical to
              that <unique column list>.

         3) The table constraint descriptor describing the <unique con-
            straint definition> whose <unique column list> identifies the
            referenced columns shall indicate that the unique constraint is
            not deferrable.

         4) The referenced table shall be a base table.

            Case:

            a) If the referencing table is a persistent base table, then the
              referenced table shall be a persistent base table.

            b) If the referencing table is a global temporary table, then
              the referenced table shall be a global temporary table.

            c) If the referencing table is a created local temporary table,
              then the referenced table shall be either a global temporary
              table or a created local temporary table.

            d) If the referencing table is a declared local temporary table,
              then the referenced table shall be either a global temporary
              table, a created local temporary table or a declared local
              temporary table.

         5) If the referenced table is a temporary table with ON COMMIT
            DELETE ROWS specified, then the referencing table shall specify
            ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS.


                                    Schema definition and manipulation   275

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.8 <referential constraint definition>


         6) Each referencing column shall identify a column of the referenc-
            ing table, and the same column shall not be identified more than
            once.

         7) The <referencing columns> shall contain the same number of <col-
            umn name>s as the <referenced table and columns>. The i-th col-
            umn identified in the <referencing columns> corresponds to the
            i-th column identified in the <referenced table and columns>.
            The data type of each referencing column shall be the same as
            the data type of the corresponding referenced column.

         8) If a <referential constraint definition> does not specify any
            <update rule>, then an <update rule> with a <referential action>
            of NO ACTION is implicit.

         9) If a <referential constraint definition> does not specify any
            <delete rule>, then a <delete rule> with a <referential action>
            of NO ACTION is implicit.

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include REFERENCES for each
            referenced column.

         General Rules

         1) A <referential constraint definition> defines a referential
            constraint.

            Note: Subclause 10.6, "<constraint name definition> and <con-
            straint attributes>", specifies when a constraint is effectively
            checked.

         2) Let Rf be the referencing columns and let Rt be the referenced
            columns in the referenced table T. The referencing table and the
            referenced table satisfy the referential constraint if and only
            if:

            Case:

            a) A <match type> is not specified and for each row of the ref-
              erencing table, the <match predicate>

                 Rf MATCH (SELECT Rt FROM T)

              is true.

            b) PARTIAL is specified and for each row of the referencing
              table, the <match predicate>

                 Rf MATCH PARTIAL (SELECT Rt FROM T)

              is true.

            c) FULL is specified and for each row of the referencing table,
              the <match predicate>

                 Rf MATCH FULL (SELECT Rt FROM T)

         276  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                    11.8 <referential constraint definition>


              is true.

         3) Case:

            a) If <match type> is not specified or if FULL is specified,
              then for a given row in the referenced table, let matching
              rows be all rows in the referencing table whose referenc-
              ing column values equal the corresponding referenced column
              values for the referential constraint.

            b) If PARTIAL is specified, then:

              i) For a given row in the referenced table, let matching rows
                 be all rows in the referencing table that have at least one
                 non-null referencing column value and whose non-null ref-
                 erencing column values equal the corresponding referenced
                 column values for the referential constraint.

             ii) For a given row in the referenced table, let unique match-
                 ing rows be all matching rows for that given row that are
                 matching rows only to the given row in the referenced table
                 for the referential constraint. For a given row in the ref-
                 erenced table, let non-unique matching rows be all matching
                 rows for that given row that are not unique matching rows
                 for that given row for the referential constraint.

         4) For every row of the referenced table, its matching rows, unique
            matching rows, and non-unique matching rows are determined imme-
            diately before the execution of any SQL-statement. No new match-
            ing rows are added during the execution of that SQL-statement.
            The association between a referenced row and a non-unique match-
            ing row is dropped during the execution of that SQL-statement
            if the referenced row is either marked for deletion or updated
            to a distinct value on any referenced column that corresponds
            to a non-null referencing column. This occurs immediately after
            such a mark for deletion or update of the referenced row. Unique
            matching rows and non-unique matching rows for a referenced row
            are evaluated immediately after dropping the association between
            that referenced row and a non-unique matching row.

         5) If a <delete rule> is specified and a row of the referenced
            table that has not previously been marked for deletion is marked
            for deletion, then

            Case:

            a) If <match type> is not specified or if FULL is specified,
              then

              Case:

              i) If the <delete rule> specifies CASCADE, then all matching
                 rows are marked for deletion.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   277

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.8 <referential constraint definition>


             ii) If the <delete rule> specifies SET NULL, then in all match-
                 ing rows each referencing column is set to the null value.

            iii) If the <delete rule> specifies SET DEFAULT, then in all
                 matching rows each referencing column is set to the default
                 value specified in the General Rules of Subclause 11.5,
                 "<default clause>".

            b) If PARTIAL is specified, then

              Case:

              i) If the <delete rule> specifies CASCADE, then all unique
                 matching rows are marked for deletion.

             ii) If the <delete rule> specifies SET NULL, then in all unique
                 matching rows each referencing column is set to the null
                 value.

            iii) If the <delete rule> specifies SET DEFAULT, then in all
                 unique matching rows each referencing column is set
                 to the default value specified in the General Rules of
                 Subclause 11.5, "<default clause>".

              Note: Otherwise, the <referential action> is not performed.

         6) If an <update rule> is specified and a non-null value of a ref-
            erenced column in the referenced table is updated to a value
            that is distinct from the current value of that column, then

            Case:

            a) If <match type> is not specified or if FULL is specified,
              then

              Case:

              i) If the <update rule> specifies CASCADE, then in all match-
                 ing rows the referencing column that corresponds with the
                 referenced column is updated to the new value of the refer-
                 enced column.

             ii) If the <update rule> specifies SET NULL, then

                 Case:

                 1) If <match type> is not specified, then in all matching
                   rows the referencing column that corresponds with the
                   referenced column is set to the null value.

                 2) If <match type> specifies FULL, then in all matching
                   rows each referencing column is set to the null value.

            iii) If the <update rule> specifies SET DEFAULT, then in all
                 matching rows the referencing column that corresponds with
                 the referenced column is set to the default value specified

         278  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                    11.8 <referential constraint definition>


                 in the General Rules of Subclause 11.5, "<default clause>".

            b) If PARTIAL is specified, then

              Case:

              i) If the <update rule> specifies CASCADE, then for each
                 unique matching row that contains a non-null value in the
                 referencing column C1 that corresponds with the updated
                 referenced column C2, C1 is updated to the new value V of
                 C2, provided that, in all updated rows in the referenced
                 table that formerly had, in the same SQL-statement, that
                 unique matching row as a matching row, the values in C2
                 have all been updated to a value that is not distinct from
                 V. Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: triggered
                 data change violation.

                 Note: Because of the Rules of Subclause 8.2, "<comparison
                 predicate>", on which the definition of "distinct" re-
                 lies, the values in C2 may have been updated to values that
                 are not distinct, yet are not identical. Which of these
                 non-distinct values is used for the cascade operation is
                 implementation-dependent.

             ii) If the <update rule> specifies SET NULL, then in all unique
                 matching rows that contain a non-null value in the ref-
                 erencing column that corresponds with the updated column,
                 that referencing column is set to the null value.

            iii) If the <update rule> specifies SET DEFAULT, then in all
                 unique matching rows that contain a non-null value in the
                 referencing column that corresponds with the updated col-
                 umn, that referencing column is set to the default value
                 specified in the General Rules of Subclause 11.5, "<default
                 clause>".

            Note: Otherwise, the <referential action> is not performed.

         7) If any attempt is made within an SQL-statement to update some
            data item to a value that is distinct from the value to which
            that data item was previously updated within the same SQL-
            statement, then an exception condition is raised: triggered
            data change violation.

         8) If an <update rule> attempts to update a row that has been
            deleted by any <delete statement: positioned> that identifies
            some cursor CR that is still open or updated by any <update
            statement: positioned> that identifies some cursor CR that is
            still open or if a <delete rule> attempts to mark for deletion
            such a row, then a completion condition is raised: warning-
            cursor operation conflict.



                                    Schema definition and manipulation   279

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.8 <referential constraint definition>


         9) All rows that are marked for deletion are effectively deleted
            at the end of the SQL-statement, prior to the checking of any
            integrity constraints.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <references specification> shall not specify MATCH.

            b) A <referential triggered action> shall not contain an <update
              rule>.

            c) The order of the column names in a <reference column list>
              shall be the same as the order of column names of the corre-
              sponding unique constraint of the referenced table.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <referential constraint definition> shall not contain a
              <referential triggered action>.
































         280  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          11.9 <check constraint definition>


         11.9  <check constraint definition>

         Function

         Specify a condition for the SQL-data.

         Format

         <check constraint definition> ::=
              CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <search condition> shall not contain a <target specifica-
            tion> or a <dynamic parameter specification>.

         2) The <search condition> shall not contain a <set function speci-
            fication> that is not contained in a <subquery>.

         3) If <check constraint definition> is contained in a <table def-
            inition> or <alter table statement>, then let T be the table
            identified by the containing <table definition> or <alter table
            statement>.

            Case:

            a) If T is a persistent base table, or if the <check constraint
              definition> is contained in a <domain definition> or <alter
              domain statement>, then no <table reference> generally con-
              tained in the <search condition> shall reference a temporary
              table.

            b) If T is a global temporary table, then no <table reference>
              generally contained in the <search condition> shall reference
              a table other than a global temporary table.

            c) If T is a created local temporary table, then no <table ref-
              erence> generally contained in the <search condition> shall
              reference a table other than either a global temporary table
              or a created local temporary table.

            d) If T is a declared local temporary table, then no <table
              reference> generally contained in the <search condition>
              shall reference a persistent base table.

         4) If the <check constraint definition> is contained in a <table
            definition> that defines a temporary table and specifies ON
            COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS or a <temporary table declaration> that
            specifies ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS, then no <subquery> in the
            <search condition> shall reference a temporary table defined
            by a <table definition> or a <temporary table declaration> that
            specifies ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   281

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.9 <check constraint definition>


         5) The <search condition> shall not generally contain a <datetime
            value function> or a <value specification> that is CURRENT_USER,
            SESSION_USER, or SYSTEM_USER.

         6) The <search condition> shall not generally contain a <query
            specification> or a <query expression> that is possibly non-
            deterministic.

         Access Rules

         1) Let TN be any <table name> referenced in the <search condition>.

            Case:

            a) If a <column name> is contained in the <search condition>,
              then the applicable privileges shall include REFERENCES for
              each <column name> of the table identified by TN contained in
              the <search condition>.

            b) Otherwise, the applicable privileges shall include REFERENCES
              for at least one column of the table identified by TN.

         General Rules

         1) A <check constraint definition> defines a check constraint.

            Note: Subclause 10.6, "<constraint name definition> and <con-
            straint attributes>", specifies when a constraint is effectively
            checked. The General Rules that control the evaluation of a
            check constraint can be found in either Subclause 11.6, "<table
            constraint definition>", or Subclause 11.21, "<domain defini-
            tion>", depending on whether it forms part of a table constraint
            or a domain constraint.

         2) If the character representation of the <search condition> cannot
            be represented in the Information Schema without truncation,
            then a completion condition is raised: warning-search condition
            too long for information schema.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) The <search condition> contained in a <check constraint defi-
              nition> shall not contain a <subquery>.

            b) The REFERENCES privilege is not required for <check con-
              straint definition> access.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

         282  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                               11.10 <alter table statement>


         11.10  <alter table statement>

         Function

         Change the definition of a table.

         Format

         <alter table statement> ::=
              ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

         <alter table action> ::=
                <add column definition>
              | <alter column definition>
              | <drop column definition>
              | <add table constraint definition>
              | <drop table constraint definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            the <table name> shall include the descriptor of T.

         3) The scope of the <table name> is the entire <alter table state-
            ment>.

         4) T shall be a base table.

         5) T shall not be a declared local temporary table.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the table identified by <table name>.

         General Rules

         1) The base table descriptor of T is modified as specified by <al-
            ter table action>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <alter
              table statement>.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   283

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.11 <add column definition>


         11.11  <add column definition>

         Function

         Add a column to a table.

         Format

         <add column definition> ::=
              ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) The column defined by the <column definition> is added to T.

         2) Let C be the column added to T. Every value in C is the default
            value for C.

            Note: The default value of a column is defined in Subclause 11.5,
            "<default clause>".

            Note: The addition of a column to a table has no effect on any
            existing <query expression> included in a view descriptor or
            <search condition> included in constraint descriptor because
            any implicit <column reference>s in these clauses are replaced
            by explicit <column reference>s when the clause is originally
            evaluated. See the Syntax Rules of Subclause 7.10, "<query ex-
            pression>".

         3) For every table privilege descriptor that specifies T and a
            privilege of SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT or REFERENCES, a new col-
            umn privilege descriptor is created that specifies T, the same
            action, grantor, and grantee, and the same grantability, and
            specifies the <column name> of the <column definition>.

         4) In all other respects, the specification of a <column defi-
            nition> in an <alter table statement> has the same effect as
            specification of the <column definition> in the <table defi-
            nition> for T would have had. In particular, the degree of T
            is increased by 1 and the ordinal position of that column is
            equal to the new degree of T as specified in the General Rules
            of Subclause 11.4, "<column definition>".


         284  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                               11.11 <add column definition>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <add col-
              umn definition>.











































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   285

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.12 <alter column definition>


         11.12  <alter column definition>

         Function

         Change a column and its definition.

         Format

         <alter column definition> ::=
              ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

         <alter column action> ::=
                <set column default clause>
              | <drop column default clause>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified in the containing <alter table
            statement>.

         2) Let C be the column identified by the <column name>.

         3) C shall be a column of T.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The column descriptor of C is modified as specified by <alter
            column action>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <alter
              column definition>.









         286  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           11.13 <set column default clause>


         11.13  <set column default clause>

         Function

         Set the default clause for a column.

         Format

         <set column default clause> ::=
              SET <default clause>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let C be the column identified by the <column name> in the con-
            taining <alter column definition>.

         2) The default value specified by the <default clause> is placed in
            the column descriptor of C.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <set column
              default clause>.














                                    Schema definition and manipulation   287

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.14 <drop column default clause>


         11.14  <drop column default clause>

         Function

         Drop the default clause from a column.

         Format

         <drop column default clause> ::=
              DROP DEFAULT


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let C be the column identified by the <column name> in the con-
            taining <alter column definition>.

         2) The descriptor of C shall include a default value.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The default value is removed from the column descriptor of C.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop col-
              umn default clause>.
















         288  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                              11.15 <drop column definition>


         11.15  <drop column definition>

         Function

         Destroy a column.

         Format

         <drop column definition> ::=
              DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behavior>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name> in the con-
            taining <alter table statement> and let TN be the name of T.

         2) Let C be the column identified by the <column name> CN.

         3) C shall be a column of T and C shall not be the only column of
            T.

         4) If RESTRICT is specified, then C shall not be referenced in
            the <query expression> of any view descriptor or in the <search
            condition> of any constraint descriptor other than a table con-
            straint descriptor that contains references to no other column
            and that is included in the table descriptor of T.

            Note: A <drop column definition> that does not specify CASCADE
            will fail if there are any references to that column resulting
            from the use of CORRESPONDING, NATURAL, SELECT * (except where
            contained in an exists predicate>), or REFERENCES without a
            <reference column list> in its <referenced table and columns>.

            Note: If CASCADE is specified, then any such dependent object
            will be dropped by the execution of the <revoke statement> spec-
            ified in the General Rules of this Subclause.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE INSERT(CN), UPDATE(CN), REFERENCES(CN) ON TABLE TN
              FROM A CASCADE



                                    Schema definition and manipulation   289

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.15 <drop column definition>


         2) Let VN be the name of any view that contains a reference to
            column C of table T. The following <drop view statement> is
            effectively executed with a current <authorization identifier>
            of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access Rule checking:

              DROP VIEW VN CASCADE

         3) If the column is not based on a domain, then its data type de-
            scriptor is destroyed.

         4) The data associated with C is destroyed and the descriptor of C
            is removed from the descriptor of T.

         5) The identified column and its descriptor are destroyed.

         6) The degree of T is reduced by 1. The ordinal position of all
            columns having an ordinal position greater than the ordinal
            position of C is reduced by 1.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop col-
              umn definition>.
























         290  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                     11.16 <add table constraint definition>


         11.16  <add table constraint definition>

         Function

         Add a constraint to a table.

         Format

         <add table constraint definition> ::=
              ADD <table constraint definition>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name> in the con-
            taining <alter table statement>.

         2) The table constraint descriptor for the <table constraint defi-
            nition> is included in the table descriptor for T.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <add table
              constraint definition>.














                                    Schema definition and manipulation   291

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.17 <drop table constraint definition>


         11.17  <drop table constraint definition>

         Function

         Destroy a constraint on a table.

         Format

         <drop table constraint definition> ::=
              DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behavior>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name> in the con-
            taining <alter table statement>. The schema identified by the
            explicit or implicit schema name of the <table name> shall in-
            clude the descriptor of T.

         2) The <constraint name> shall identify a table constraint TC of T.

         3) If TC is a unique constraint and there exists a referential
            constraint RC whose referenced table is T and whose referenced
            columns are the unique columns of TC, then RC is said to be
            dependent on TC.

         4) If RESTRICT is specified, then no table constraint shall be
            dependent on TC.

            Note: If CASCADE is specified, then any such dependent object
            will be dropped by the effective execution of the <alter table
            statement> specified in the General Rules of this Subclause.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let TCN2 be the <constraint name> of any table constraint that
            is dependent on TC and let T2 be the <table name> of the ta-
            ble descriptor that includes TCN2. The following <alter table
            statement> is effectively executed without further Access Rule
            checking:

              ALTER TABLE T2 DROP CONSTRAINT TCN2 CASCADE

         2) The descriptor of TC is removed from the descriptor of T.

         3) The identified table constraint and its descriptor are de-
            stroyed.



         292  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                    11.17 <drop table constraint definition>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop table
              constraint definition>.











































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   293

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.18 <drop table statement>


         11.18  <drop table statement>

         Function

         Destroy a table.

         Format

         <drop table statement> ::=
              DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behavior>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name> and let TN
            be that <table name>. The schema identified by the explicit or
            implicit schema name of TN shall include the descriptor of T.

         2) T shall be a base table.

         3) T shall not be a declared local temporary table.

         4) If RESTRICT is specified, then T shall not be referenced in
            the <query expression> of any view descriptor or the <search
            condition> of any constraint descriptor.

            Note: If CASCADE is specified, then such referencing objects
            will be dropped by the execution of the <revoke statement> spec-
            ified in the General Rules of this Subclause.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the table identified by TN.

         General Rules

         1) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON TN FROM A CASCADE

         2) The identified base table and its descriptor are destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.


         294  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                11.18 <drop table statement>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <drop
              table statement>.

















































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   295

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.19 <view definition>


         11.19  <view definition>

         Function

         Define a viewed table.

         Format

         <view definition> ::=
              CREATE VIEW <table name> [ <left paren> <view column list>
              <right paren> ]
                AS <query expression>
                [ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

         <levels clause> ::=
              CASCADED | LOCAL

         <view column list> ::= <column name list>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <query expression> shall not contain a <target specifica-
            tion> or a <dynamic parameter specification>.

         2) If a <view definition> is contained in a <schema definition>
            and the <table name> contains a <schema name>, then that <schema
            name> shall be the same as the specified or implicit <schema
            name> of the containing <schema definition>.

         3) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name
            of the <table name> shall not include a table descriptor whose
            table name is <table name>.

         4) The viewed table defined by <view definition> shall not be
            identified by any <table reference> generally contained in the
            <query expression>.

         5) Any <table name> that is specified in the <query expression>
            shall be different from the <table name> of any <temporary table
            declaration>.

         6) If the <query expression> is updatable, then the viewed table is
            an updatable table. Otherwise, it is a read-only table.

         7) If the <query expression> is a <query specification> that con-
            tains a <group by clause> or a <having clause> that is not con-
            tained in a <subquery>, then the viewed table defined by the
            <view definition> is a grouped view.

         8) If any two columns in the table specified by the <query ex-
            pression> have the same <column name>, or if any column of that
            table has an implementation-dependent name, then a <view column
            list> shall be specified.

         296  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     11.19 <view definition>


         9) The same <column name> shall not be specified more than once in
            the <view column list>.

         10)The number of <column name>s in the <view column list> shall
            be the same as the degree of the table specified by the <query
            expression>.

         11)No column in the table specified by <query expression> shall
            have a coercibility attribute of No collating sequence.

            Note: The coercibility attribute is described in Subclause 4.2.3,
            "Rules determining collating sequence usage".

            Note: The coercibility attribute for references to the column is
            defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column reference>".

         12)If WITH CHECK OPTION is specified, then the viewed table shall
            be updatable.

         13)If WITH CHECK OPTION is specified with no <levels clause>, then
            a <levels clause> of CASCADED is implicit.

         14)Let V be the view defined by the <view definition>. The un-
            derlying columns of every i-th column of V are the underlying
            columns of the i-th column of the <query expression> and the
            underlying columns of V are the underlying columns of the <query
            expression>.

         Access Rules

         1) If a <view definition> is contained in a <module>, then the
            current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the <au-
            thorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by the
            implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <table name>.

         General Rules

         1) A view descriptor VD is created that describes V. The view de-
            scriptor includes the <table name>, the <query expression>,
            column descriptors taken from the table specified by the <query
            expression>, and an indication of whether WITH CHECK OPTION was
            specified. If a <view column list> is specified, then the <col-
            umn name> of the i-th column of the view is the i-th <column
            name> in that <view column list>. Otherwise, the <column name>s
            of the view are the <column name>s of the table specified by the
            <query expression>.

         2) Let VN be the <table name>. Let QE be the <query expression>.
            If a <view column list> is specified, then let VCL be the <view
            column list> preceded by a <left paren> and followed by a <right
            paren>; otherwise, let VCL be the empty string.

            Case:

            a) When VN is immediately contained in some SQL-schema state-
              ment, it identifies the view descriptor VD.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   297

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.19 <view definition>


            b) Otherwise, VN references the same table as the <table refer-
              ence>:

                 ( QE ) AS VN VCL

         3) Let A be the <authorization identifier> that owns V.

         4) A set of privilege descriptors is created that defines the priv-
            ilege SELECT on this table to A and SELECT for each column of
            V to A. This privilege is grantable if and only if the appli-
            cable SELECT privileges on all <table name>s contained in the
            <query expression> are grantable. The grantor of this privilege
            descriptor is set to the special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         5) If V is updatable, then let T be the leaf underlying table of
            the <query expression>.

         6) For i ranging from 1 to the number of distinct leaf underlying
            tables of the <query expression> of V, let RTi be the <table
            name>s of those tables. For every column CV of V:

            a) Let CRij, for j ranging from 1 to the number of columns of
              RTi that are underlying columns of CV, be the <column name>s
              of those columns.

            b) If A has REFERENCES(CRij) for all i and for all j, and A has
              REFERENCES on some column of RTi for all i, then a privilege
              descriptor is created that defines the privilege REFERENCES
              (CV) on V to A. That privilege is grantable if and only if
              the REFERENCES privileges on all of the columns CRTij are
              grantable. The grantor of that privilege descriptor is set to
              the special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         7) If V is updatable, then:

            a) A set of privilege descriptors is created that defines the
              privileges INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE on V that are appli-
              cable privileges on T to A. A privilege on V is grantable if
              and only if the corresponding privilege on T is grantable.

            b) For every column in V:

              i) There is a corresponding column in T from which the column
                 of V is derived. Let CV and CT be the <column name>s of the
                 corresponding columns of V and T respectively.

             ii) A set of privilege descriptors is created that defines
                 the privileges INSERT(CV) and UPDATE(CV) on V, where the
                 privileges INSERT(CT) and UPDATE(CT) on T are the appli-
                 cable privileges to A, respectively. A privilege on V is
                 grantable if and only if the corresponding privilege on T
                 is grantable.

              The grantor of these privilege descriptors is set to the
              special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         298  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     11.19 <view definition>


         8) If V is updatable, then let TLEAF be the leaf generally under-
            lying table of V. For every row in V there is a corresponding
            row in TLEAF from which the row of V is derived and for each
            column in V there is a corresponding column in TLEAF from which
            the column of V is derived. The insertion of a row into V is
            an insertion of a corresponding row into TLEAF. The deletion of
            a row from V is a deletion of the corresponding row in TLEAF.
            The updating of a column of a row in V is an updating of the
            corresponding column of the corresponding row in TLEAF.

         9) Let V1 be a view. V1 spans V1. V1 spans a view V2 if V2 is a
            generally underlying table of V1.

         10)An update operation is an <insert statement>, <update state-
            ment: positioned>, <update statement: searched>, <dynamic update
            statement: positioned>, or <preparable dynamic update state-
            ment: positioned>. An update operation on a view V is an update
            operation whose <table name> identifies V.

         11)If a view V1 spans a view VA described by a view descriptor that
            includes WITH CHECK OPTION and an update operation on V1 would
            result in a row that would not appear in the result of VA, then

            a) If the view descriptor of VA includes CASCADED, then an ex-
              ception condition is raised: with check option violation.

            b) If the view descriptor of VA includes LOCAL and the update
              operation would result in a row that would appear in the
              simply underlying table of the simply underlying table of
              the <query expression> contained in VA, then an exception
              condition is raised: with check option violation.

         12)Validation of a WITH CHECK OPTION constraint is effectively
            performed at the end of each update operation.

         13)If the character representation of the <query expression> cannot
            be represented in the Information Schema without truncation,
            then a completion condition is raised: warning-query expression
            too long for information schema.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <levels clause>, but the effect shall be that defined for a
              <levels clause> of CASCADED.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) The <query expression> in a <view definition> shall be a
              <query specification>.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   299

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.20 <drop view statement>


         11.20  <drop view statement>

         Function

         Destroy a view.

         Format

         <drop view statement> ::=
              DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behavior>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let V be the table identified by the <table name> and let VN
            be that <table name>. The schema identified by the explicit or
            implicit schema name of VN shall include the descriptor of V.

         2) V shall be a viewed table.

         3) If RESTRICT is specified, then V shall not be referenced in
            the <query expression> of any view descriptor or the <search
            condition> of any assertion descriptor or constraint descriptor.

            Note: If CASCADE is specified, then any such dependent object
            will be dropped by the execution of the <revoke statement> spec-
            ified in the General Rules of this Subclause.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the table identified by VN.

         General Rules

         1) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON VN FROM A CASCADE

         2) The identified view and its descriptor are destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop view
              statement>.

         300  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   11.21 <domain definition>


         11.21  <domain definition>

         Function

         Define a domain.

         Format

         <domain definition> ::=
              CREATE DOMAIN <domain name> [ AS ] <data type>
                [ <default clause> ]
                [ <domain constraint>... ]
                [ <collate clause> ]

         <domain constraint> ::=
              [ <constraint name definition> ]
              <check constraint definition> [ <constraint attributes> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <domain definition> is contained in a <schema definition>,
            and if the <domain name> contains a <schema name>, then that
            <schema name> shall be the same as the specified or implicit
            <schema name> of the containing <schema definition>. The schema
            identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of the <do-
            main name> shall not include a domain descriptor whose domain
            name is <domain name>.

         2) If <data type> specifies CHARACTER or CHARACTER VARYING and does
            not specify <character set specification>, then the character
            set name of the default character set of the schema identified
            by the implicit or explicit <schema name> of <domain name> is
            implicit.

         3) If <data type> specifies a <character string type> that identi-
            fies a character set that has a default collation and the <do-
            main definition> does not directly contain a <collate clause>,
            then the collation of the <character string type> is the im-
            plicit collation of the domain.

         4) Let D1 be some domain. D1 is in usage by a domain constraint DC
            if and only if the <search condition> of DC generally contains
            the <domain name> either of D1 or of some domain D2 such that D1
            is in usage by some domain constraint of D2. No domain shall be
            in usage by any of its own constraints.

         5) If <collate clause> is specified, then <data type> shall be a
            character string type.

         6) for every <domain constraint> is specified:

            a) If <constraint attributes> is not specified, then INITIALLY
              IMMEDIATE NOT DEFERRABLE is implicit.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   301

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.21 <domain definition>


            b) If <constraint name definition> is not specified, then a
              <constraint name definition> that contains an implementation-
              dependent <constraint name> is implicit. The assigned <con-
              straint name> shall obey the Syntax Rules of an explicit
              <constraint name>.

         Access Rules

         1) If a <domain definition> is contained in a <module>, then the
            current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the <au-
            thorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by the
            implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <domain name>.

         General Rules

         1) A <domain definition> defines a domain.

            Note: Subclause 10.6, "<constraint name definition> and <con-
            straint attributes>", specifies when a constraint is effectively
            checked.

         2) A data type descriptor is created that describes the data type
            of the domain being created.

         3) A domain descriptor is created that describes the domain being
            created. The domain descriptor contains the name of the domain,
            the data type descriptor of the data type, the <collation name>
            of the <collate clause> if the <domain definition> contains
            a <collate clause>, the value of the <default clause> if the
            <domain definition> immediately contains <default clause>, and
            a domain constraint descriptor for every immediately contained
            <domain constraint>.

         4) A privilege descriptor is created that defines the USAGE priv-
            ilege on this domain to the <authorization identifier> of the
            <schema> or <module> in which the <domain definition> appears.
            This privilege is grantable if and only if the applicable privi-
            leges include a grantable REFERENCES privilege for each <column
            reference> included in the domain descriptor and a grantable
            USAGE privilege for each <domain name>, <collation name>, <char-
            acter set name>, and <translation name> contained in the <search
            condition> of any domain constraint descriptor included in the
            domain descriptor, and a grantable USAGE privilege for the <col-
            lation name> contained in the <collate clause> included in the
            domain descriptor. The grantor of the privilege descriptor is
            set to the special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         5) Let DSC be the <search condition> included in some domain con-
            straint descriptor DCD. Let D be the name of the domain whose
            descriptor includes DCD. Let T be the name of some table whose
            descriptor includes some column descriptor with column name C
            whose domain name is D. Let CSC be a copy of DSC in which every
            instance of the <general value specification> VALUE is replaced
            by C.

         302  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   11.21 <domain definition>


         6) The domain constraint specified by DCD for C is not satisfied if
            and only if

              EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM T WHERE NOT ( CSC ) )

            is true.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <domain
              definition>.



































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   303

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.22 <alter domain statement>


         11.22  <alter domain statement>

         Function

         Change a domain and its definition.

         Format

         <alter domain statement> ::=
              ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

         <alter domain action> ::=
                <set domain default clause>
              | <drop domain default clause>
              | <add domain constraint definition>
              | <drop domain constraint definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let D be the domain identified by <domain name>. The schema
            identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of the <do-
            main name> shall include the descriptor of D.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the implicit or explicit <schema name> of <domain name>.

         General Rules

         1) The domain descriptor of D is modified as specified by <alter
            domain action>.

            Note: The changed domain descriptor of D is applicable to every
            column that is dependent on D.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <alter
              domain statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.





         304  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           11.23 <set domain default clause>


         11.23  <set domain default clause>

         Function

         Set the default value in a domain.

         Format

         <set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let D be the domain identified by the <domain name> in the con-
            taining <alter domain statement>.

         2) The default value specified by the <default clause> is placed in
            the domain descriptor of D.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <set
              domain default clause>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.















                                    Schema definition and manipulation   305

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.24 <drop domain default clause>


         11.24  <drop domain default clause>

         Function

         Remove the default clause of a domain.

         Format

         <drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let D be the domain identified by the <domain name> in the con-
            taining <alter domain statement>.

         2) The descriptor of D shall contain a default value.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let C be the set of columns whose column descriptors contain the
            domain descriptor of D.

         2) For every column belonging to C, if the column descriptor does
            not already contain a default value, then the default value from
            the domain descriptor of D is placed in that column descriptor.

         3) The default value is removed from the domain descriptor of D.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <drop
              domain default clause>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.










         306  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                    11.25 <add domain constraint definition>


         11.25  <add domain constraint definition>

         Function

         Add a constraint to a domain.

         Format

         <add domain constraint definition> ::=
              ADD <domain constraint>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let D be the domain identified by the <domain name> in the con-
            taining <alter domain statement>.

         2) Let D1 be some domain. D1 is in usage by a domain constraint DC
            if and only if the <search condition> of DC generally contains
            the <domain name> either of D1 or of some domain D2 such that D1
            is in usage by some domain constraint of D2. No domain shall be
            in usage by any of its own constraints.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The constraint descriptor of the <domain constraint> is added to
            the domain descriptor of D.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <add
              domain constraint definition>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











                                    Schema definition and manipulation   307

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.26 <drop domain constraint definition>


         11.26  <drop domain constraint definition>

         Function

         Destroy a constraint on a domain.

         Format

         <drop domain constraint definition> ::=
              DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let D be the domain identified by the <domain name> in the con-
            taining <alter domain statement>.

         2) Let DC be the descriptor of the constraint identified by <con-
            straint name>.

         3) DC shall be included in the domain descriptor of D.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The constraint descriptor of DC is removed from the domain de-
            scriptor of D.

         2) The constraint DC and its descriptor are destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <drop
              domain constraint definition>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.










         308  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                               11.27 <drop domain statement>


         11.27  <drop domain statement>

         Function

         Destroy a domain.

         Format

         <drop domain statement> ::=
              DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behavior>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let D be the domain identified by <domain name> and let DN be
            that <domain name>. The schema identified by the explicit or
            implicit schema name of DN shall include the descriptor of D.

         2) If RESTRICT is specified, then D shall not be referenced by
            any column descriptor, in the <query expression> of any view
            descriptor, or in the <search condition> of any constraint de-
            scriptor.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the domain identified by DN. Let UA be the
            <authorization identifier> of the current SQL-session.

         General Rules

         1) Let C be any column descriptor that includes DN, let T be the
            table described by the table descriptor that includes C, and let
            TN be the column name of T. C is modified as follows:

            a) DN is removed from C. A copy of the data type descriptor of D
              is included in C.

            b) If C does not include a <default clause> and the domain de-
              scriptor of D includes a <default clause>, then a copy of the
              <default clause> of D is included in C.

            c) For every domain constraint descriptor included in the domain
              descriptor of D:

              i) Let TCD be a <table constraint definition> consisting of
                 a <constraint name definition> whose <constraint name>
                 is implementation-dependent, whose <table constraint> is
                 derived from the <check constraint definition> of the do-
                 main constraint descriptor by replacing every instance of
                 VALUE by the <column name> of C, and whose <constraint at-
                 tributes> are the <constraint attributes> of the domain
                 constraint descriptor.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   309

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.27 <drop domain statement>


             ii) If the applicable privileges of UA include all of the priv-
                 ileges necessary for UA to successfully execute the <add
                 table constraint definition>

                   ALTER TABLE TN ADD TCD

                 then the following <table constraint definition> is effec-
                 tively executed with a current <authorization identifier>
                 of UA:

                   ALTER TABLE TN ADD TCD

            d) If C does not include a collation and the <domain definition>
              of D includes a collation, then

              i) Let CCN be the <collation name> of the collation.

             ii) If the applicable privileges for UA contain USAGE on CCN,
                 then CCN is added to C as the <collation name>.

         2) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE USAGE ON DOMAIN DN FROM A CASCADE

         3) The identified domain is destroyed by destroying its descriptor
            and its data type descriptor.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop do-
              main statement>.













         310  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            11.28 <character set definition>


         11.28  <character set definition>

         Function

         Define a character set.

         Format

         <character set definition> ::=
              CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name> [ AS ]
                <character set source>
                [ <collate clause> | <limited collation definition> ]

         <character set source> ::=
                GET <existing character set name>

         <existing character set name> ::=
                <standard character repertoire name>
              | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
              | <schema character set name>

         <schema character set name> ::= <character set name>

         <limited collation definition> ::=
              COLLATION FROM <collation source>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <character set definition> is contained in a <schema def-
            inition> and if the <character set name> immediately contained
            in the <character set definition> contains a <schema name>,
            then that <schema name> shall be the same as the specified or
            implicit <schema name> of the <schema definition>.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name
            of the <character set name> shall not include a character set
            descriptor whose character set name is <character set name>.

         3) A <schema character set name> shall identify some character set
            descriptor.

         4) If neither <collate clause> nor <limited collation definition>
            is specified, then the following <limited collation definition>
            is implicit:

              COLLATION FROM DEFAULT







                                    Schema definition and manipulation   311

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.28 <character set definition>


         Access Rules

         1) If a <character set definition> is contained in a <module>, then
            the current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <character set
            name>.

         2) The applicable privileges for the <existing character set name>
            shall include USAGE.

         General Rules

         1) A <character set definition> defines a character set.

         2) A character set descriptor is created for the defined character
            set.

         3) The character set has the same character repertoire as the char-
            acter set identified by the <existing character set name>.

         4) A privilege descriptor is created that defines the USAGE privi-
            lege on this character set to the <authorization identifier> of
            the schema or <module> in which the <character set definition>
            appears. The grantor of the privilege descriptor is set to the
            special grantor value "_SYSTEM". This privilege is grantable.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) In conforming Intermediate SQL language, <collation source>
              shall specify DEFAULT.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not specify a <character
              set definition>.















         312  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                        11.29 <drop character set statement>


         11.29  <drop character set statement>

         Function

         Destroy a character set.

         Format

         <drop character set statement> ::=
              DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let C be the character set identified by the <character set
            name> and let CN be the name of C.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            CN shall include the descriptor of C.

         3) C shall not be referenced in the <query expression> of any view
            descriptor or in the <search condition> of any constraint de-
            scriptor, or be included in any collation descriptor or transla-
            tion descriptor.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the character set identified by C.

         General Rules

         1) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE USAGE ON CHARACTER SET CN FROM A CASCADE

         2) The descriptor of C is destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall contain no <drop charac-
              ter set statement>.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   313

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.30 <collation definition>


         11.30  <collation definition>

         Function

         Define a collating sequence.

         Format

         <collation definition> ::=
              CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR <character set specification>

                FROM <collation source>
                  [ <pad attribute> ]

         <pad attribute> ::=
                NO PAD
              | PAD SPACE

         <collation source> ::=
                <collating sequence definition>
              | <translation collation>

         <collating sequence definition> ::=
                <external collation>
              | <schema collation name>
              | DESC <left paren> <collation name> <right paren>
              | DEFAULT

         <translation collation> ::=
              TRANSLATION <translation name>
                  [ THEN COLLATION <collation name> ]

         <external collation> ::=
              EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external collation name> <quote> <right paren>


         <schema collation name> ::= <collation name>

         <external collation name> ::=
                <standard collation name>
              | <implementation-defined collation name>

         <standard collation name> ::= <collation name>

         <implementation-defined collation name> ::= <collation name>









         314  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                11.30 <collation definition>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <collation definition> is contained in a <schema defi-
            nition> and if the <collation name> immediately contained in
            the <collation definition> contains a <schema name>, then that
            <schema name> shall be the same as the specified or implicit
            <schema name> of the <schema definition>.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name
            of the <collation name> shall not include a collation descriptor
            whose collation name is <collation name>.

         3) A <standard collation name> shall be the name of a colla-
            tion defined by a national or international standard. An
            <implementation-defined collation name> shall be the name of
            a collation that is implementation-defined.

         4) The <standard collation name>s and <implementation-defined col-
            lation name>s that are supported are implementation-defined.
            Each collation identified by a <standard collation name> or by
            a <implementation-defined collation name> shall have associated
            with it a privilege descriptor that was effectively defined by
            the <grant statement>

              GRANT USAGE ON COLLATION COLL TO PUBLIC

            where COLL is the <standard collation name> or <implementation-
            defined collation name>.

         5) A collating sequence specified by <external collation name> or
            <schema collation name> shall be a collating sequence that is
            defined for the character repertoire of the character set with
            which the <collation source> is associated.

         6) A <schema collation name> shall be the name of a collating se-
            quence that is defined in the schema identified by the explicit
            or implicit <schema name>.

         7) If a <collation definition> does not specify <pad attribute>,
            then

            Case:

            a) If a <collating sequence definition> is specified that con-
              tains a <collation name> that identifies a collation for
              which the <collation definition> specifies NO PAD, then NO
              PAD is implicit.

            b) Otherwise, PAD SPACE is implicit.

         8) If NO PAD is specified, then the collation is said to have the
            NO PAD attribute. If PAD SPACE is specified, then the collation
            is said to have the PAD SPACE attribute.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   315

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.30 <collation definition>


         9) If <translation collation> is specified, then let T be the
            translation named by <translation name>. Let C1 be the colla-
            tion being defined by the <collation definition>. The source
            character set of T shall be the same as the character set of C1.

         10)If THEN COLLATION <collation name> is specified, then let C2 be
            the collation named by <collation name> in THEN COLLATION <col-
            lation name>. The target character set of T shall be identical
            to the character set of C2.

         Access Rules

         1) If a <collation definition> is contained in a <module>, then
            the current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <collation name>.

         2) Let C be a collation identified by any <collation name> con-
            tained in <collation source>. The applicable privileges shall
            include USAGE on C.

         3) If <translation name> is specified, then the applicable privi-
            leges shall include USAGE.

         General Rules

         1) A <collation definition> defines a collating sequence.

         2) DEFAULT specifies that the collation is to be performed us-
            ing the order of characters as they appear in the character
            repertoire.

         3) If DESC is specified, then the collation is the reverse of that
            specified by <collation name>.

         4) A privilege descriptor is created that defines the USAGE priv-
            ilege on this collation to the current <authorization identi-
            fier>. The grantor of the privilege descriptor is set to the
            special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         5) This privilege descriptor is grantable if and only if the USAGE
            privilege for the current <authorization identifier> on the
            <character set name> contained in the <collation definition>
            is also grantable and if the USAGE privilege for the current
            <authorization identifier> on the <translation name> contained
            in the <translation collation>, if present, is also grantable.

         6) If <translation collation> is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If THEN COLLATION <collation name> is specified, then let
              C2 be the collating sequence named by the <collation name>
              in THEN COLLATION <collation name>. The collating sequence
              defined is obtained by effectively translating a character

         316  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                11.30 <collation definition>


              string using T, then applying the collating sequence of C2 to
              the result.

            b) Otherwise, the collating sequence defined is obtained by ef-
              fectively translating a character string using T, then apply-
              ing the default collating sequence for the target character
              set of T.

         7) If <external collation> is specified, then the collating se-
            quence defined is that given by:

            a) If <standard collation name> is specified, then the national
              or international standard collation.

            b) Otherwise, the implementation-defined collation.

         8) A collation descriptor is created for the defined collation.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collation definition>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

























                                    Schema definition and manipulation   317

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.31 <drop collation statement>


         11.31  <drop collation statement>

         Function

         Destroy a collating sequence.

         Format

         <drop collation statement> ::=
              DROP COLLATION <collation name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let C be the collating sequence identified by the <collation
            name> and let CN be the name of C.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            CN shall include the descriptor of C.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the collating sequence identified by C.

         General Rules

         1) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE USAGE ON COLLATION CN FROM A CASCADE

         2) Let CD be any collation descriptor that includes CN. CD is modi-
            fied by deleting any occurrences of "THEN COLLATION CN" or "DESC
            (CN)"

         3) Let CSD be any character set descriptor that includes CN. CSD is
            modified by deleting any occurrences of "COLLATION FROM CN" or
            "DESC (CN)".

         4) Let DD be any column descriptor or domain descriptor that
            includes CN. DD is modified by deleting any occurrences of
            "COLLATE CN".

         5) Let VD be any view descriptor whose <query expression> includes
            "COLLATE CN" or any constraint descriptor whose <search con-
            dition> includes "COLLATE CN". VD is modified by deleting any
            occurrences of "COLLATE CN".

         6) The descriptor of C is destroyed.

         318  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            11.31 <drop collation statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <drop collation statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   319

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.32 <translation definition>


         11.32  <translation definition>

         Function

         Define a character translation.

         Format

         <translation definition> ::=
              CREATE TRANSLATION <translation name>
                FOR <source character set specification>
                  TO <target character set specification>
                FROM <translation source>

         <source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>


         <target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>


         <translation source> ::=
                <translation specification>

         <translation specification> ::=
                <external translation>
              | IDENTITY
              | <schema translation name>

         <external translation> ::=
              EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external translation name> <quote> <right paren>


         <external translation name> ::=
                <standard translation name>
              | <implementation-defined translation name>

         <standard translation name> ::= <translation name>

         <implementation-defined translation name> ::= <translation name>

         <schema translation name> ::= <translation name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <translation definition> is contained in a <schema defi-
            nition> and if the <translation name> immediately contained in
            the <translation definition> contains a <schema name>, then that
            <schema name> shall be the same as the specified or implicit
            <schema name> of the <schema definition>.




         320  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                              11.32 <translation definition>


         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            the <translation name> shall not include a translation descrip-
            tor whose translation name is <translation name>.

         3) A <standard translation name> shall be the name of a trans-
            lation defined by a national or international standard. An
            <implementation-defined translation name> shall be the name
            of a translation that is implementation-defined.

         4) The <standard translation name>s and <implementation-defined
            translation name>s that are supported are implementation-
            defined. Each translation identified by a <standard transla-
            tion name> or by a <implementation-defined translation name>
            shall have associated with it a privilege descriptor that was
            effectively defined by the <grant statement>

              GRANT USAGE ON TRANSLATION TRANS TO PUBLIC

            where TRANS is the <standard translation name> or <implementation-
            defined translation name>.

         5) A <schema translation name> shall identify a translation de-
            scriptor.

         Access Rules

         1) If a <translation definition> is contained in a <module>, then
            the current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified
            by the implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <translation
            name>.

         2) If <external translation name> is specified, then the applicable
            privileges shall include USAGE.

         General Rules

         1) A <translation definition> defines a translation.

         2) IDENTITY specifies a translation that makes no changes to the
            characters.

         3) A translation descriptor is created for the defined translation.

         4) A privilege descriptor PD is created that defines the USAGE
            privilege on this translation to the <authorization identifier>
            of the schema or <module> in which the <translation definition>
            appears. The grantor of the privilege descriptor is set to the
            special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         5) PD is grantable if and only if the USAGE privilege for the <au-
            thorization identifier> of the schema or <module> in which the
            <translation definition> appears is also grantable on every
            <character set name> contained in the <translation definition>.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   321

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.32 <translation definition>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <trans-
              lation definition>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











































         322  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          11.33 <drop translation statement>


         11.33  <drop translation statement>

         Function

         Destroy a character translation.

         Format

         <drop translation statement> ::=
              DROP TRANSLATION <translation name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the translation identified by the <translation name>
            and let TN be the name of T.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            TN shall include the descriptor of T.

         3) T shall not be referenced in the <query expression> included
            in any view descriptor or in the <search condition> included
            in any constraint descriptor or be included in any collation
            descriptor.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the translation identified by T.

         General Rules

         1) Let CD be any collation descriptor that includes a <transla-
            tion collation> TRANSLATION TN. CD is modified by deleting that
            <translation collation>.

         2) Let CSD be any <character set definition> that references T.
            CSD is modified by deleting any occurrences of a <translation
            collation> that contains TN.

         3) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. The following
            <revoke statement> is effectively executed with a current <au-
            thorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access
            Rule checking:

              REVOKE USAGE ON TRANSLATION TN FROM A CASCADE

         4) The descriptor of T is destroyed.





                                    Schema definition and manipulation   323

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.33 <drop translation statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <drop
              translation statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











































         324  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                11.34 <assertion definition>


         11.34  <assertion definition>

         Function

         Specify an integrity constraint by means of an assertion and spec-
         ify the initial default time for checking the assertion.

         Format

         <assertion definition> ::=
              CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> <assertion check>
              [ <constraint attributes> ]

         <assertion check> ::=
              CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If an <assertion definition> is contained in a <schema defi-
            nition> and if the <constraint name> contains a <schema name>,
            then that <schema name> shall be the same as the explicit or
            implicit <schema name> of the containing <schema definition>.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            the <constraint name> shall not include a constraint descriptor
            whose constraint name is <constraint name>.

         3) If <constraint attributes> is not specified, then INITIALLY
            IMMEDIATE NOT DEFERRABLE is implicit.

         4) The <search condition> shall not contain a <target specifica-
            tion> or a <dynamic parameter specification>.

         5) No <query expression> in the <search condition> shall reference
            a temporary table.

         6) The <search condition> shall not generally contain a <datetime
            value function> or a <value specification> that is CURRENT_USER,
            SESSION_USER, or SYSTEM_USER.

         7) The <qualified identifier> of <constraint name> shall be differ-
            ent from the <qualified identifier> of the <constraint name> of
            any other constraint defined in the same schema.

         8) The <search condition> shall not generally contain a <query
            specification> or a <query expression> that is possibly non-
            deterministic.






                                    Schema definition and manipulation   325

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.34 <assertion definition>


         Access Rules

         1) If an <assertion definition> is contained in a <module>, then
            the current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the implicit or explicit <schema name> of the <constraint name>
            of the <assertion definition>.

         2) Let TN be any <table name> referenced in the <search condi-
            tion> of the <assertion definition>. If TN identifies a table
            described by a base table descriptor or a view descriptor, then

            Case:

            a) If a <column name> is contained in the <search condition>,
              then the applicable privileges shall include REFERENCES for
              each <column name> CN of the table identified by TN, where CN
              is contained in the <search condition>.

            b) Otherwise, the applicable privileges shall include REFERENCES
              for at least one column of the table identified by TN.

         General Rules

         1) An <assertion definition> defines an assertion.

            Note: Subclause 10.6, "<constraint name definition> and <con-
            straint attributes>", specifies when a constraint is effectively
            checked.

         2) The assertion is not satisfied if and only if the result of
            evaluating the <search condition> is false.

         3) An assertion descriptor is created that describes the assertion
            being defined. The name included in the assertion descriptor is
            <constraint name>.

            The assertion descriptor includes an indication of whether the
            constraint is deferrable or not deferrable and whether the ini-
            tial constraint mode is deferred or immediate.

            The assertion descriptor includes the <search condition> of the
            <assertion definition>.

         4) If the character representation of the <search condition> cannot
            be represented in the Information Schema without truncation,
            then a completion condition is raised: warning-search condition
            too long for information schema.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <assertion definition>.

         326  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                11.34 <assertion definition>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.


















































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   327

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.35 <drop assertion statement>


         11.35  <drop assertion statement>

         Function

         Destroy an assertion.

         Format

         <drop assertion statement> ::=
              DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let A be the assertion identified by <constraint name> and let
            AN be the name of A.

         2) The schema identified by the explicit or implicit schema name of
            AN shall include the descriptor of A.

         Access Rules

         1) The current <authorization identifier> shall be equal to the
            <authorization identifier> that owns the schema identified by
            the <schema name> of the assertion identified by AN.

         General Rules

         1) The descriptor of A is destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <drop assertion statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.













         328  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     11.36 <grant statement>


         11.36  <grant statement>

         Function

         Define privileges.

         Format

         <grant statement> ::=
              GRANT <privileges> ON <object name>
                TO <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ]
                  [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

         <object name> ::=
                [ TABLE ] <table name>
              | DOMAIN <domain name>
              | COLLATION <collation name>
              | CHARACTER SET <character set name>
              | TRANSLATION <translation name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <object name> specifies a <domain name>, <collation name>,
            <character set name>, or <translation name>, then <privileges>
            shall specify USAGE; otherwise, USAGE shall not be specified.

         2) Let O be the object identified by the <object name>.

         3) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. For each
            <grantee> specified, a set of privilege descriptors is iden-
            tified. The privilege descriptors identified are those defining,
            for each <action> explicitly or implicitly in <privileges>, that
            <action> on O held by A with grant option.

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include a privilege identifying
            O.

         General Rules

         1) The <privileges> specify one or more privileges on the object
            identified by the <object name>.

         2) For every identified privilege descriptor, a privilege descrip-
            tor is created that specifies the identical <grantee>, <action>,
            object O, and grantor A. Let CPD be the set of privilege de-
            scriptors created.

         3) For every identified privilege descriptor whose action is
            SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or REFERENCES without a column name,
            privilege descriptors are also created for each column C in O

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   329

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.36 <grant statement>


            for which A holds the corresponding privilege with grant op-
            tion. For each such column, a privilege descriptor is created
            that specifies the identical <grantee>, the identical <action>,
            object C, and grantor A.

         4) If WITH GRANT OPTION was specified, each privilege descriptor
            also indicates that the privilege is grantable.

         5) If <table name> is specified, then let T be the table identified
            by the <table name>.

         6) For every updatable view V owned by some grantee G such that T
            is some leaf underlying table of the <query expression> of V:

            a) Let VN be the <table name> of V.

            b) If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, then let WGO be "WITH
              GRANT OPTION"; otherwise, let WGO be a zero-length string.

            c) For every privilege descriptor PD in CPD, let PA be the ac-
              tion included in PD.

              i) If PA is INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE, then the following
                 <grant statement> is effectively executed as though the
                 current <authorization identifier> were "_SYSTEM" and with-
                 out further Access Rule checking:

                   GRANT PA ON VN TO G WGO

             ii) If PA is A(CT), where A is INSERT or UPDATE and CT is the
                 name of some column of T such that there is a correspond-
                 ing column in V, named CVN, that is derived from CT, then
                 the following <grant statement> is effectively executed
                 as though the current <authorization identifier> were "_
                 SYSTEM" and without further Access Rule checking:

                   GRANT A(CVN) ON VN TO G WGO

         7) For every <grantee> G and for every view V1 owned by G, if G has
            been granted SELECT privilege WITH GRANT OPTION on all tables
            identified by a <table name> contained in the <query expression>
            of V1, then for every privilege descriptor with a <privileges>
            P that contains SELECT, a <grantor> of "_SYSTEM", <object> of
            V1, and <grantee> G that is not grantable, the following <grant
            statement> is effectively executed with a current <authoriza-
            tion identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access Rule
            checking:

              GRANT P ON V1 TO G WITH GRANT OPTION

         8) For every <grantee> G and for every domain D1 owned by G, if G
            has been granted REFERENCES privilege WITH GRANT OPTION on every
            column referenced in the <search condition> included in a domain
            constraint descriptor included in the domain descriptor of D1
            and a grantable USAGE privilege on all domains, character sets,
            collations, and translations whose <domain name>s, <character

         330  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     11.36 <grant statement>


            set name>s, <collation name>s, and <translation name>s, respec-
            tively, are included in the domain descriptor, and a grantable
            USAGE privilege for the <collation name> contained in the <col-
            late clause> included in the domain descriptor, then for every
            privilege descriptor with <privileges> USAGE, a <grantor> of "_
            SYSTEM", <object> D1, and <grantee> G that is not grantable, the
            following <grant statement> is effectively executed with a cur-
            rent <authorization identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further
            Access Rule checking:

              GRANT USAGE ON DOMAIN D1 TO G WITH GRANT OPTION

         9) For every <grantee> G and for every collation C1 owned by G, if
            the USAGE privilege of G for the character set identified by a
            <character set specification> contained in the <collation defi-
            nition> of C1 is grantable, then for every privilege descriptor
            with a <privileges> P, a <grantor> of "_SYSTEM", <object> of
            C1, and <grantee> G that is not grantable, the following <grant
            statement> is effectively executed with a current <authoriza-
            tion identifier> of "_SYSTEM" and without further Access Rule
            checking:

              GRANT P ON COLLATION C1 TO G WITH GRANT OPTION

         10)For every <grantee> G and for every translation T1 owned by G,
            if the USAGE privilege of G for every character set identified
            by a <character set specification> contained in the <transla-
            tion definition> of T1 is grantable, then for every privilege
            descriptor with a <privileges> P, a <grantor> of "_SYSTEM",
            <object> of T1, and <grantee> G that is not grantable, the fol-
            lowing <grant statement> is effectively executed as though the
            current <authorization identifier> were "_SYSTEM" and without
            further Access Rule checking:

              GRANT P ON TRANSLATION T1 TO G WITH GRANT OPTION

         11)If <table name> is specified, then for each view V owned by some
            <grantee> G such that T or some column CT of T, let RTi, for i
            ranging from 1 to the number of tables identified by the <table
            reference>s contained in the <query expression> of V, be the
            <table name>s of those tables. For every column CV of V:

            a) Let CRij, for j ranging from 1 to the number of columns of
              RTi that are underlying columns of CV, be the <column name>s
              of those columns.

            b) If WITH GRANT OPTION was specified, then let WGO be "WITH
              GRANT OPTION"; otherwise, let WGO be a zero-length string.

            c) If, following successful execution of the <grant statement>,
              G will have REFERENCES(CRTij) for all i and for all j, and
              A has REFERENCES on some column of RTi for all i, the the
              following <grant statement> is effectively executed as though

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   331

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.36 <grant statement>


              the current <authorization identifier> were "_SYSTEM" and
              without further Access Rule checking:

                 GRANT REFERENCES CV ON V TO G WGO

         12)If two privilege descriptors are identical except that one in-
            dicates that the privilege is grantable and the other indicates
            that the privilege is not grantable, then both privilege de-
            scriptors are set to indicate that the privilege is grantable.

         13)Redundant duplicate privilege descriptors are removed from the
            multiset of all privilege descriptors.

         14)For every combination of <grantee> and <action> on O specified
            in <privileges>, if there is no corresponding privilege de-
            scriptor in the set of identified privilege descriptors, then a
            completion condition is raised: warning-privilege not granted.

         15)If ALL PRIVILEGES was specified, then for each grantee, if no
            privilege descriptors were identified, then a completion condi-
            tion is raised: warning-privilege not granted.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) In Conforming Intermediate SQL language, an <object name>
              shall not specify COLLATION or TRANSLATION.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) In Conforming Entry SQL language, an <object name> shall not
              specify TABLE.

            b) In Conforming Entry SQL language, an <object name> shall not
              specify CHARACTER SET or DOMAIN.

















         332  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.37 <revoke statement>


         11.37  <revoke statement>

         Function

         Destroy privileges.

         Format

         <revoke statement> ::=
              REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] <privileges>
                  ON <object name>
                FROM <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ] <drop behavior>



         Syntax Rules

         1) If <object name> specifies a <domain name>, <collation name>,
            <character set name>, or <translation name>, then <privileges>
            shall specify USAGE; otherwise, USAGE shall not be specified.

         2) INSERT is equivalent to specifying both the INSERT table priv-
            ilege and INSERT (<privilege column list>) for all columns of
            <table name>.

         3) UPDATE is equivalent to specifying both the UPDATE table priv-
            ilege and UPDATE (<privilege column list>) for all columns of
            <table name>.

         4) REFERENCES is equivalent to specifying both the REFERENCES ta-
            ble privilege and REFERENCES (<privilege column list>) for all
            columns of <table name>.

         5) Let O be the object identified by the <object name>.

         6) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>. For every
            <grantee> specified, a set of privilege descriptors is iden-
            tified. A privilege descriptor is said to be identified if it
            belongs to the set of privilege descriptors that define, for any
            <action> explicitly or implicitly in <privileges>, that <action>
            on O granted by A to <grantee>.

            Note: Column privilege descriptors become identified when <ac-
            tion> explicitly or implicitly contains a <privilege column
            list>.

         7) A privilege descriptor D is allowed to be created by a grant
            permitted by P if either:

            a) The following conditions hold:

              i) P indicates that the privilege that it represents is
                 grantable, and

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   333

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.37 <revoke statement>


             ii) The grantee of P is the same as the grantor of D or the
                 grantee of P is PUBLIC, and

            iii) Case:

                 1) P and D are both column privilege descriptors. The ac-
                   tion and the identified column of P are the same as the
                   action and identified column of D, respectively.

                 2) P is a table privilege descriptor and D is a column
                   privilege descriptor. The identified table of P is the
                   same as the identified table of D and the action of P
                   is the same as the action of D and the action of P is
                   SELECT.

                 3) Neither P nor D are column privilege descriptors. The
                   action and the identified table, domain, character set,
                   collation, or translation of P are the same as the ac-
                   tion and the identified table, domain, character set,
                   collation, or translation of D, respectively.

            b) The following conditions hold:

              i) The privilege descriptor for D indicates that its grantor
                 is the special grantor value "_SYSTEM", and

             ii) The action of P is the same as the action of D, and

            iii) The grantee of P is the owner of the table, collation, or
                 translation identified by D, or the grantee of P is PUBLIC,
                 and

             iv) One of the following conditions hold:

                 1) P and D are both table privilege descriptors, the priv-
                   ilege descriptor for D identifies the <table name> of a
                   <view definition> V and either:

                   A) The action of P is SELECT and the identified table of
                      P is contained in the <query expression> of V, or

                   B) V is an updatable view and the identified table of P
                      is the underlying table of the <query expression>.

                 2) P and D are both column privilege descriptors, the priv-
                   ilege descriptor D identifies a <column name> CVN ex-
                   plicitly or implicitly contained in the <view column
                   list> of a <view definition> V and V is an updatable
                   view. For every column CV identified by a <column name>
                   CVN, there is a corresponding column in the underly-
                   ing table of the <query expression> TN. Let CTN be the
                   <column name> of the column of the <query expression>
                   from which CV is derived. The action for P is UPDATE or
                   INSERT and the identified column of P is TN.CTN.

         334  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.37 <revoke statement>


                 3) P is a table privilege descriptor and the column privi-
                   lege descriptor D identifies a <column name> CV explic-
                   itly or implicitly contained in the <view column list>
                   of a <view definition> V. Let TN be a <table name> con-
                   tained in the <query expression> of the view. The action
                   for P is SELECT and the identified table of P is TN.

                 4) The privilege descriptor D identifies the <collation
                   name> of a <collation definition> CO and the identified
                   character set name of P is contained in the <character
                   set specification> immediately contained in CO.

                 5) The privilege descriptor D identifies the <translation
                   name> of a <translation definition> TD and the identi-
                   fied character set name of P is contained in the <source
                   character set specification> or the <target character
                   set specification> immediately contained in TD.

         8) A privilege descriptor D is said to be directly dependent on an-
            other privilege descriptor P if D represents a privilege allowed
            to be created by a grant permitted by P.

         9) The privilege dependency graph is a directed graph such that:

            a) Each node represents a privilege descriptor, and

            b) Each arc from node P1 to node P2 represents the fact that P2
              directly depends on P1.

            An independent node is one that has no incoming arcs.

         10)A privilege descriptor P is said to be modified if either P is a
            SELECT column privilege descriptor and a SELECT table privilege
            descriptor with the same grantee, grantor, catalog name, schema
            name, and table name is a modified privilege descriptor, or:

            a) P indicates that the privilege that it represents is
              grantable, and

            b) P directly depends on an identified privilege descriptor or a
              modified privilege descriptor, and

            c) Let XO and XA respectively be the identifier of the object
              identified by a privilege descriptor X and the action of X.
              Within the set of privilege descriptors upon which P directly
              depends, there exists some XO and XA for which the set of
              identified privilege descriptors unioned with the set of mod-
              ified privilege descriptors include all privilege descriptors
              specifying the grant of XA on XO with grant option, and

            d) At least one of the following is true:

              i) GRANT OPTION FOR is specified and the grantor of P is the
                 special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   335

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.37 <revoke statement>


             ii) There exists a path to P from an independent node that
                 includes no identified or modified privilege descriptors. P
                 is said to be a marked modified privilege descriptor.

            iii) P directly depends on a marked modified privilege descrip-
                 tor, and the grantor of P is the special grantor value
                 "_SYSTEM". P is said to be a marked modified privilege
                 descriptor.

         11)A privilege descriptor P is abandoned if:

            a) It is not an independent node, and

              Case:

              i) GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, P is not itself a mod-
                 ified privilege descriptor, and there exists no path to
                 P from any independent node other than paths that include
                 an identified privilege descriptor or a modified privilege
                 descriptor.

             ii) GRANT OPTION FOR is specified, P is not itself a modi-
                 fied privilege descriptor, and there exists no path to P
                 from any independent node other than paths that include a
                 modified privilege descriptor.

            b) P is a SELECT column privilege descriptor and there exists
              a SELECT table privilege descriptor X with the same grantee,
              grantor, catalog name, schema name, and table name and

              Case:

              i) GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified and X is an identified
                 privilege descriptor or an abandoned privilege descriptor.

             ii) GRANT OPTION FOR is specified and X is an abandoned privi-
                 lege descriptor.

         12)Let S1 be the name of any schema and let A1 be the <authoriza-
            tion identifier> that owns the schema identified by S1.

         13)Let V be any view descriptor included in S1. V is said to be
            abandoned if the destruction of all abandoned privilege descrip-
            tors and, if GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, all identified
            privilege descriptors would result in A1 no longer having SELECT
            privilege on one or more tables or USAGE privilege on one or
            more domains, collations, character sets, or translations whose
            names are contained in the <query expression> of V.

         14)Let TC be any table constraint descriptor included in S1. TC is
            said to be abandoned if the destruction of all abandoned privi-
            lege descriptors and, if GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, all
            identified privilege descriptors would result in A1 no longer
            having REFERENCES privilege on one or more referenced columns
            of TC or USAGE privilege on one or more domains, collations,

         336  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.37 <revoke statement>


            character sets, or translations whose names are contained in any
            <search condition> of TC.

         15)Let AX be any assertion descriptor included in S1. AX is said
            to be abandoned if the destruction of all abandoned privilege
            descriptors and, if GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, all iden-
            tified privilege descriptors would result in A1 no longer having
            REFERENCES privilege on one or more referenced columns of AX or
            USAGE privilege on one or more domains, collations, character
            sets, or translations whose names are contained in any <search
            condition> of AX.

         16)Let DC be any domain constraint descriptor included in S1. DC is
            said to be abandoned if the destruction of all abandoned privi-
            lege descriptors and, if GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, all
            identified privilege descriptors would result in A1 no longer
            having REFERENCES privilege on one or more referenced columns
            of DC or USAGE privilege on one or more domains, collations,
            character sets, or translations whose names are contained in any
            <search condition> of DC.

         17)Let DO be any domain descriptor included in S1. DO is said to be
            abandoned if the destruction of all abandoned privilege descrip-
            tors and, if GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, all identified
            privilege descriptors would result in A1 no longer having USAGE
            privilege on the collation whose name is contained in the <col-
            late clause> of DO, if any.

         18)If RESTRICT is specified, then there shall be no abandoned priv-
            ilege descriptors, abandoned views, abandoned table constraints,
            abandoned assertions, abandoned domain constraints, or abandoned
            domains.

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include a privilege identifying
            O.

         General Rules

         1) If GRANT OPTION FOR is not specified, then:

            a) All abandoned privilege descriptors are destroyed, and

            b) The identified privilege descriptors are destroyed, and

            c) The modified privilege descriptors are set to indicate that
              they are not grantable.

         2) If GRANT OPTION FOR is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If CASCADE is specified, then all abandoned privilege de-
              scriptors are destroyed.

                                    Schema definition and manipulation   337

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         11.37 <revoke statement>


            b) Otherwise, if there are any privilege descriptors directly
              dependent on an identified privilege descriptor that are not
              modified privilege descriptors, then an exception condition
              is raised: dependent privilege descriptors still exist.

            The identified privilege descriptors and the modified privilege
            descriptors are set to indicate that they are not grantable.

         3) For every abandoned view descriptor V, let S1.VN be the <table
            name> of V. The following <drop view statement> is effectively
            executed without further Access Rule checking:

              DROP VIEW S1.VN CASCADE

         4) For every abandoned table constraint descriptor TC, let S1.TCN
            be the <constraint name> of TC and let S2.T2 be the <table name>
            of the table that contains TC (S1 and S2 not necessarily dif-
            ferent). The following <alter table statement> is effectively
            executed without further Access Rule checking:

              ALTER TABLE S2.T2 DROP CONSTRAINT S1.TCN CASCADE

         5) For every abandoned assertion descriptor AX, let S1.AXN be the
            <constraint name> of AX. The following <drop assertion state-
            ment> is effectively executed without further Access Rule check-
            ing:

              DROP ASSERTION S1.AXN

         6) For every abandoned domain constraint descriptor DC, let S1.DCN
            be the <constraint name> of DC and let S2.DN be the <domain
            name> of the domain that contains DC. The following <alter do-
            main statement> is effectively executed without further Access
            Rule checking:

              ALTER DOMAIN S2.DN DROP CONSTRAINT S1.DCN

         7) For every abandoned domain descriptor DO, let S1.DN be the
            <domain name> of DO. The following <drop domain statement> is
            effectively executed without further Access Rule checking:

              DROP DOMAIN S1.DN CASCADE

         8) For every combination of <grantee> and <action> on O specified
            in <privileges>, if there is no corresponding privilege de-
            scriptor in the set of identified privilege descriptors, then a
            completion condition is raised: warning-privilege not revoked.

         9) If ALL PRIVILEGES was specified, then for each <grantee>, if
            no privilege descriptors were identified, then a completion
            condition is raised: warning-privilege not revoked.



         338  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    11.37 <revoke statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <revoke
              statement>.











































                                    Schema definition and manipulation   339

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         340  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         12  Module



         12.1  <module>

         Function

         Define a module.

         Format

         <module> ::=
              <module name clause>
              <language clause>
              <module authorization clause>
              [ <temporary table declaration>... ]
              <module contents>...

         <module authorization clause> ::=
                SCHEMA <schema name>
              | AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
              | SCHEMA <schema name> AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>


         <module authorization identifier> ::=
              <authorization identifier>

         <module contents> ::=
                <declare cursor>
              | <dynamic declare cursor>
              | <procedure>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If SCHEMA <schema name> is not specified, then a <schema name>
            equal to <module authorization identifier> is implicit.

         2) If the explicit or implicit <schema name> does not specify a
            <catalog name>, then an implementation-defined <catalog name> is
            implicit.

         3) The implicit or explicit <catalog name> is the implicit <catalog
            name> for all unqualified <schema name>s in the <module>.

         4) A <declare cursor> or <dynamic declare cursor> shall precede
            in the text of the <module> any <procedure> that references
            the <cursor name> of the <declare cursor> or <dynamic declare
            cursor>.

                                                                Module   341

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.1 <module>


         5) For every <declare cursor> in a <module>, there shall be exactly
            one <procedure> in that <module> that contains an <open state-
            ment> that specifies the <cursor name> declared in the <declare
            cursor>.

            Note: See the Syntax Rules of Subclause 13.1, "<declare cur-
            sor>".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the SQL-agent that performs a call of a <procedure> in a
            <module> is not a program that conforms to the programming
            language standard specified by the <language clause> of that
            <module>, then the effect is implementation-dependent.

         2) If the SQL-agent performs calls of <procedure>s from more than
            one Ada task, then the results are implementation-dependent.

         3) Case:

            a) If a <module authorization identifier> is specified, then
              it is the current <authorization identifier> for privilege
              determination for the execution of each <procedure> in the
              <module>.

            b) Otherwise, the current <authorization identifier> for privi-
              lege determination for the execution of each <procedure> in
              the <module> is the SQL-session <authorization identifier>.

         4) After the last time that an SQL-agent performs a call of a <pro-
            cedure>:

            a) A <rollback statement> or a <commit statement> is effec-
              tively executed. If an unrecoverable error has occurred,
              or if the SQL-agent terminated unexpectedly, or if any con-
              straint is not satisfied, then a <rollback statement> is
              performed. Otherwise, the choice of which of these SQL-
              statements to perform is implementation-dependent. The deter-
              mination of whether an SQL-agent has terminated unexpectedly
              is implementation-dependent.

            b) Let D be the <descriptor name> of any system descriptor area
              that is currently allocated within an SQL-session associated
              with the SQL-agent. A <deallocate descriptor statement> that
              specifies

                 DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR D

              is effectively executed.

         342  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               12.1 <module>


            c) All SQL-sessions associated with the SQL-agent are termi-
              nated.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <module> shall not contain a <temporary table declaration>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <module> shall be associated with an SQL-agent during its
              execution. An SQL-agent shall be associated with at most one
              <module>.

            b) A <module contents> shall not be a <dynamic declare cursor>.

            c) A <module authorization clause> shall specify AUTHORIZATION
              and shall not specify SCHEMA.


































                                                                Module   343

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.2 <module name clause>


         12.2  <module name clause>

         Function

         Name a <module>.

         Format

         <module name clause> ::=
              MODULE [ <module name> ]
                [ <module character set specification> ]

         <module character set specification> ::=
              NAMES ARE <character set specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <module name clause> does not specify a <module name>, then
            the <module> is unnamed.

         2) The <module name> shall be different from the <module name> of
            any other <module> in the same SQL-environment.

            Note: An SQL-environment may have multiple <module>s that are
            unnamed.

         3) If the <language clause> of the containing <module> specifies
            ADA, then a <module name> shall be specified, and that <module
            name> shall be a valid Ada library unit name.

         4) If a <module character set specification> is not specified,
            then a <module character set specification> that specifies an
            implementation-defined character set that contains at least
            every character that is in <SQL language character> is implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If a <module name> is specified, then in the SQL-environment the
            containing <module> has the name given by <module name>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.




         344  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   12.2 <module name clause>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <module character set specification> shall not be speci-
              fied.

















































                                                                Module   345

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.3 <procedure>


         12.3  <procedure>

         Function

         Define a procedure.

         Format

         <procedure> ::=
              PROCEDURE <procedure name> <parameter declaration list> <semicolon>

                <SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

         <parameter declaration list> ::=
                <left paren> <parameter declaration>
                    [ { <comma> <parameter declaration> }... ] <right paren>

              | <parameter declaration>...

         <parameter declaration> ::=
                <parameter name> <data type>
              | <status parameter>

         <status parameter> ::=
              SQLCODE | SQLSTATE


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <procedure name> shall be different from the <procedure
            name> of any other <procedure> in the containing <module>.

            Note: The <procedure name> should be a standard-conforming pro-
            cedure, function, or routine name of the language specified by
            the subject <language clause>. Failure to observe this recommen-
            dation will have implementation-dependent effects.

         2) The <parameter name> of each <parameter declaration> in a <pro-
            cedure> shall be different from the <parameter name> of any
            other <parameter declaration> in that <procedure>.

         3) Any <parameter name> contained in the <SQL procedure statement>
            of a <procedure> shall be specified in a <parameter declaration>
            in that <procedure>.

            Note: <parameter declaration>s in a <procedure> without enclos-
            ing parentheses and without commas separating multiple <param-
            eter declaration>s is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         4) A call of a <procedure> shall supply n parameters, where n is
            the number of <parameter declaration>s in the <procedure>.

         346  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                            12.3 <procedure>


         5) A <procedure> shall contain at least one <status parameter>, at
            most one <status parameter> that specifies SQLCODE, and at most
            one <status parameter> that specifies SQLSTATE. A parameter that
            corresponds with SQLCODE is referred to as an SQLCODE parameter.
            A parameter that corresponds with SQLSTATE is referred to as
            an SQLSTATE parameter. The SQLCODE and SQLSTATE parameters are
            referred to as status parameters.

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         6) Whether a <parameter declaration> is for an input parameter, an
            output parameter, or both is determined as follows:

            Case:

            a) A <status parameter> is an output parameter.

            b) For every <parameter declaration> that is not a <status pa-
              rameter>,

              Case:

              i) If the <parameter name> of a parameter is contained in a
                 <value specification> or a <simple value specification>
                 that is contained in <SQL procedure statement>, but it
                 is not contained in a <target specification> or a <simple
                 target specification> that is contained in <SQL procedure
                 statement>, then the parameter is an input parameter.

             ii) If the <parameter name> of a parameter is contained in a
                 <target specification> or a <simple target specification>
                 that is contained in <SQL procedure statement>, but it
                 is not contained in a <value specification> or a <simple
                 value specification> that is contained in <SQL procedure
                 statement>, then the parameter is an output parameter.

            iii) If the <parameter name> of a parameter is contained in a
                 <value specification> or a <simple value specification>
                 that is contained in <SQL procedure statement> and it is
                 contained in a <target specification> or a <simple target
                 specification> that is contained in <SQL procedure state-
                 ment>, then the parameter is both an input parameter and an
                 output parameter.

             iv) Otherwise, the parameter is neither an input parameter nor
                 an output parameter.

         7) The Syntax Rules of Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>",
            shall be true.


                                                                Module   347

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.3 <procedure>


         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) A <procedure> defines a procedure that may be called by an SQL-
            agent.

         2) If the <module> that contains the <procedure> is associated
            with an SQL-agent that is associated with another <module> that
            contains a <procedure> with the same <procedure name>, then the
            effect is implementation-defined.

         3) If the <module> that contains the <procedure> has an explicit
            <module authorization identifier> MAI that is different from the
            SQL-session <authorization identifier> SAI, then:

            a) Whether or not SAI can invoke <procedure>s in a <module>
              with explicit <module authorization identifier> MAI is
              implementation-defined, as are any restrictions pertaining
              to such invocation.

            b) If SAI is restricted from invoking a <procedure> in a <mod-
              ule> with explicit <module authorization identifier> MAI,
              then an exception condition is raised: invalid authorization
              specification.

         4) If the value of any input parameter provided by the SQL-agent
            falls outside the set of allowed values of the data type of the
            parameter, or if the value of any output parameter resulting
            from the execution of the <procedure> falls outside the set
            of values supported by the SQL-agent for that parameter, then
            the effect is implementation-defined. If the implementation-
            defined effect is the raising of an exception condition, then an
            exception condition is raised: data exception-invalid parameter
            value.

         5) Let S be the <SQL procedure statement> of the <procedure>.

         6) When the <procedure> is called by an SQL-agent:

            Case:

            a) If S is an <SQL connection statement>, then:

              i) The <module> that contains S is associated with the SQL-
                 agent.

             ii) The diagnostics area is emptied.

            iii) S is executed.


         348  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                            12.3 <procedure>


             iv) If S successfully initiated or resumed an SQL-session,
                 then subsequent calls to a <procedure> by the SQL-agent
                 are associated with that SQL-session until the SQL-agent
                 terminates the SQL-session or makes it dormant.

            b) If S is an <SQL diagnostics statement>, then:

              i) The <module> that contains S is associated with the SQL-
                 agent.

             ii) S is executed.

            c) Otherwise:

              i) If no SQL-session is current for the SQL-agent, then

                 Case:

                 1) If the SQL-agent has not executed an <SQL connection
                   statement> and there is no default SQL-session asso-
                   ciated with the SQL-agent, then the following <connect
                   statement> is effectively executed:

                      CONNECT TO DEFAULT

                 2) If the SQL-agent has not executed an <SQL connection
                   statement> and there is a default SQL-session associated
                   with the SQL-agent, then the following <set connection
                   statement> is effectively executed:

                      SET CONNECTION DEFAULT

                 3) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: connection
                   exception-connection does not exist.

                 Subsequent calls to a <procedure> or invocations of <direct
                 SQL statement>s by the SQL-agent are associated with the
                 SQL-session until the SQL-agent terminates the SQL-session
                 or makes it dormant.

             ii) If an SQL-transaction is active for the SQL-agent, then S
                 is associated with that SQL-transaction.

            iii) If no SQL-transaction is active for the SQL-agent and S is
                 a transaction-initiating SQL-statement, then

                 1) An SQL-transaction is effectively initiated and asso-
                   ciated with this call and with subsequent calls of any
                   <procedure> or invocations of <direct SQL statement>s
                   by that SQL-agent until the SQL-agent terminates that
                   SQL-transaction.

                 2) Case:

                   A) If a <set transaction statement> has been executed
                      since the termination of the last SQL-transaction
                      in the SQL-session, then the access mode, constraint

                                                                Module   349

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.3 <procedure>


                      mode, and isolation level of the SQL-transaction are
                      set as specified by the <set transaction statement>.

                   B) Otherwise, the access mode of that SQL-transaction is
                      read-write, the constraint mode for all constraints in
                      that SQL-transaction is immediate, and the isolation
                      level of that SQL-transaction is SERIALIZABLE.

                 3) The SQL-transaction is associated with the SQL-session.

                 4) The <module> that contains S is associated with the
                   SQL-transaction.

             iv) The <module> that contains S is associated with the SQL-
                 agent.

              v) If S contains an <SQL schema statement> and the access
                 mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only, then an
                 exception condition is raised: invalid transaction state.

             vi) The diagnostics area is emptied.

            vii) The values of all input parameters to the <procedure> are
                 established.

            viii)S is executed.

         7) If the non-dynamic or dynamic execution of an <SQL data state-
            ment> or the execution of an <SQL dynamic data statement>,
            <dynamic select statement>, or <dynamic single row select state-
            ment> occurs within the same SQL-transaction as the non-dynamic
            or dynamic execution of an SQL-schema statement and this is not
            allowed by the SQL-implementation, then an exception condition
            is raised: invalid transaction state.

         8) When a <procedure> is called by an SQL-agent, let PDi be the
            <parameter declaration> of the i-th parameter and let DTi and
            PNi be the <data type> and the <parameter name> specified in
            PDi, respectively. Let PIi be the i-th parameter in the proce-
            dure call.

         9) If S is a <select statement: single row> or a <fetch statement>
            and a completion condition no data is raised or an exception
            condition is raised, then the value of each PIi for which PNi is
            referenced in a <target specification> in S is implementation-
            dependent.

         10)The General Rules of Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>",
            are evaluated.





         350  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                            12.3 <procedure>


         11)Case:

            a) If S executed successfully, then

              i) If there is more than one status parameter, then the order
                 in which values are assigned to these status parameters is
                 implementation-dependent.

             ii) Either a completion condition is raised: successful com-
                 pletion, or a completion condition is raised: warning, or
                 a completion condition is raised: no data, as determined
                 by the General Rules in this and other Subclauses of this
                 International Standard.

            b) If S did not execute successfully, then:

              i) All changes made to SQL-data or schemas by the execution of
                 S are canceled.

             ii) The status parameter(s) is (are) set to the value(s) speci-
                 fied for the condition in clause Clause 22, "Status codes".
                 If there is more than one status parameters, then the order
                 in which values are assigned to these status parameters is
                 implementation-dependent.

         12)Case:

            a) If S is not an <SQL diagnostics statement>, then diagnostics
              information resulting from the execution of S is placed into
              the diagnostics area as specified in Clause 18, "Diagnostics
              management".

            b) If S is an <SQL diagnostics statement>, then the diagnostics
              area is not updated.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <parameter declaration> shall not specify a <data type>
              that is BIT or BIT VARYING.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <parameter declaration> shall not specify a <data type>
              that is CHARACTER VARYING.







                                                                Module   351

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


         12.4  Calls to a <procedure>

         Function

         Define the call to a <procedure> by an SQL-agent.

         Syntax Rules

         1) If the subject <language clause> specifies ADA, then:

            a) The <procedure>s of the <module> are identified by the <pro-
              cedure name> as if they were declared immediately within an
              Ada library unit package specification that has a name iden-
              tical to the <module name> of the containing <module>. The
              SQL-implementation shall generate the source code of the Ada
              library unit package specification.

            b) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall specify
              CHARACTER, BIT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION.

            c) The base type of any parameter shall be an Ada data type de-
              clared in an Ada package named SQL_STANDARD of the following
              form:

               package SQL_STANDARD is
                    package CHARACTER_SET renames csp;
                    subtype CHARACTER_TYPE is CHARACTER_SET.cst;
                    type CHAR is array (POSITIVE range <>) of CHARACTER_
              TYPE;
                    type BIT is array (NATURAL range <>) of BOOLEAN;
                    type SMALLINT is range bs .. ts;
                    type INT is range bi .. ti;
                    type REAL is digits dr;
                    type DOUBLE_PRECISION is digits dd;
                    subtype INDICATOR_TYPE is t;
                    type SQLCODE_TYPE is range bsc .. tsc;
                    subtype SQL_ERROR is SQLCODE_TYPE range SQL_TYPE'FIRST .. -
              1;
                    subtype NOT_FOUND is SQLCODE_TYPE range 100 .. 100;
                    type SQLSTATE_TYPE is new CHAR (1 .. 5);
                    package SQLSTATE_CODES is
                        AMBIGUOUS_CURSOR_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="3C000";
                        CARDINALITY_VIOLATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="21000";
                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08000";
                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_CONNECTION_DOES_NOT_EXIST:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08003";
                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_CONNECTION_FAILURE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08006";
                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_CONNECTION_NAME_IN_USE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08002";

         352  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_SQLCLIENT_UNABLE_TO_ESTABLISH_
              SQLCONNECTION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08001";
                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_SQLSERVER_REJECTED_ESTABLISHMENT_
              OF_SQLCONNECTION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08004";
                        CONNECTION_EXCEPTION_TRANSACTION_RESOLUTION_
              UNKNOWN:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="08007";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22000";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_CHARACTER_NOT_IN_REPERTOIRE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22021";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_DATETIME_FIELD_OVERFLOW:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22008";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_DIVISION_BY_ZERO:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22012";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_ERROR_IN_ASSIGNMENT:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22005";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INDICATOR_OVERFLOW:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22022";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INTERVAL_FIELD_OVERFLOW:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22015";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INVALID_CHARACTER_VALUE_FOR_CAST:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22018";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22007";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INVALID_ESCAPE_CHARACTER:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22019";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22025";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22023";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_INVALID_TIME_ZONE_DISPLACEMENT_
              VALUE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22009";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_NULL_VALUE_NO_INDICATOR_PARAMETER:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22002";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22003";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_STRING_DATA_LENGTH_MISMATCH:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22026";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22001";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_SUBSTRING_ERROR:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22011";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_TRIM_ERROR:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22027";
                        DATA_EXCEPTION_UNTERMINATED_C_STRING:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="22024";
                        DEPENDENT_PRIVILEGE_DESCRIPTORS_STILL_EXIST_NO_
              SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="2B000";

                                                                Module   353

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07000";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_CURSOR_SPECIFICATION_CANNOT_BE_
              EXECUTED:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07003";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_INVALID_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07008";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_INVALID_DESCRIPTOR_INDEX:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07009";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_PREPARED_STATEMENT_NOT_A_CURSOR_
              SPECIFICATION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07005";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_RESTRICTED_DATA_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE_
              VIOLATION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07006";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_USING_CLAUSE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_
              DYNAMIC_PARAMETER_SPEC:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07001";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_USING_CLAUSE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_
              TARGET_SPEC:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07002";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_USING_CLAUSE_REQUIRED_FOR_
              DYNAMIC_PARAMETERS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07004";
                        DYNAMIC_SQL_ERROR_USING_CLAUSE_REQUIRED_FOR_RESULT_
              FIELDS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="07007";
                        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="0A000";
                        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED_MULTIPLE_ENVIRONMENT_
              TRANSACTIONS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="0A001";
                        INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="23000";
                        INVALID_AUTHORIZATION_SPECIFICATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="28000";
                        INVALID_CATALOG_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="3D000";
                        INVALID_CHARACTER_SET_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="2C000";
                        INVALID_CONDITION_NUMBER_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="35000";
                        INVALID_CONNECTION_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="2E000";
                        INVALID_CURSOR_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="34000";
                        INVALID_CURSOR_STATE_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="24000";
                        INVALID_SCHEMA_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="3F000";
                        INVALID_SQL_DESCRIPTOR_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="33000";
                        INVALID_SQL_STATEMENT_NAME_NO_SUBCLASS:

         354  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="26000";
                        INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="25000";
                        INVALID_TRANSACTION_TERMINATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="2D000";
                        NO_DATA_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="02000";
                        REMOTE_DATABASE_ACCESS_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="HZ000";
                        SUCCESSFUL_COMPLETION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="00000";
                        SYNTAX_ERROR_OR_ACCESS_RULE_VIOLATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="42000";
                        SYNTAX_ERROR_OR_ACCESS_RULE_VIOLATION_IN_DIRECT_
              STATEMENT_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="2A000";
                        SYNTAX_ERROR_OR_ACCESS_RULE_VIOLATION_IN_DYNAMIC_
              STATEMENT_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="37000";
                        TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="40000";
                        TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_
              VIOLATION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="40002";
                        TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="40001";
                        TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK_STATEMENT_COMPLETION_UNKNOWN:

                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="40003";
                        TRIGGERED_DATA_CHANGE_VIOLATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="27000";
                        WARNING_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01000";
                        WARNING_CURSOR_OPERATION_CONFLICT:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01001";
                        WARNING_DISCONNECT_ERROR:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01002";
                        WARNING_IMPLICIT_ZERO_BIT_PADDING:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01008";
                        WARNING_INSUFFICIENT_ITEM_DESCRIPTOR_AREAS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01005";
                        WARNING_NULL_VALUE_ELIMINATED_IN_SET_FUNCTION:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01003";
                        WARNING_PRIVILEGE_NOT_GRANTED:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01007";
                        WARNING_PRIVILEGE_NOT_REVOKED:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01006";
                        WARNING_QUERY_EXPRESSION_TOO_LONG_FOR_INFORMATION_
              SCHEMA:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="0100A";
                        WARNING_SEARCH_CONDITION_TOO_LONG_FOR_INFORMATION_
              SCHEMA:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01009";

                                                                Module   355

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


                        WARNING_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION_WARNING:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="01004";
                        WITH_CHECK_OPTION_VIOLATION_NO_SUBCLASS:
                                constant SQLSTATE_TYPE :="44000";
                    end SQLSTATE_CODES;
               end SQL_STANDARD;

              where csp is an implementation-defined package and cst is an
              implementation-defined character type such that within the
              scope of an Ada use clause for
              SQL_STANDARD.CHARACTER_SET, string literals can be of type
              SQL_STANDARD.CHAR. bs, ts, bi, ti, dr, dd, bsc, and tsc are
              implementation-defined integer values. t is INT or SMALLINT,
              corresponding with an implementation-defined <exact numeric
              type> of indicator parameters.

              SQL_STANDARD shall contain no other declarations.

            d) The base type of the SQLCODE parameter shall be

                 SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE

              The base type of the SQLSTATE parameter shall be

                 SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            e) The Ada parameter mode of the SQLCODE parameter is out. The
              Ada parameter mode of the SQLSTATE parameter is out.

            f) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER(L) for some <length> L, then the base
              type of the i-th parameter P shall be SQL_STANDARD.CHAR, with
              P'LENGTH equal to the maximum possible length in octets of
              PDT.

            g) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is BIT(L) for some <length> L, then the base type of
              the i-th parameter P shall be SQL_STANDARD.BIT with P'LENGTH
              equal to L.

              Note: BOOLEAN is the predefined enumeration type STANDARD.BOOLEAN
              with values (FALSE, TRUE). The equivalences

                  BOOLEAN'POS(FALSE) � 0
                  BOOLEAN'POS(TRUE) � 1

               define the correspondence between the bit values of 0 and 1
              and the Boolean values of false and true, respectively.

            h) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is SMALLINT, then the base type of the i-th parameter
              shall be SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT.

         356  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


            i) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is INTEGER, then the base type of the i-th parameter
              shall be SQL_STANDARD.INT.

            j) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is REAL, then the base type of the i-th parameter shall
              be SQL_STANDARD.REAL.

            k) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is DOUBLE PRECISION, then the base type of the i-th
              parameter shall be SQL_STANDARD. DOUBLE_PRECISION.

            l) For every parameter,

              Case:

              i) If the parameter is an input parameter but not an output
                 parameter, then the Ada parameter mode is in.

             ii) If the parameter is an output parameter but not an input
                 parameter, then the Ada parameter mode is out.

            iii) If the parameter is both an input parameter and an output
                 parameter, then the Ada parameter mode is in out.

             iv) Otherwise, the Ada parameter mode is in, out, or in out.

         2) If the subject <language clause> specifies C, then:

            a) The type of an SQLCODE parameter shall be C pointer to long.

              The type of an SQLSTATE parameter shall be C char with length
              6.

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            b) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall specify
              either CHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, BIT, INTEGER, SMALLINT,
              REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION.

            c) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER(L) or CHARACTER VARYING(L) for some
              <length> L, then the type of the i-th parameter P shall be C
              char with length one greater than the maximum possible length
              in octets of PDT.

            d) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is BIT(L) for some <length> L, then the type of the i-th
              parameter is C char with length equal to the smallest integer
              not less than the quotient of the division of (L/(B+1)),
              where B is the implementation-defined number of bits in a C
              character.

                                                                Module   357

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


            e) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is INTEGER, then the type of the i-th parameter shall be
              C pointer to long.

            f) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is SMALLINT, then the type of the i-th parameter shall
              be C pointer to short.

            g) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is REAL, then the type of the i-th parameter shall be C
              pointer to float.

            h) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is DOUBLE PRECISION, then the type of the i-th parameter
              shall be C pointer to double.

         3) If the subject <language clause> specifies COBOL, then:

            a) The type of an SQLCODE parameter shall be COBOL PICTURE
              S9(PC) USAGE COMPUTATIONAL, where PC is an implementation-
              defined precision between 4 and 18, inclusive.

              The type of an SQLSTATE parameter shall be COBOL PICTURE
              X(5).

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            b) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall specify
              CHARACTER, BIT, NUMERIC, INTEGER, or SMALLINT.

            c) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER(L) for some <length> L, then the type
              of the i-th parameter P shall be COBOL alphanumeric with
              length equal to the maximum possible length in octets of PDT.

            d) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is BIT(L) for some <length> L, then the type of the i-
              th parameter is COBOL alphanumeric with length equal to the
              smallest integer not less than the quotient of the division
              L/B, where B is the implementation-defined number of bits in
              a COBOL character.

            e) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is NUMERIC(P, S) for some <precision> and <scale> P and
              S, then the type of the i-th parameter shall be COBOL USAGE
              DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE with the following PICTURE:

              Case:

              i) If S=P, then a PICTURE with an "S" followed by a "V" fol-
                 lowed by P "9"s.

         358  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


             ii) If P>S>0, then a PICTURE with an "S" followed by P-S "9"s
                 followed by a "V" followed by S "9"s.

            iii) If S=0, then a PICTURE with an "S" followed by P "9"s op-
                 tionally followed by a "V".

            f) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data
              type> that is INTEGER, then the type of the i-th parameter
              shall be COBOL PICTURE S9(PI) USAGE BINARY, where PI is an
              implementation-defined precision.

            g) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is SMALLINT, then the type of the i-th parameter shall
              be COBOL PICTURE S9(SPI) USAGE BINARY, where SPI is an
              implementation-defined precision.

         4) If the subject <language clause> specifies FORTRAN, then:

            a) The type of an SQLCODE parameter shall be Fortran INTEGER.

              The type of an SQLSTATE parameter shall be Fortran CHARACTER
              with length 5.

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            b) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall specify
              either CHARACTER, BIT, INTEGER, REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION.

            c) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER(L) for some <length> L, then the type
              of the i-th parameter P shall be Fortran CHARACTER with
              length equal to the maximum possible length in octets of PDT.

            d) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is BIT(L) for some <length> L, then the type of the i-
              th parameter is Fortran CHARACTER with length equal to the
              smallest integer not less than the quotient of the division
              L/B, where B is the implementation-defined number of bits in
              a Fortran character.

            e) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is INTEGER, REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION, then the type
              of the i-th parameter shall be respectively Fortran INTEGER,
              REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION.

         5) If the subject <language clause> specifies MUMPS, then:

            a) The type of an SQLSTATE parameter shall be MUMPS character
              with maximum length greater than or equal to 5.


                                                                Module   359

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


              The type of the SQLCODE parameter shall be INTEGER.

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            b) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall specify
              either CHARACTER VARYING, INTEGER, DECIMAL, or REAL.

            c) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER VARYING(L) for some <length> L, then
              the type of the i-th parameter shall be MUMPS character with
              maximum length equal to the maximum possible length in octets
              of PDT.

            d) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              DT that is INTEGER, DECIMAL, or REAL, then the type of the
              i-th parameter shall be MUMPS character.

         6) If the subject <language clause> specifies PASCAL, then:

            a) The type of an SQLCODE parameter shall be Pascal INTEGER.

              The type of an SQLSTATE parameter shall be Pascal PACKED
              ARRAY [1..5] OF CHAR.

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            b) The argument mode of all parameters shall be VAR.

            c) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall specify
              either CHARACTER, BIT, INTEGER, or REAL.

            d) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER(L) for some <length> L, then let OL be
              the maximum possible length in octets of PDT. The type of the
              i-th parameter shall be

              Case:

              1) If OL is 1, then Pascal CHAR.

              2) Otherwise, Pascal PACKED ARRAY [1..OL] OF CHAR.

            e) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data
              type> that is BIT(L) for some <length> L, then let B be the
              implementation-defined number of bits in a Pascal character;
              the type of the i-th parameter is

              Case:

              i) If L is between 1 and B, inclusive, then Pascal CHAR.

         360  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


             ii) Otherwise, let BL be equal to the smallest integer not less
                 than the quotient of the division L/B; the type is Pascal
                 PACKED ARRAY [1..BL] OF CHAR.

            f) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is INTEGER or REAL, then the type of the i-th parameter
              shall be respectively Pascal INTEGER or Pascal REAL.

         7) If the subject <language clause> specifies PLI, then:

            a) The type of an SQLCODE parameter shall be PL/I FIXED BINARY
              (PP), where PP is an implementation-defined precision that is
              greater than or equal to 15.

              The type of an SQLSTATE parameter shall be PL/I CHARACTER(5).

              Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
              status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
              for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
              Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

            b) Any <data type> in a <parameter declaration> shall spec-
              ify either CHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, BIT, BIT VARYING,
              DECIMAL, INTEGER, SMALLINT, or FLOAT.

            c) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER(L) for some <length> L, then the type
              of the i-th parameter P shall be PL/I CHARACTER with length
              equal to the maximum possible length in octets of PDT.

            d) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              PDT that is CHARACTER VARYING(L) for some <length> L, then
              the type of the i-th parameter P shall be PL/I CHARACTER
              VARYING with maximum length equal to maximum possible length
              in octets of PDT.

            e) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is BIT(L) or BIT VARYING(L) for some <length> L, then
              the type of the i-th parameter is PL/I BIT with length L or
              PL/I BIT VARYING with maximum length L, respectively.

            f) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is DECIMAL(P, S) for some <precision> and <scale> P and
              S, then the type of the i-th parameter shall be PL/I FIXED
              REAL DECIMAL (P,S).

            g) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is FLOAT(P) for some <precision> P, then the type of the
              i-th parameter shall be PL/I FLOAT REAL BINARY (P).

            h) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is INTEGER, then the type of the i-th parameter shall be
              PL/I FIXED BINARY(PI), where PI is an implementation-defined
              precision.

                                                                Module   361

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


            i) If the i-th <parameter declaration> specifies a <data type>
              that is SMALLINT, then the type of the i-th parameter shall
              be PL/I FIXED BINARY(SPI), where SPI is an implementation-
              defined precision.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the subject <language clause> specifies ADA, then:

            a) Where Pi is used as an input parameter whose value is eval-
              uated, a reference to PNi in a <general value specification>
              has the value PIi.

            b) Where Pi is used as an output parameter, a reference to PNi
              that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the value
              SVi to PIi.

         2) If the subject <language clause> specifies C, then:

            Case:

            a) If Di specifies BIT(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as:

                   SUBSTRING ( CAST ( PIi AS BIT VARYING(ML) ) FROM 1 FOR L
                   )

                 where ML is the implementation-defined maximum length of a
                 BIT VARYING data type.

             ii) Let BLi be the length in bits of PIi. Let BL be the
                 implementation-defined number of bits in a C character.
                 Let OL be the smallest integer not less than the quotient
                 of BLi/BL. Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a ref-
                 erence to PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly
                 assigns the value

                   CAST ( SVi AS CHARACTER(OL) )

                 to PIi.

            b) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L) or CHARACTER VARYING(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as an
                 SQL character type value in the specified character set in
                 which the octets of PIi are the corresponding octets of
                 that value.

         362  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


                 When such a reference is evaluated:

                 1) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L) and some C character pre-
                   ceding the least significant C character of the value
                   PIi contains the implementation-defined null character
                   that terminates a C character string, then the remaining
                   characters of the value are set to <space>s.

                 2) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L) VARYING, then the length
                   in characters of the value is set to the number of char-
                   acters of PIi that precede the implementation-defined
                   null character that terminates a C character string.

                 3) If the least significant C character of the value Pi
                   does not contain the implementation-defined null char-
                   acter that terminates a C character string, then an ex-
                   ception condition is raised: data exception-unterminated
                   C string. Otherwise, that least significant C charac-
                   ter does not correspond to any character in PIi and is
                   ignored.

             ii) Let CLi be one greater than the maximum possible length in
                 octets of PNi. Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a
                 reference to PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implic-
                 itly assigns a value that is an SQL CHARACTER(CLi) data
                 type in which octets of the value are the corresponding
                 octets of SVi, padded on the right with <space>s as nec-
                 essary to reach the length CLi, concatenated with a single
                 implementation-defined null character that terminates a C
                 character string.

            c) Otherwise,

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi has the value PIi.

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the
                 value SVi to PIi.

         3) If the subject <language clause> specifies COBOL, then:

            Case:

            a) If Di specifies BIT(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as:

                   SUBSTRING ( CAST ( PIi AS BIT VARYING(ML) ) FROM 1 FOR L
                   )

                 where ML is the implementation-defined maximum length of a
                 BIT VARYING data type.

                                                                Module   363

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


             ii) Let BLi be the length in bits of PIi. Let BL be the
                 implementation-defined number of bits in a COBOL character.
                 Let OL be the smallest integer not less than the quotient
                 of BLi/BL. Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a ref-
                 erence to PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly
                 assigns the value

                   CAST ( SVi AS CHARACTER(OL) )

                 to PIi.

            b) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as an
                 SQL character type value in the specified character set in
                 which the octets of PIi are the corresponding octets of
                 that value.

             ii) Let CLi be the maximum possible length in octets of PNi.
                 Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns
                 a value that is an SQL CHARACTER(CLi) data type in which
                 octets of the value are the corresponding octets of SVi,
                 padded on the right with <space>s as necessary to reach the
                 length CLi.

            c) Otherwise,

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi has the value PIi.

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the
                 value SVi to PIi.

         4) If the subject <language clause> specifies FORTRAN, then:

            Case:

            a) If Di specifies BIT(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as:

                   SUBSTRING ( CAST ( PIi AS BIT VARYING(ML) ) FROM 1 FOR L
                   )

                 where ML is the implementation-defined maximum length of a
                 BIT VARYING data type.

             ii) Let BLi be the length in bits of PIi. Let BL be the
                 implementation-defined number of bits in a Fortran char-
                 acter. Let OL be the smallest integer not less than the

         364  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


                 quotient of BLi/BL. Where PNi is used as an output param-
                 eter, a reference to PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi
                 implicitly assigns the value

                   CAST ( SVi AS CHARACTER(OL) )

                 to PIi.

            b) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated an
                 SQL character type value in the specified character set in
                 which the octets of PIi are the corresponding octets of
                 that value.

             ii) Let CLi be the maximum possible length in octets of PNi.
                 Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns
                 a value that is an SQL CHARACTER(CLi) data type in which
                 octets of the value are the corresponding octets of SVi,
                 padded on the right with <space>s as necessary to reach the
                 length CLi.

            c) Otherwise,

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi has the value PIi.

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the
                 value SVi to PIi.

         5) If the subject <language clause> specifies MUMPS, then:

            Case:

            a) If Di specifies CHARACTER VARYING(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as an
                 SQL character type value in the specified character set in
                 which the octets of PIi are the corresponding octets of
                 that value.

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns a
                 value that is an SQL CHARACTER VARYING(ML) data type in
                 which octets of the value are the corresponding octets of
                 SVi, padded on the right with <space>s as necessary to
                 reach the length CLi. ML is the implementation-defined
                 maximum length of variable-length character strings.


                                                                Module   365

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


            b) Otherwise, Di specifies INT, DEC, or REAL, and:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as

                   CAST ( PIi AS DTi )

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the
                 value

                   CAST ( SVi AS CHARACTER VARYING(ML) )

                 to PIi, where ML is the implementation-defined maximum
                 length of variable-length character strings.

         6) If the subject <language clause> specifies PASCAL, then:

            Case:

            a) If Di specifies BIT(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated as:

                   SUBSTRING ( CAST ( PIi AS BIT VARYING(ML) ) FROM 1 FOR L
                   )

                 where ML is the implementation-defined maximum length of a
                 BIT VARYING data type.

             ii) Let BLi be the length in bits of PIi. Let BL be the
                 implementation-defined number of bits in a Pascal char-
                 acter. Let OL be the smallest integer not less than the
                 quotient of BLi/BL. Where PNi is used as an output param-
                 eter, a reference to PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi
                 implicitly assigns the value

                   CAST ( SVi AS CHARACTER (OL) )

                 to PIi.

            b) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated an
                 SQL character type value in the specified character set in
                 which the octets of PIi are the corresponding octets of the
                 value.

             ii) Let CLi be the maximum possible length in octets of PNi.
                 Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns a
                 value which is an SQL CHARACTER(CLi) data type in which
                 octets of the value are the corresponding octets of SVi,
                 padded on the right with <space>s as necessary to reach the
                 length CLi.

         366  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 12.4 Calls to a <procedure>


            c) Otherwise,

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi has the value PIi.

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the
                 value SVi to PIi.

         7) If the subject <language clause> specifies PLI, then:

            Case:

            a) If Di specifies CHARACTER(L) or CHARACTER VARYING(L), then:

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi is implicitly treated an
                 SQL character type value in the specified character set in
                 which the octets of PIi are the corresponding octets of the
                 value.

             ii) Let CLi be the maximum possible length in octets of PNi.
                 Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns a
                 value that is:

                 1) if Di specified CHARACTER(L), then an SQL CHARACTER(CLi)
                   data type

                 2) otherwise, an SQL CHARACTER VARYING(Ci ) data type

                 in which octets of the value are the corresponding octets
                 of SVi, padded on the right with <space>s as necessary to
                 reach the length CLi.

            b) Otherwise,

              i) Where PNi is used as an input parameter whose value is
                 evaluated, a reference to PNi has the value PIi.

             ii) Where PNi is used as an output parameter, a reference to
                 PNi that assigns a value SVi to PNi implicitly assigns the
                 value SVi to PIi.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL.

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

                                                                Module   367

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.5 <SQL procedure statement>


         12.5  <SQL procedure statement>

         Function

         Define all of the SQL-statements that are <SQL procedure state-
         ment>s.

         Format

         <SQL procedure statement> ::=
                <SQL schema statement>
              | <SQL data statement>
              | <SQL transaction statement>
              | <SQL connection statement>
              | <SQL session statement>
              | <SQL dynamic statement>
              | <SQL diagnostics statement>

         <SQL schema statement> ::=
                <SQL schema definition statement>
              | <SQL schema manipulation statement>

         <SQL schema definition statement> ::=
                <schema definition>
              | <table definition>
              | <view definition>
              | <grant statement>
              | <domain definition>
              | <character set definition>
              | <collation definition>
              | <translation definition>
              | <assertion definition>

         <SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
                <drop schema statement>
              | <alter table statement>
              | <drop table statement>
              | <drop view statement>
              | <revoke statement>
              | <alter domain statement>
              | <drop domain statement>
              | <drop character set statement>
              | <drop collation statement>
              | <drop translation statement>
              | <drop assertion statement>

         <SQL data statement> ::=
                <open statement>
              | <fetch statement>
              | <close statement>
              | <select statement: single row>
              | <SQL data change statement>


         368  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                              12.5 <SQL procedure statement>


         <SQL data change statement> ::=
                <delete statement: positioned>
              | <delete statement: searched>
              | <insert statement>
              | <update statement: positioned>
              | <update statement: searched>

         <SQL transaction statement> ::=
                <set transaction statement>
              | <set constraints mode statement>
              | <commit statement>
              | <rollback statement>

         <SQL connection statement> ::=
                <connect statement>
              | <set connection statement>
              | <disconnect statement>

         <SQL session statement> ::=
                <set catalog statement>
              | <set schema statement>
              | <set names statement>
              | <set session authorization identifier statement>
              | <set local time zone statement>

         <SQL dynamic statement> ::=
                <system descriptor statement>
              | <prepare statement>
              | <deallocate prepared statement>
              | <describe statement>
              | <execute statement>
              | <execute immediate statement>
              | <SQL dynamic data statement>

         <SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
                <allocate cursor statement>
              | <dynamic open statement>
              | <dynamic fetch statement>
              | <dynamic close statement>
              | <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
              | <dynamic update statement: positioned>

         <system descriptor statement> ::=
                <allocate descriptor statement>
              | <deallocate descriptor statement>
              | <set descriptor statement>
              | <get descriptor statement>

         <SQL diagnostics statement> ::=
              <get diagnostics statement>




                                                                Module   369

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         12.5 <SQL procedure statement>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules


            None.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) An <SQL procedure statement> shall not be an <SQL schema
              definition statement>.






























         370  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         13  Data manipulation



         13.1  <declare cursor>

         Function

         Define a cursor.

         Format

         <declare cursor> ::=
              DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
                FOR <cursor specification>

         <cursor specification> ::=
              <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]
                [ <updatability clause> ]

         <updatability clause> ::=
              FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] }

         <order by clause> ::=
              ORDER BY <sort specification list>

         <sort specification list> ::=
              <sort specification> [ { <comma> <sort specification> }... ]

         <sort specification> ::=
              <sort key> [ <collate clause > ] [ <ordering specification> ]


         <sort key> ::=
                <column name>
              | <unsigned integer>

         <ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <cursor name> shall be different from the <cursor name>
            contained in any other <declare cursor> in the same <module>.

         2) Any <parameter name> contained in the <cursor specification>
            shall be defined in a <parameter declaration> in the <procedure>
            in the containing <module> that contains an <open statement>
            that specifies the <cursor name>.

            Note: See the Syntax Rules of Subclause 12.1, "<module>".

                                                     Data manipulation   371

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.1 <declare cursor>


         3) Let T be the table specified by the <query expression>.

         4) Let CS be the cursor specified by the <cursor specification>.

         5) If <updatability clause> is not specified, then:

            a) If either INSENSITIVE, SCROLL, or ORDER BY is specified, or
              if T is a read-only table, then an <updatability clause> of
              READ ONLY is implicit.

            b) Otherwise, an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE without a
              <column name list> is implicit.

         6) If an <updatability clause> of READ ONLY is specified or im-
            plicit, then CS is a read-only cursor; otherwise, CS is an
            updatable cursor.

         7) If an <order by clause> is specified, then the cursor specified
            by the <cursor specification> is said to be an ordered cursor.

         8) The simply underlying table of a <cursor specification> is the
            table derived from by the <query expression> simply contained in
            the <cursor specification>.

         9) If T is an updatable table, then let TU be the leaf generally
            underlying table of the <cursor specification>.

         10)If ORDER BY is specified, then each <sort specification> in the
            <order by clause> shall identify a column of T.

            Case:

            a) If a <sort specification> contains a <column name>, then T
              shall contain exactly one column with that <column name> and
              the <sort specification> identifies that column.

            b) If a <sort specification> contains an <unsigned integer>,
              then the <unsigned integer> shall be greater than 0 and not
              greater than the degree of T. The <sort specification> iden-
              tifies the column of T with the ordinal position specified by
              the <unsigned integer>.

         11)If a <sort specification> contains a <collate clause>, then
            the data type of the column identified by the <sort specifica-
            tion> shall be character string. The column descriptor of the
            corresponding column in the result has the collating sequence
            specified in <collate clause> and the coercibility attribute
            Explicit.

         12)If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE with or without a
            <column name list> is specified or implicit, then T shall be an
            updatable table and INSENSITIVE shall not be specified.

         13)If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE without a <column name
            list> is specified or implicit, then a <column name list> that
            includes the <column name> of every column of TU is implicit.

         372  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       13.1 <declare cursor>


         14)If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE with a <column name
            list> is specified, then each <column name> in the <column name
            list> shall be the <column name> of a column of TU.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If T is an updatable table, then the cursor is associated with
            the named table TU. For every row in T, there is exactly one
            corresponding row in TU from which the row of T is derived.

         2) If an <order by clause> is not specified, then the table speci-
            fied by the <cursor specification> is T and the ordering of rows
            in T is implementation-dependent.

         3) If an <order by clause> is specified, then the ordering of rows
            of the result is effectively determined by the <order by clause>
            as follows:

            a) Each <sort specification> specifies the sort direction for
              the corresponding sort key Ki. If DESC is not specified in
              the i-th <sort specification>, then the sort direction for Ki
              is ascending and the applicable <comp op> is the <less than
              operator>. Otherwise, the sort direction for Ki is descending
              and the applicable <comp op> is the <greater than operator>.

            b) Let P be any row of the result table and let Q be any other
              row of that table, and let PVi and QVi be the values of Ki
              in these rows, respectively. The relative position of rows
              P and Q in the result is determined by comparing PVi and
              QVi according to the rules of Subclause 8.2, "<comparison
              predicate>", where the <comp op> is the applicable <comp op>
              for Ki, with the following special treatment of null values.
              Whether a sort key value that is null is considered greater
              or less than a non-null value is implementation-defined, but
              all sort key values that are null shall either be considered
              greater than all non-null values or be considered less than
              all non-null values. PVi is said to precede QVi if the value
              of the <comparison predicate> "PVi <comp op> QVi" is true for
              the applicable <comp op>.

            c) In the result table, the relative position of row P is before
              row Q if and only if PVn precedes QVn for some n greater than
              0 and less than the number of <sort specification>s and PVi
              = QVi for all i < n. The relative order of two rows that are
              not distinct is implementation-dependent.





                                                     Data manipulation   373

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.1 <declare cursor>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <declare cursor> shall not specify INSENSITIVE.

            b) If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE with or without
              a <column name list> is specified, then neither SCROLL nor
              ORDER BY shall be specified.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <declare cursor> shall not specify SCROLL.

            b) A <cursor specification> shall not contain an <updatability
              clause>.





































         374  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                       13.2 <open statement>


         13.2  <open statement>

         Function

         Open a cursor.

         Format

         <open statement> ::=
              OPEN <cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The containing <module> shall contain a <declare cursor> CR
            whose <cursor name> is the same as the <cursor name> in the
            <open statement>.

         Access Rules

         1) The Access Rules for the <query expression> simply contained
            in the <declare cursor> identified by the <cursor name> are
            applied.

         General Rules

         1) If cursor CR is not in the closed state, then an exception con-
            dition is raised: invalid cursor state.

         2) Let S be the <cursor specification> of cursor CR.

         3) Cursor CR is opened in the following steps:

            a) A copy of S is effectively created in which:

              i) Each <target specification> is replaced by the value of the
                 target;

             ii) Each <value specification> generally contained in S that
                 is CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, or SYSTEM_USER is replaced
                 by the value resulting from evaluation of CURRENT_USER,
                 SESSION_USER, or SYSTEM_USER, respectively, with all such
                 evaluations effectively done at the same instant in time;
                 and

            iii) Each <datetime value function> generally contained in S
                 is replaced by the value resulting from evaluation of that
                 <datetime value function>, with all such evaluations effec-
                 tively done at the same instant in time.

            b) Let T be the table specified by the copy of S.

            c) A table descriptor for T is effectively created.

                                                     Data manipulation   375

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.2 <open statement>


            d) The General Rules of Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>", are
              applied.

            e) Case:

              i) If S specifies INSENSITIVE, then a copy of T is effectively
                 created and cursor CR is placed in the open state and its
                 position is before the first row of the copy of T.

             ii) Otherwise, cursor CR is placed in the open state and its
                 position is before the first row of T.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.
































         376  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      13.3 <fetch statement>


         13.3  <fetch statement>

         Function

         Position a cursor on a specified row of a table and retrieve values
         from that row.

         Format

         <fetch statement> ::=
              FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ]
                <cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

         <fetch orientation> ::=
                NEXT
              | PRIOR
              | FIRST
              | LAST
              | { ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE } <simple value specification>

         <fetch target list> ::=
              <target specification> [ { <comma> <target specification> }... ]



         Syntax Rules

         1) If the <fetch orientation> is omitted, then NEXT is implicit.

         2) The containing <module> shall contain a <declare cursor> CR
            whose <cursor name> is the same as the <cursor name> in the
            <fetch statement>. Let T be the table defined by the <cursor
            specification> of CR.

         3) If the implicit or explicit <fetch orientation> is not NEXT,
            then the <declare cursor> CR shall specify SCROLL.

         4) If a <fetch orientation> that contains a <simple value specifi-
            cation> is specified, then the data type of that <simple value
            specification> shall be exact numeric with a scale of 0.

         5) The number of <target specification>s in the <fetch target list>
            shall be the same as the degree of table T. The i-th <target
            specification> in the <fetch target list> corresponds with the
            i-th column of table T.

         6) The Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.1, "Retrieval assignment", apply
            to each corresponding <target specification> and column of table
            T, as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Access Rules

            None.

                                                     Data manipulation   377

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.3 <fetch statement>


         General Rules

         1) If cursor CR is not in the open state, then an exception condi-
            tion is raised: invalid cursor state.

         2) Case:

            a) If the <fetch orientation> contains a <simple value spec-
              ification>, then let J be the value of that <simple value
              specification>.

            b) If the <fetch orientation> specifies NEXT or FIRST, then let
              J be +1.

            c) If the <fetch orientation> specifies PRIOR or LAST, then let
              J be -1.

         3) Let Tt be a table of the same degree as T.

            Case:

            a) If the <fetch orientation> specifies ABSOLUTE, FIRST, or
              LAST, then let Tt contain all rows of T, preserving their
              order in T.

            b) If the <fetch orientation> specifies NEXT or specifies
              RELATIVE with a positive value of J, then:

              i) If the table T identified by cursor CR is empty or if the
                 position of CR is on or after the last row of T, then let
                 Tt be a table of no rows.

             ii) If the position of CR is on a row R that is other than the
                 last row of T, then let Tt contain all rows of T ordered
                 after row R, preserving their order in T.

            iii) If the position of CR is before a row R, then let Tt con-
                 tain row R and all rows of T ordered after row R, preserv-
                 ing their order in T.

            c) If the <fetch orientation> specifies PRIOR or specifies
              RELATIVE with a negative value of J, then:

              i) If the table T identified by cursor CR is empty or if the
                 position of CR is on or before the first row of T, then let
                 Tt be a table of no rows.

             ii) If the position of CR is on a row R that is other than the
                 first row of T, then let Tt contain all rows of T ordered
                 before row R, preserving their order in T.

            iii) If the position of CR is before the next row of a row R
                 that is not the last row of T, then let Tt contain row R
                 and all rows of T ordered before row R, preserving their
                 order in T.

         378  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      13.3 <fetch statement>


             iv) If the position of CR is after the last row of T, then let
                 Tt contain all rows of T, preserving their order in T.

            d) If RELATIVE is specified with a zero value of J, then:

              i) If the position of CR is on a row of T, then let Tt be a
                 table comprising that one row.

             ii) Otherwise, let Tt be an empty table.

         4) Let N be the number of rows in Tt. If J is positive, then let
            K be J. If J is negative, then let K be N+J+1. If J is zero
            and ABSOLUTE is specified, then let K be zero; if J is zero and
            RELATIVE is specified, then let K be 1.

         5) Case:

            a) If K is greater than 0 and not greater than N, then CR is
              positioned on the K-th row of Tt and the corresponding row of
              T. That row becomes the current row of CR.

            b) Otherwise, no SQL-data values are assigned to any targets
              in the <fetch target list>, and a completion condition is
              raised: no data.

              Case:

              i) If the <fetch orientation> specifies RELATIVE with J equal
                 to zero, then the position of CR is unchanged.

             ii) If the <fetch orientation> implicitly or explicitly spec-
                 ifies NEXT, specifies ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE with K greater
                 than N, or specifies LAST, then CR is positioned after the
                 last row.

            iii) Otherwise, the <fetch orientation> specifies PRIOR, FIRST,
                 or ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE with K not greater than N and CR is
                 positioned before the first row.

         6) If a completion condition no data has been raised, then no fur-
            ther General Rules of this Subclause are applied.

         7) If an exception condition is raised during derivation of any
            <derived column> associated with the current row of CR, then CR
            remains positioned on the current row.

         8) Values from the current row are assigned to their corresponding
            targets identified by the <fetch target list>. The assignments
            are made in an implementation-dependent order. Let TV be a tar-
            get and let SV denote its corresponding value in the current
            row of CR. The General Rules of Subclause 9.1, "Retrieval as-
            signment", are applied to TV and SV as TARGET and VALUE, respec-
            tively.

                                                     Data manipulation   379

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.3 <fetch statement>


         9) If an exception condition occurs during the assignment of SV
            to TV, then the value of TV is implementation-dependent and CR
            remains positioned on the current row.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <fetch statement> shall not contain a <fetch orientation>.

            b) A <fetch statement> shall not specify FROM.

            c) If the data type of the target identified by the i-th <target
              specification> in the <fetch target list> is an exact numeric
              type, then the data type of the i-th column of the table T
              shall be an exact numeric type.

































         380  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      13.4 <close statement>


         13.4  <close statement>

         Function

         Close a cursor.

         Format

         <close statement> ::=
              CLOSE <cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The containing <module> shall contain a <declare cursor> CR
            whose <cursor name> is the same as the <cursor name> of the
            <close statement>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If cursor CR is not in the open state, then an exception condi-
            tion is raised: invalid cursor state.

         2) Cursor CR is placed in the closed state and the copy of the
            <cursor specification> of CR is destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.














                                                     Data manipulation   381

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.5 <select statement: single row>


         13.5  <select statement: single row>

         Function

         Retrieve values from a specified row of a table.

         Format

         <select statement: single row> ::=
              SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list>
                INTO <select target list>
                  <table expression>

         <select target list> ::=
              <target specification> [ { <comma> <target specification> }... ]



         Syntax Rules

         1) The number of elements in the <select list> shall be the same
            as the number of elements in the <select target list>. The i-th
            <target specification> in the <select target list> corresponds
            with the i-th element of the <select list>.

         2) The Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.1, "Retrieval assignment", ap-
            ply to each corresponding <target specification> and <value
            expression>, as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         3) Let S be a <query specification> whose <select list> and <table
            expression> are those specified in the <select statement: single
            row> and that specifies the <set quantifier> if it is specified
            in the <select statement: single row>. S shall be a valid <query
            specification>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let Q be the result of <query specification> S.

         2) Case:

            a) If the cardinality of Q is greater than 1, then an ex-
              ception condition is raised: cardinality violation. It is
              implementation-dependent whether or not SQL-data values are
              assigned to the targets identified by the <select target
              list>.

            b) If Q is empty, then no SQL-data values are assigned to any
              targets identified by the <select target list>, and a comple-
              tion condition is raised: no data.

         382  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         13.5 <select statement: single row>


            c) Otherwise, values in the row of Q are assigned to their cor-
              responding targets.

         3) If a completion condition no data has been raised, then no fur-
            ther General Rules of this Subclause are applied.

         4) The assignment of values to targets in the <select target list>
            is in an implementation-dependent order.

         5) If an exception condition is raised during the assignment of a
            value to a target, then the values of targets are implementation-
            dependent.

         6) The target identified by the i-th <target specification> of the
            <select target list> corresponds to the i-th value in the row of
            Q.

         7) Let TV be an identified target and let SV be its corresponding
            value in the row of Q.

         8) The General Rules of Subclause 9.1, "Retrieval assignment", are
            applied to TV and SV, as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If the data type of the target identified by the i-th <tar-
              get specification> in the <select target list> is an exact
              numeric type, then the data type of the i-th column of the
              table T shall be an exact numeric type.

            b) The <table expression> shall not include a <group by clause>
              or a <having clause> and shall not identify a grouped view.















                                                     Data manipulation   383

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.6 <delete statement: positioned>


         13.6  <delete statement: positioned>

         Function

         Delete a row of a table.

         Format

         <delete statement: positioned> ::=
              DELETE FROM <table name>
                WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The containing <module> shall contain a <declare cursor> whose
            <cursor name> is the same as the <cursor name> in the <delete
            statement: positioned>. Let CR be the cursor specified by <cur-
            sor name>.

         2) CR shall be an updatable cursor.

            Note: updatable cursor is defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare
            cursor>".

         3) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. Let QS be the
            <query specification> that is the simply underlying table of the
            simply underlying table of CR. The simply underlying table of QS
            shall be T.

            Note: The simply underlying table of a <cursor specification> is
            defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>".

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include DELETE for the <table
            name>.

            Note: The applicable privileges for a <table name> are defined
            in Subclause 10.3, "<privileges>".

         General Rules

         1) If the access mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only
            and T is not a temporary table, then an exception condition is
            raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) If cursor CR is not positioned on a row, then an exception con-
            dition is raised: invalid cursor state.

         3) The row from which the current row of CR is derived is marked
            for deletion.

         4) If, while CR is open, the row from which the current row of CR
            is derived has been marked for deletion by any <delete state-
            ment: searched>, marked for deletion by any <delete statement:
            positioned> that identifies any cursor other than CR, updated

         384  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         13.6 <delete statement: positioned>


            by any <update statement: searched>, or updated by any <update
            statement: positioned> that identifies any cursor other than CR,
            then a completion condition is raised: warning-cursor operation
            conflict.

         5) All rows that are marked for deletion are effectively deleted
            at the end of the <delete statement: positioned> prior to the
            checking of any integrity constraint.

         6) If the <delete statement: positioned> deleted the last row of
            CR, then the position of CR is after the last row; otherwise,
            the position of CR is before the next row.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.































                                                     Data manipulation   385

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.7 <delete statement: searched>


         13.7  <delete statement: searched>

         Function

         Delete rows of a table.

         Format

         <delete statement: searched> ::=
              DELETE FROM <table name>
                [ WHERE <search condition> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall not
            be a read-only table.

         2) The scope of the <table name> is the entire <delete statement:
            searched>.

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include DELETE for the <table
            name>.

            Note: The applicable privileges for a <table name> are defined
            in Subclause 10.3, "<privileges>".

         General Rules

         1) If the access mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only
            and T is not a temporary table, then an exception condition is
            raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) Case:

            a) If <search condition> is not specified, then all rows of T
              are marked for deletion.

            b) If <search condition> is specified, then it is applied to
              each row of T with the <table name> bound to that row, and
              all rows for which the result of the <search condition> is
              true are marked for deletion.

              The <search condition> is effectively evaluated for each row
              of T before marking for deletion any row of T.

              Each <subquery> in the <search condition> is effectively
              executed for each row of T and the results used in the ap-
              plication of the <search condition> to the given row of T.
              If any executed <subquery> contains an outer reference to a
              column of T, the reference is to the value of that column in
              the given row of T.

              Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
              reference>".

         386  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           13.7 <delete statement: searched>


         3) If any row that is marked for deletion by the <delete statement:
            searched> has been marked for deletion by any <delete statement:
            positioned> that identifies some cursor CR that is still open
            or updated by any <update statement: positioned> that identifies
            some cursor CR that is still open, then a completion condition
            is raised: warning-cursor operation conflict.

         4) All rows that are marked for deletion are effectively deleted
            at the end of the <delete statement: searched> prior to the
            checking of any integrity constraint.

         5) If no row is deleted, then a completion condition is raised: no
            data.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) No leaf generally underlying table of T shall be an under-
              lying table of any <query expression> generally contained in
              the <search condition>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.




























                                                     Data manipulation   387

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.8 <insert statement>


         13.8  <insert statement>

         Function

         Create new rows in a table.

         Format

         <insert statement> ::=
              INSERT INTO <table name>
                <insert columns and source>

         <insert columns and source> ::=
                [ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ]
              <query expression>
              | DEFAULT VALUES

         <insert column list> ::= <column name list>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The table T identified by the <table name> shall not be a read-
            only table.

         2) An <insert columns and source> that specifies DEFAULT VALUES is
            equivalent to an <insert columns and source> that specifies a
            <query expression> of the form

              VALUES (DEFAULT, . . . )

            where the number of "DEFAULT" entries is equal to the number of
            columns of T.

         3) No <column name> of T shall be identified more than once. If the
            <insert column list> is omitted, then an <insert column list>
            that identifies all columns of T in the ascending sequence of
            their ordinal positions within T is implicit.

         4) A column identified by the <insert column list> is an object
            column.

         5) Let QT be the table specified by the <query expression>. The
            degree of QT shall be equal to the number of <column name>s in
            the <insert column list>. The column of table T identified by
            the i-th <column name> in the <insert column list> corresponds
            with the i-th column of QT.

         6) The Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.2, "Store assignment", apply to
            corresponding columns of T and QT as TARGET and VALUE, respec-
            tively.



         388  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     13.8 <insert statement>


         Access Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If an <insert column list> is specified, then the applicable
              <privileges> shall include INSERT for each <column name> in
              the <insert column list>.

            b) Otherwise, the applicable privileges shall include INSERT for
              each <column name> in T.

            Note: The applicable privileges for a <table name> are defined
            in Subclause 10.3, "<privileges>".

         2) Each <column name> in the <insert column list> shall identify a
            column of T.

         General Rules

         1) If the access mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only
            and T is not a temporary table, then an exception condition is
            raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) Let B be the leaf generally underlying table of T.

         3) The <query expression> is effectively evaluated before inserting
            any rows into B.

         4) Let Q be the result of that <query expression>.

            Case:

            a) If Q is empty, then no row is inserted and a completion con-
              dition is raised: no data.

            b) Otherwise, for each row R of Q:

              i) A candidate row of B is effectively created in which the
                 value of each column is its default value, as specified in
                 the General Rules of Subclause 11.5, "<default clause>".
                 The candidate row includes every column of B.

             ii) For every object column in the candidate row, the value of
                 the object column identified by the i-th <column name> in
                 the <insert column list> is replaced by the i-th value of
                 R.

            iii) Let C be a column that is represented in the candidate row
                 and let SV be its value in the candidate row. The General
                 Rules of Subclause 9.2, "Store assignment", are applied to
                 C and SV as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

             iv) The candidate row is inserted into B.

                 Note: The data values allowable in the candidate row may be
                 constrained by a WITH CHECK OPTION constraint. The effect
                 of a WITH CHECK OPTION constraint is defined in the General
                 Rules of Subclause 11.19, "<view definition>".

                                                     Data manipulation   389

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.8 <insert statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) The leaf generally underlying table of T shall not be gen-
              erally contained in the <query expression> immediately
              contained in the <insert columns and source> except as the
              <qualifier> of a <column reference>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) The <query expression> that is contained in an <insert state-
              ment> shall be a <query specification> or it shall be a <ta-
              ble value constructor> that contains exactly one <row value
              constructor> of the form "<left paren> <row value constructor
              list> <right paren>", and each <row value constructor ele-
              ment> of that <row value constructor list> shall be a <value
              specification>.

            b) If the data type of the target identified by the i-th <column
              name> is an exact numeric type, then the data type of the i-
              th item of the <insert statement> shall be an exact numeric
              type.

            c) If the data type of the target C identified by the i-th <col-
              umn name> is character string, then the length in characters
              of the i-th item of the <insert statement> shall be less than
              or equal to the length of C.

            d) The <insert columns and source> shall immediately contain a
              <query expression>.






















         390  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         13.9 <update statement: positioned>


         13.9  <update statement: positioned>

         Function

         Update a row of a table.

         Format

         <update statement: positioned> ::=
              UPDATE <table name>
                SET <set clause list>
                  WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

         <set clause list> ::=
              <set clause> [ { <comma> <set clause> }... ]

         <set clause> ::=
              <object column> <equals operator> <update source>

         <update source> ::=
                <value expression>
              | <null specification>
              | DEFAULT

         <object column> ::= <column name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The containing <module> shall contain a <declare cursor> for
            a cursor whose <cursor name> is the same as the <cursor name>
            in the <update statement: positioned>. Let CR be the cursor
            specified by <cursor name>.

         2) CR shall be an updatable cursor.

            Note: updatable cursor is defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare
            cursor>".

         3) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. Let QS be the
            <query specification> that is the simply underlying table of the
            simply underlying table of CR. The simply underlying table of QS
            shall be T.

            Note: The simply underlying table of a <cursor specification> is
            defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>".

         4) If CR is an ordered cursor, then for each <object column> OC,
            the column of T identified by OC shall not be directly or in-
            directly referenced in the <order by clause> of the defining
            <cursor specification> for CR.



                                                     Data manipulation   391

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.9 <update statement: positioned>


         5) No leaf generally underlying table of T shall be an underly-
            ing table of any <query expression> generally contained in any
            <value expression> immediately contained in any <update source>
            contained in the <set clause list>.

         6) A <value expression> in a <set clause> shall not directly con-
            tain a <set function specification>.

         7) The same <object column> shall not appear more than once in a
            <set clause list>.

         8) If the cursor identified by <cursor name> was specified using
            an explicit or implicit <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE,
            then each <column name> specified as an <object column> shall
            identify a column in the explicit or implicit <column name list>
            associated with the <updatability clause>.

         9) The scope of the <table name> is the entire <update statement:
            positioned>.

         10)For every <set clause>, the Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.2,
            "Store assignment", apply to the column of T identified by the
            <object column> and the <value expression> of the <set clause>
            as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include UPDATE for each <object
            column>.

            Note: The applicable privileges for a <table name> are defined
            in Subclause 10.3, "<privileges>".

         2) Each <column name> specified as an <object column> shall iden-
            tify a column of T.

         General Rules

         1) If the access mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only
            and T is not a temporary table, then an exception condition is
            raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) If cursor CR is not positioned on a row, then an exception con-
            dition is raised: invalid cursor state.

         3) The object row is that row from which the current row of CR is
            derived.

         4) If, while CR is open, the object row has been marked for dele-
            tion by any <delete statement: searched>, marked for deletion
            by any <delete statement: positioned> that identifies any cursor
            other than CR, updated by any <update statement: searched>, or
            updated by any <update statement: positioned> that identifies
            any cursor other than CR, then a completion condition is raised:
            warning-cursor operation conflict.

         392  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         13.9 <update statement: positioned>


         5) The value of DEFAULT is the default value indicated in the col-
            umn descriptor for the <object column> in the containing <set
            clause>.

         6) The <value expression>s are effectively evaluated before updat-
            ing the object row. If a <value expression> contains a reference
            to a column of T, then the reference is to the value of that
            column in the object row before any value of the object row is
            updated.

         7) CR remains positioned on its current row, even if an exception
            condition is raised during derivation of any <value expression>
            associated with the object row.

         8) A <set clause> specifies an object column and an update value
            of that column. The object column is the column identified by
            the <object column> in the <set clause>. The update value is the
            value specified by the <update source>.

            Note: The data values allowable in the object row may be con-
            strained by a WITH CHECK OPTION constraint. The effect of a
            WITH CHECK OPTION constraint is defined in the General Rules of
            Subclause 11.19, "<view definition>".

         9) The object row is updated as specified by each <set clause>.
            For each <set clause>, the value of the specified object column,
            denoted by C, is replaced by the specified update value, denoted
            by SV. The General Rules of Subclause 9.2, "Store assignment",
            are applied to C and SV as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) CR shall not be an ordered cursor.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> is an exact numeric type, then the data type of the
              i-th <value expression> in the <update statement: positioned>
              shall be an exact numeric type.

            b) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> C is character string, then the length in characters
              of the i-th <value expression> in the <update statement:
              positioned> shall be less than or equal to the length of C.

            c) An <update source> shall not specify DEFAULT.




                                                     Data manipulation   393

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.10 <update statement: searched>


         13.10  <update statement: searched>

         Function

         Update rows of a table.

         Format

         <update statement: searched> ::=
              UPDATE <table name>
                SET <set clause list>
                [ WHERE <search condition> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall be an
            updatable table.

         2) A <value expression> in a <set clause> shall not directly con-
            tain a <set function specification>.

         3) The same <object column> shall not appear more than once in a
            <set clause list>.

         4) The scope of the <table name> is the entire <update statement:
            searched>.

         5) For every <set clause>, the Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.2,
            "Store assignment", apply to the column of T identified by the
            <object column> and the <value expression> of the <set clause>
            as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Access Rules

         1) The applicable privileges shall include UPDATE for each <object
            column>.

            Note: The applicable privileges for a <table name> are defined
            in Subclause 10.3, "<privileges>".

         2) Each <column name> specified as an <object column> shall iden-
            tify a column of T.

         General Rules

         1) If the access mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only
            and T is not a temporary table, then an exception condition is
            raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) Case:

            a) If a <search condition> is not specified, then all rows of T
              are the object rows.

         394  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          13.10 <update statement: searched>


            b) If a <search condition> is specified, then it is applied
              to each row of T with the <table name> bound to that row,
              and the object rows are those rows for which the result of
              the <search condition> is true. The <search condition> is
              effectively evaluated for each row of T before updating any
              row of T.

              Each <subquery> in the <search condition> is effectively
              executed for each row of T and the results used in the ap-
              plication of the <search condition> to the given row of T.
              If any executed <subquery> contains an outer reference to a
              column of T, the reference is to the value of that column in
              the given row of T.

              Note: Outer reference is defined in Subclause 6.4, "<column
              reference>".

         3) If any row in the set of object rows has been marked for dele-
            tion by any <delete statement: positioned> that identifies some
            cursor CR that is still open or updated by any <update state-
            ment: positioned> that identifies some cursor CR that is still
            open, then a completion condition is raised: warning-cursor
            operation conflict.

         4) If the set of object rows is empty, then a completion condition
            is raised: no data.

         5) If a completion condition no data has been raised, then no fur-
            ther General Rules of this Subclause are applied.

         6) The <value expression>s are effectively evaluated for each row
            of T before updating any row of T.

         7) A <set clause> specifies an object column and an update value
            of that column. The object column is the column identified by
            the <object column> in the <set clause>. The update value is the
            value specified by the <update source>.

            Note: The data values allowable in the object row may be con-
            strained by a WITH CHECK OPTION constraint. The effect of a
            WITH CHECK OPTION constraint is defined in the General Rules of
            Subclause 11.19, "<view definition>".

         8) Each object row is updated as specified by each <set clause>.
            For each <set clause>, the value of the specified object column,
            denoted by C, is replaced by the specified update value, denoted
            by SV. The General Rules of Subclause 9.2, "Store assignment",
            are applied to C and SV as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.






                                                     Data manipulation   395

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.10 <update statement: searched>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) No leaf generally underlying table of T shall be an under-
              lying table of any <query expression> generally contained in
              the <search condition> or in any <value expression> immedi-
              ately contained in any <update source> contained in the <set
              clause list>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> is an exact numeric type, then the data type of the
              i-th <value expression> in the <update statement: searched>
              shall be an exact numeric type.

            b) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> C is character string, then the length in characters
              of the i-th <value expression> in the <update statement:
              searched> shall be less than or equal to the length of C.
































         396  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         13.11 <temporary table declaration>


         13.11  <temporary table declaration>

         Function

         Declare a declared local temporary table that will be effectively
         materialized the first time that any <procedure> in the <module>
         that contains the <temporary table declaration> is executed and
         whose scope is all the <procedure>s of that <module> executed
         within the same SQL-session.

         Format

         <temporary table declaration> ::=
              DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <qualified local table name>
                <table element list>
                [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE | DELETE } ROWS ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) Let T be the <local table name> of <qualified local table name>.
            T shall be different from the <local table name> of any other
            <temporary table declaration> contained within the <module>.

         2) Let A be the current <authorization identifier>.

         3) The descriptor of the table defined by a <temporary table decla-
            ration> includes the name of T and the column descriptor speci-
            fied by each <column definition>. The i-th column descriptor is
            given by the i-th <column definition>.

         4) A <temporary table declaration> shall contain at least one <col-
            umn definition>.

         5) If ON COMMIT is not specified, then ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS is
            implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let U be the implementation-dependent <schema name> that is
            effectively derived from the implementation-dependent SQL-
            session identifier associated with the SQL-session and an
            implementation-dependent name associated with the <module> that
            contains the <temporary table declaration>.

         2) The definition of T within a <module> is effectively equivalent
            to the definition of a persistent base table U.T. Within the
            module, any reference to MODULE.T is equivalent to a reference
            to U.T.

                                                     Data manipulation   397

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         13.11 <temporary table declaration>


         3) A set of privilege descriptors is created that define the priv-
            ileges INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and REFERENCES on this
            table and INSERT (<column name>), UPDATE (<column name>), and
            REFERENCES (<column name>) for every <column definition> in the
            table definition to A. These privileges are not grantable. The
            grantor for each of these privilege descriptors is set to the
            special grantor value "_SYSTEM".

         4) The definition of a temporary table persists for the duration
            of the SQL-session. The termination of the SQL-session is effec-
            tively followed by the execution of the following <drop table
            statement> with the current <authorization identifier> and
            current <schema name> U without further Access Rule checking:

              DROP TABLE T

         5) The definition of a declared local temporary table does not
            appear in any view of the Information Schema.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <temporary table declaration>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.
























         398  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         14  Transaction management



         14.1  <set transaction statement>

         Function

         Set the attributes of the next SQL-transaction for the SQL-agent.

         Format

         <set transaction statement> ::=
              SET TRANSACTION <transaction mode> [ { <comma> <transaction mode> }... ]


         <transaction mode> ::=
                <isolation level>
              | <transaction access mode>
              | <diagnostics size>

         <transaction access mode> ::=
                READ ONLY
              | READ WRITE

         <isolation level> ::=
              ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

         <level of isolation> ::=
                READ UNCOMMITTED
              | READ COMMITTED
              | REPEATABLE READ
              | SERIALIZABLE

         <diagnostics size> ::=
              DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

         <number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) No <transaction mode> shall be specified more than once.

         2) If an <isolation level> is not specified, then a <level of iso-
            lation> of ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE is implicit.

         3) If READ WRITE is specified, then the <level of isolation> shall
            not be READ UNCOMMITTED.


                                                Transaction management   399

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         14.1 <set transaction statement>


         4) If a <transaction access mode> is not specified and a <level of
            isolation> of READ UNCOMMITTED is specified, then READ ONLY is
            implicit. Otherwise, READ WRITE is implicit.

         5) The data type of <number of conditions> shall be exact numeric
            with scale 0.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If a <set transaction statement> statement is executed when an
            SQL-transaction is currently active, then an exception condition
            is raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) If <number of conditions> is specified and is less than 1, then
            an exception condition is raised: invalid condition number.

         3) Let TXN be the next SQL-transaction for the SQL-agent.

         4) If READ ONLY is specified, then the access mode of TXN is set to
            read-only. If READ WRITE is specified, then the access mode of
            TXN is set to read-write.

         5) The isolation level of TXN is set to an implementation-defined
            isolation level that will not exhibit any of the phenomena that
            the explicit or implicit <level of isolation> would not exhibit,
            as specified in Table 9, "SQL-transaction isolation levels and
            the three phenomena".

         6) If <number of conditions> is specified, then the diagnostics
            area limit of TXN is set to <number of conditions>.

         7) If <number of conditions> is not specified, then the diagnostics
            area limit of TXN is set to an implementation-dependent value
            not less than 1.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <set
              transaction statement>.




         400  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                       14.2 <set constraints mode statement>


         14.2  <set constraints mode statement>

         Function

         If an SQL-transaction is currently active, then set the constraint
         mode for that SQL-transaction in the current SQL-session. If no
         SQL-transaction is currently active, then set the constraint mode
         for the next SQL-transaction in the current SQL-session for the
         SQL-agent.

         Format

         <set constraints mode statement> ::=
              SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list> { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }


         <constraint name list> ::=
                ALL
              | <constraint name> [ { <comma> <constraint name> }... ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) If a <constraint name> is specified, then it shall identify a
            constraint.

         2) The constraint identified by <constraint name> shall be
            DEFERRABLE.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If an SQL-transaction is currently active, then let TXN be the
            currently active SQL-transaction. Otherwise, let TXN be the next
            SQL-transaction for the SQL-agent.

         2) If IMMEDIATE is specified, then

            Case:

            a) If ALL is specified, then the constraint mode in TXN of all
              constraints that are DEFERRABLE is set to immediate.

            b) Otherwise, the constraint mode in TXN for the constraints
              identified by the <constraint name>s in the <constraint name
              list> is set to immediate.

         3) If DEFERRED is specified, then



                                                Transaction management   401

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         14.2 <set constraints mode statement>


            Case:

            a) If ALL is specified, then the constraint mode in TXN of all
              constraints that are DEFERRABLE is set to deferred.

            b) Otherwise, the constraint mode in TXN for the constraints
              identified by the <constraint name>s in the <constraint name
              list> is set to deferred.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set constraints mode statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.


































         402  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     14.3 <commit statement>


         14.3  <commit statement>

         Function

         Terminate the current SQL-transaction with commit.

         Format

         <commit statement> ::=
              COMMIT [ WORK ]


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the current SQL-transaction is part of an encompassing trans-
            action that is controlled by an agent other than the SQL-agent,
            then an exception condition is raised: invalid transaction ter-
            mination.

         2) For every open cursor CR in any <module> associated with the
            current SQL-transaction, the following statement is implicitly
            executed:

              CLOSE CR

         3) For every temporary table in any <module> associated with the
            current SQL-transaction that specifies the ON COMMIT DELETE
            option and that was updated by the current SQL-transaction, the
            execution of the <commit statement> is effectively preceded by
            the execution of a <delete statement: searched> that specifies
            DELETE FROM T, where T is the <table name> of that temporary
            table.

         4) The effects specified in the General Rules of Subclause 14.2,
            "<set constraints mode statement>" occur as if the statement SET
            CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE were executed.

         5) Case:

            a) If any constraint is not satisfied, then any changes to SQL-
              data or schemas that were made by the current SQL-transaction
              are canceled and an exception condition is raised: transac-
              tion rollback-integrity constraint violation.


                                                Transaction management   403

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         14.3 <commit statement>


            b) If any other error preventing commitment of the SQL-
              transaction has occurred, then any changes to SQL-data or
              schemas that were made by the current SQL-transaction are
              canceled and an exception condition is raised: transaction
              rollback with an implementation-defined subclass value.

            c) Otherwise, any changes to SQL-data or schemas that were made
              by the current SQL-transaction are made accessible to all
              concurrent and subsequent SQL-transactions.

         6) The current SQL-transaction is terminated.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) In conforming Entry SQL language, WORK shall be specified.
































         404  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   14.4 <rollback statement>


         14.4  <rollback statement>

         Function

         Terminate the current SQL-transaction with rollback.

         Format

         <rollback statement> ::=
              ROLLBACK [ WORK ]


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the current SQL-transaction is part of an encompassing trans-
            action that is controlled by an agent other than the SQL-agent
            and the <rollback statement> is not being implicitly executed,
            then an exception condition is raised: invalid transaction ter-
            mination.

         2) For every open cursor CR in any <module> associated with the
            current SQL-transaction, the following statement is implicitly
            executed:

              CLOSE CR

         3) Any changes to SQL-data or schemas that were made by the current
            SQL-transaction are canceled.

         4) The current SQL-transaction is terminated.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) In conforming Entry SQL language, WORK shall be specified.




                                                Transaction management   405

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         406  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         15  Connection management



         15.1  <connect statement>

         Function

         Establish an SQL-connection.

         Format

         <connect statement> ::=
              CONNECT TO <connection target>

         <connection target> ::=
                <SQL-server name>
                  [ AS <connection name> ]
                  [ USER <user name> ]
              | DEFAULT


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <user name> is not specified, then an implementation-defined
            <user name> for the SQL-connection is implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If a <connect statement> is executed after the first transaction-
            initiating SQL-statement executed by the current SQL-transaction
            and the implementation does not support transactions that affect
            more than one SQL-server, then an exception condition is raised:
            feature not supported-multiple server transactions

         2) If <user name> is specified, then let S be the character string
            that is the value of <user name> and let V be the character
            string that is the value of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM CV )

         3) If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of an <au-
            thorization identifier>, then an exception condition is raised:
            invalid authorization specification.



                                                 Connection management   407

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         15.1 <connect statement>


         4) If the <module> that contains the <procedure> that contains the
            <connect statement> specifies a <module authorization identi-
            fier>, then whether or not <user name> must be identical to that
            <module authorization identifier> is implementation-defined,
            as are any other restrictions on the value of <user name>.
            Otherwise, any restrictions on the value of <user name> are
            implementation-defined.

         5) If the value of <user name> violates the implementation-defined
            restrictions, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            authorization specification.

         6) If <connection name> was specified, then let CV be the value
            of the <simple value specification> immediately contained in
            <connection name>. If neither DEFAULT nor <connection name> were
            specified, then let CV be the value of <SQL-server name>. Let CN
            be the result of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM CV )

            If CN does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of an
            <identifier>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            connection name.

         7) If an SQL-connection with name CN has already been established
            by the current SQL-agent and has not been disconnected, or if
            DEFAULT is specified and a default SQL-connection has already
            been established by the current SQL-agent and has not been dis-
            connected, then an exception condition is raised: connection
            exception-connection name in use.

         8) Case:

            a) If DEFAULT is specified, then the default SQL-session is
              initiated and associated with the default SQL-server. The
              method by which the default SQL-server is determined is
              implementation-defined.

            b) Otherwise, an SQL-session is initiated and associated with
              the SQL-server identified by <SQL-server name>. The method by
              which <SQL-server name> is used to determine the appropriate
              SQL-server is implementation-defined.

         9) If the <connect statement> successfully initiates an SQL-
            session, then:

            a) The current SQL-connection and current SQL-session, if any,
              become a dormant SQL-connection and a dormant SQL-session,
              respectively. The SQL-server context information is preserved
              and is not affected in any way by operations performed over
              the initiated SQL-connection.

              Note: The SQL-session context information is defined in
              Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions".

         408  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    15.1 <connect statement>


            b) The SQL-session initiated by the <connect statement> becomes
              the current SQL-session and the SQL-connection established to
              that SQL-session becomes the current SQL-connection.

            Note: If the <connect statement> fails to initiate an SQL-
            session, then the current SQL-connection and current SQL-
            session, if any, remain unchanged.

         10)If the SQL-client cannot establish the SQL-connection, then an
            exception condition is raised: connection exception- SQL-client
            unable to establish SQL-connection.

         11)If the SQL-server rejects the establishment of the SQL-
            connection, then an exception condition is raised: connection
            exception- SQL-server rejected establishment of SQL-connection.

         12)The SQL-server for the subsequent execution of <procedure>s
            in any <module>s associated with the SQL-agent is set to the
            SQL-server identified by <SQL-server name>.

         13)The SQL-session <authorization identifier> is set to <user
            name>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <connect statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.




















                                                 Connection management   409

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         15.2 <set connection statement>


         15.2  <set connection statement>

         Function

         Select an SQL-connection from the available SQL-connections.

         Format

         <set connection statement> ::=
              SET CONNECTION <connection object>

         <connection object> ::=
                DEFAULT
              | <connection name>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) If a <set connection statement> is executed after the first
            transaction-initiating SQL-statement executed by the current
            SQL-transaction and the implementation does not support trans-
            actions that affect more than one SQL-server, then an excep-
            tion condition is raised: feature not supported-multiple server
            transactions.

         2) Case:

            a) If DEFAULT is specified and there is no default SQL-
              connection that is current or dormant for the current SQL-
              agent, then an exception condition is raised: connection
              exception-connection does not exist.

            b) Otherwise, if <connection name> does not identify an SQL-
              session that is current or dormant for the current SQL-agent,
              then an exception condition is raised: connection exception-
              connection does not exist.

         3) If the SQL-connection identified by <connection object> cannot
            be selected, then an exception condition is raised: connection
            exception-connection failure.

         4) The current SQL-connection and current SQL-session become a dor-
            mant SQL-connection and a dormant SQL-session, respectively.


         410  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             15.2 <set connection statement>


            The SQL-server context information is preserved and is not af-
            fected in any way by operations performed over the selected
            SQL-connection.

            Note: The SQL-session context information is defined in
            Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions".

         5) The SQL-connection identified by <connection object> becomes the
            current SQL-connection and the SQL-session associated with that
            SQL-connection becomes the current SQL-session. All SQL-session
            context information is restored to the same state as at the time
            the SQL-connection became dormant.

            Note: The SQL-session context information is defined in
            Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions".

         6) The SQL-server for the subsequent execution of <procedure>s in
            any <module>s associated with the SQL-agent is set to that of
            the current SQL-connection.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set connection statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.























                                                 Connection management   411

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         15.3 <disconnect statement>


         15.3  <disconnect statement>

         Function

         Terminate an SQL-connection.

         Format

         <disconnect statement> ::=
              DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

         <disconnect object> ::=
                <connection object>
              | ALL
              | CURRENT


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) If <connection name> is specified and <connection name> does
            not identify an SQL-connection that is current or dormant for
            the current SQL-agent, then an exception condition is raised:
            connection exception-connection does not exist.

         2) If DEFAULT is specified and there is no default SQL-connection
            that is current or dormant for the current SQL-agent, then an
            exception condition is raised: connection exception-connection
            does not exist.

         3) If CURRENT is specified and there is no current SQL-connection
            for the current SQL-agent, then an exception condition is
            raised: connection exception-connection does not exist.

         4) Let C be the current SQL-connection.

         5) Let L be a list of SQL-connections. If a <connection name> is
            specified, then L is that SQL-connection. If CURRENT is spec-
            ified, then L is the current SQL-connection, if any. If ALL is
            specified, then L is a list representing every SQL-connection
            that is current or dormant for the current SQL-agent, in an
            implementation-dependent order. If DEFAULT is specified, then L
            is the default SQL-connection.

         6) If any SQL-connection in L is active, then an exception condi-
            tion is raised: invalid transaction state.

         412  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 15.3 <disconnect statement>


         7) For every SQL-connection C1 in L, treating the SQL-session S1
            identified by C1 as the current SQL-session, all of the actions
            that are required after the last call of a <procedure> by an
            SQL-agent, except for the execution of a <rollback statement>
            or a <commit statement>, are performed. C1 is terminated, re-
            gardless of any exception condition that might occur during the
            disconnection process.

            Note: See the General Rules of Subclause 12.1, "<module>", for
            the actions to be performed after the last call of a <procedure>
            by an SQL-agent.

         8) If any error is detected during execution of a <disconnect
            statement>, then a completion condition is raised: warning-
            disconnect error.

         9) If C is contained in L, then there is no current SQL-connection
            following the execution of the <disconnect statement>. Otherwise,
            C remains the current SQL-connection.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <disconnect statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.























                                                 Connection management   413

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         414  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         16  Session management



         16.1  <set catalog statement>

         Function

         Set the default catalog name for unqualified <schema name>s in
         <preparable statement>s that are prepared in the current SQL-
         session by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare state-
         ment> and in <direct SQL statement>s that are invoked directly.

         Format


         <set catalog statement> ::=
              SET CATALOG <value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <data type> of the <value specification> shall be an SQL
            character data type.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let S be the character string that is the value of the <value
            specification> and let V be the character string that is the
            value of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM S )

         2) If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of a <cat-
            alog name>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            catalog name.

         3) The default catalog name of the current SQL-session is set to V.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set catalog statement>.


                                                    Session management   415

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         16.1 <set catalog statement>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions

              None.


















































         416  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 16.2 <set schema statement>


         16.2  <set schema statement>

         Function

         Set the default schema name for unqualified <qualified name>s in
         <preparable statement>s that are prepared in the current SQL-
         session by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare state-
         ment> and in <direct SQL statement>s that are invoked directly.

         Format


         <set schema statement> ::=
              SET SCHEMA <value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of the <value specification> shall be an SQL char-
            acter data type.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let S be the character string that is the value of the <value
            specification> and let V be the character string that is the
            value of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM S )

         2) If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of a
            <schema name>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            schema name.

         3) Case:

            a) If V conforms to the Format and Syntax Rules for a <schema
              name> that contains a <catalog name>, then let X be the <cat-
              alog name> part and let Y be the <unqualified schema name>
              part of V. The following statement is implicitly executed:

                 SET CATALOG 'X'

              and the <set schema statement> is effectively replaced by:

                 SET SCHEMA 'Y'

            b) Otherwise, the default unqualified schema name of the current
              SQL-session is set to V.


                                                    Session management   417

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         16.2 <set schema statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set schema statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.











































         418  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                  16.3 <set names statement>


         16.3  <set names statement>

         Function

         Set the default character set name for <identifier>s and <character
         string literal>s in <preparable statement>s that are prepared in
         the current SQL-session by an <execute immediate statement> or a
         <prepare statement> and in <direct SQL statement>s that are invoked
         directly.

         Format

         <set names statement> ::=
              SET NAMES <value specification>

         Syntax Rules

         1) The <data type> of the <value specification> shall be an SQL
            character data type.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let S be the character string that is the value of the <value
            specification> and let V be the character string that is the
            value of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM S )

         2) If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of a <char-
            acter set name>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            character set name.

         3) The default character set name of the current SQL-session is set
            to V.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set names statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.




                                                    Session management   419

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         16.4 <set session authorization identifier statement>


         16.4  <set session authorization identifier statement>

         Function

         Set the <authorization identifier> of the current SQL-session.

         Format

         <set session authorization identifier statement> ::=
              SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION <value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <data type> of the <value specification> shall be an SQL
            character data type.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If a <set session authorization identifier statement> is ex-
            ecuted and an SQL-transaction is currently active, then an
            exception condition is raised: invalid transaction state.

         2) Let S be the character string that is the value of the <value
            specification> and let V be the character string that is the
            value of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' 'FROM S )

         3) If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of an <au-
            thorization identifier>, then an exception condition is raised:
            invalid authorization specification.

         4) Whether or not the <authorization identifier> for the SQL-
            session can be set to an <authorization identifier> other than
            the <authorization identifier> of the SQL-session when the
            SQL-session is started is implementation-defined, as are any
            restrictions pertaining to such changes.

         5) If the current <authorization identifier> is restricted from
            setting the <authorization identifier> to the specified value,
            then an exception condition is raised: invalid authorization
            specification.

         6) Let T be any temporary table defined in the currently active
            SQL-session. In all the privilege descriptors for T and for each
            of the columns of T, the <authorization identifier> is set to V.



         420  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                       16.4 <set session authorization identifier statement>


         7) The <authorization identifier> of the current SQL-session is set
            to V.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <set
              session authorization identifier statement>.








































                                                    Session management   421

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         16.5 <set local time zone statement>


         16.5  <set local time zone statement>

         Function

         Set the default local time zone displacement for the current SQL-
         session.

         Format

         <set local time zone statement> ::=
              SET TIME ZONE <set time zone value>

         <set time zone value> ::=
                <interval value expression>
              | LOCAL


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <data type> of the <interval value expression> immediately
            contained in the <set time zone value> shall be INTERVAL HOUR TO
            MINUTE.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Case:

            a) If LOCAL is specified, then the default local time zone dis-
              placement of the current SQL-session is set to the original
              implementation-defined default local time zone displace-
              ment that was established when the current SQL-session was
              started.

            b) Otherwise,

              Case:

              i) If the value of the <interval value expression> is not the
                 null value and is between INTERVAL -'12:59' and INTERVAL
                 +'13:00', then the default local time zone displacement of
                 the current SQL-session is set to the value of the <inter-
                 val value expression>.

             ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception-
                 invalid time zone displacement value.





         422  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                        16.5 <set local time zone statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL;

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL;

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <set
              local time zone statement>.












































                                                    Session management   423

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         424  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         17  Dynamic SQL



         17.1  Description of SQL item descriptor areas

         Function

         Specify the identifiers, data types, and codes used in SQL item
         descriptor areas.

         Syntax Rules

         1) An SQL item descriptor area comprises the items specified in
            Table 17, "Data types of <key word>s used in SQL item descriptor
            areas".

         2) Let DT be a data type. The data type T of a <simple value spec-
            ification> or a <simple target specification> SVT is said to
            match the data type specified by the item descriptor area if and
            only if one of the following conditions is true.

            Case:

            a) TYPE indicates NUMERIC and T is specified by NUMERIC(P,S),
              where P is the value of PRECISION and S is the value of
              SCALE.

            b) TYPE indicates DECIMAL and T is specified by DECIMAL(P,S),
              where P is the value of PRECISION and S is the value of
              SCALE.

            c) TYPE indicates INTEGER and T is specified by INTEGER.

            d) TYPE indicates SMALLINT and T is specified by SMALLINT.

            e) TYPE indicates FLOAT and T is specified by FLOAT(P), where P
              is the value of PRECISION.

            f) TYPE indicates REAL and T is specified by REAL.

            g) TYPE indicates DOUBLE PRECISION and T is specified by DOUBLE
              PRECISION.

            h) TYPE indicates BIT and T is specified by BIT(L), where L is
              the value of LENGTH.

            i) TYPE indicates BIT VARYING and T is specified by BIT
              VARYING(L), where

              Case:

              i) SVT is a <simple value specification> and L is the value of
                 LENGTH.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   425

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.1 Description of SQL item descriptor areas


             ii) SVT is a <simple target specification> and L is not less
                 than the value of LENGTH.

            j) TYPE indicates CHARACTER and T is specified by CHARACTER(L),
              where L is the value of LENGTH and the <character set spec-
              ification> formed by the values of CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG,
              CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME identifies the
              character set of SVT.

            k) TYPE indicates CHARACTER VARYING and T is specified by
              CHARACTER VARYING(L), where the <character set specification>
              formed by the values of CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_
              SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME identifies the character set
              of SVT and

              Case:

              i) SVT is a <simple value specification> and L is the value of
                 LENGTH.

             ii) SVT is a <simple target specification> and L is not less
                 than the value of LENGTH.

         3) An item descriptor area is valid if and only if TYPE indicates
            a code defined in Table 18, "Codes used for SQL data types in
            Dynamic SQL", and one of the following is true:

            Case:

            a) TYPE indicates NUMERIC and PRECISION and SCALE are valid
              precision and scale values for the NUMERIC data type.

            b) TYPE indicates DECIMAL and PRECISION and SCALE are valid
              precision and scale values for the DECIMAL data type.

            c) TYPE indicates FLOAT and PRECISION is a valid precision value
              for the FLOAT data type.

            d) TYPE indicates INTEGER, SMALLINT, REAL, or DOUBLE PRECISION.

            e) TYPE indicates BIT or BIT VARYING and LENGTH is a valid
              length value for the BIT date type.

            f) TYPE indicates CHARACTER or CHARACTER VARYING, LENGTH
              is a valid length value for the CHARACTER data type, and
              CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_
              SET_NAME are a valid qualified character set name for the
              CHARACTER data type.

            g) TYPE indicates a <datetime type>, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE is a
              code specified in Table 19, "Codes associated with datetime
              data types in Dynamic SQL", and PRECISION is a valid value
              for the <time precision> or <timestamp precision> of the
              indicated datetime datatype.

         426  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                               17.1 Description of SQL item descriptor areas


            h) TYPE indicates an <interval type>, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
              is a code specified in Table 20, "Codes used for <interval
              qualifier>s in Dynamic SQL", and DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
              and PRECISION are valid values for <interval leading field
              precision> and <interval fractional seconds precision> for an
              <interval qualifier>.



                          Table 17-Data types of <key word>s
         _________________used_in_SQL_item_descriptor_areas_________________

         _<key_word>_____________Data_Type__________________________________

        | TYPE                 | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | LENGTH               | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | OCTET_LENGTH         | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | RETURNED_LENGTH      | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | RETURNED_OCTET_      | exact numeric with scale 0                |
          LENGTH

        | PRECISION            | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | SCALE                | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | DATETIME_INTERVAL_   | exact numeric with scale 0                |
          CODE

        | DATETIME_INTERVAL_   | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        | PRECISION            |                                           |
        |                      |                                           |
        | NULLABLE             | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | INDICATOR            | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | DATA                 | matches data type specified by TYPE,      |
                                 LENGTH, PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_
                                 INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_
                                 PRECISION, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG,
                                 CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_
                                 NAME

        | NAME                 | character string with character set SQL_  |
        |                      | TEXT and length not less than 128 charac- |
        |                      | ters                                      |
        |                      |                                           |
        | UNNAMED              | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        | COLLATION_CATALOG    | character string with character set SQL_  |
        |                      | TEXT and length not less than 128 charac- |
                                 ters

        | COLLATION_SCHEMA     | character string with character set SQL_  |
        |                      | TEXT and length not less than 128 charac- |
        |                      | ters                                      |
        |                      |                                           |
                                                           Dynamic SQL   427

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.1 Description of SQL item descriptor areas


                       Table 17-Data types of <key word>s used
         ________________in_SQL_item_descriptor_areas_(Cont.)_______________

         _<key_word>_____________Data_Type__________________________________

        | COLLATION_NAME       | character string with character set SQL_  |
                                 TEXT and length not less than 128 charac-
                                 ters

        | CHARACTER_SET_       | character string with character set SQL_  |
        | CATALOG              | TEXT and length not less than 128 charac- |
        |                      | ters                                      |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA | character string with character set SQL_  |
        |                      | TEXT and length not less than 128 charac- |
        |                      | ters                                      |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CHARACTER_SET_NAME   | character string with character set SQL_  |
        |                      | TEXT and length not less than 128 charac- |
        |______________________|_ters______________________________________|
        |                      |                                           |
        |Access Rules          |                                           |
        |                      |                                           |
            None.

         General Rules

         1) Table 18, "Codes used for SQL data types in Dynamic SQL", speci-
            fies the codes associated with the SQL data types.

























         428  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                               17.1 Description of SQL item descriptor areas


         _______Table_18-Codes_used_for_SQL_data_types_in_Dynamic_SQL_______

         _Data_Type__________________Code___________________________________

        | Implementation-defined   | < 0                                   |
          data types

        | BIT                      | 14                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | BIT VARYING              | 15                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | CHARACTER                | 1                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | CHARACTER VARYING        | 12                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | DATE, TIME, or TIMESTAMP | 9                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | DECIMAL                  | 3                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | DOUBLE PRECISION         | 8                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | FLOAT                    | 6                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | INTEGER                  | 4                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | INTERVAL                 | 10                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | NUMERIC                  | 2                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | REAL                     | 7                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        |_SMALLINT_________________|_5_____________________________________|
        |                          |                                       |
         2) Table 19, "Codes associated with datetime data types in Dynamic
            SQL", specifies the codes associated with the datetime data
            types.

         _Table_19-Codes_associated_with_datetime_data_types_in_Dynamic_SQL_

         _Datetime_Data_Type_________Code___________________________________

        | DATE                     | 1                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | TIME                     | 2                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | TIME WITH TIME ZONE      | 4                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | TIMESTAMP                | 3                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        |_TIMESTAMP_WITH_TIME_ZONE_|_5_____________________________________|
        |                          |                                       |
         3) Table 20, "Codes used for <interval qualifier>s in Dynamic SQL",
            specifies the codes associated with <interval qualifier>s for
            interval data types.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   429

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.1 Description of SQL item descriptor areas


         ____Table_20-Codes_used_for_<interval_qualifier>s_in_Dynamic_SQL___

         _Datetime_Qualifier_________Code___________________________________

        | DAY                      | 3                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | DAY TO HOUR              | 8                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | DAY TO MINUTE            | 9                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | DAY TO SECOND            | 10                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | HOUR                     | 4                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | HOUR TO MINUTE           | 11                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | HOUR TO SECOND           | 12                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | MINUTE                   | 5                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | MINUTE TO SECOND         | 13                                    |
        |                          |                                       |
        | MONTH                    | 2                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | SECOND                   | 6                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        | YEAR                     | 1                                     |
        |                          |                                       |
        |_YEAR_TO_MONTH____________|_7_____________________________________|
        |                          |                                       |
         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.














         430  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                        17.2 <allocate descriptor statement>


         17.2  <allocate descriptor statement>

         Function

         Allocate an SQL descriptor area.

         Format

         <allocate descriptor statement> ::=
              ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> [ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]


         <occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of <occurrences> shall be exact numeric with scale
            0.

         2) If WITH MAX <occurrences> is not specified, then an implementation-
            defined default value for <occurrences> that is greater than 0
            is implicit.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let S be the character string that is the value of the <simple
            value specification> that is immediately contained in <descrip-
            tor name> and let V be the character string that is the result
            of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM S )

            If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of an
            <identifier>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            SQL descriptor name.

         2) The <allocate descriptor statement> allocates an SQL descriptor
            area whose name is V and whose scope is specified by the <scope
            clause>. The descriptor area will have at least <occurrences>
            number of item descriptor areas. All values are initially un-
            defined. If an SQL descriptor has already been allocated whose
            name is V, whose scope is specified by the <scope option>, and
            that has not yet been deallocated, then an exception condition
            is raised: invalid SQL descriptor name.

         3) If <occurrences> is less than 1 or is greater than an implementation-
            defined maximum value, then an exception condition is raised:
            dynamic SQL error-invalid descriptor index. The maximum number

                                                           Dynamic SQL   431

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.2 <allocate descriptor statement>


            of SQL descriptor areas that can be allocated at one time is
            implementation-defined.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) An <occurrences> and a <descriptor name> shall be a <lit-
              eral>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.







































         432  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                      17.3 <deallocate descriptor statement>


         17.3  <deallocate descriptor statement>

         Function

         Deallocate an SQL descriptor area.

         Format

         <deallocate descriptor statement> ::=
              DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) The <deallocate descriptor statement> deallocates an SQL de-
            scriptor area whose name is the value of the <descriptor name>'s
            <simple value specification> and whose scope is specified by
            the <scope clause>. If an SQL descriptor area is not currently
            allocated whose name is the value of the <descriptor name>'s
            <simple value specification> and whose scope is specified by the
            <scope option>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            SQL descriptor name.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall contain no Dynamic SQL
              language.











                                                           Dynamic SQL   433

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.4 <get descriptor statement>


         17.4  <get descriptor statement>

         Function

         Get information from an SQL descriptor area.

         Format

         <get descriptor statement> ::=
              GET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>


         <get descriptor information> ::=
                <get count>
              | VALUE <item number>
                  <get item information> [ { <comma> <get item information> }... ]


         <get count> ::=
              <simple target specification 1> <equals operator> COUNT

         <get item information> ::=
              <simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>>


         <item number> ::= <simple value specification>

         <simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

         <simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

         <descriptor item name> ::=
                TYPE
              | LENGTH
              | OCTET_LENGTH
              | RETURNED_LENGTH
              | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
              | PRECISION
              | SCALE
              | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
              | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
              | NULLABLE
              | INDICATOR
              | DATA
              | NAME
              | UNNAMED
              | COLLATION_CATALOG
              | COLLATION_SCHEMA
              | COLLATION_NAME
              | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
              | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
              | CHARACTER_SET_NAME


         434  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             17.4 <get descriptor statement>



         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of <item number> shall be exact numeric with scale
            0.

         2) The data type of <simple target specification 1> shall be exact
            numeric with scale 0.

         3) The data type of a <simple target specification 2> shall be the
            data type shown in Table 17, "Data types of <key word>s used in
            SQL item descriptor areas", for the corresponding <descriptor
            item name>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If a <descriptor name> specified in a <get descriptor state-
            ment> identifies an SQL descriptor area that is not currently
            allocated, then an exception condition is raised: invalid SQL
            descriptor name.

         2) If the data type of the <simple target specification> associated
            with the keyword DATA does not match the data type specified by
            the item descriptor area, then an exception condition is raised:
            data exception-error in assignment.

            Note: Match is defined in the Syntax Rules of Subclause 17.1,
            "Description of SQL item descriptor areas".

         3) If the <item number> specified in a <get descriptor statement>
            is greater than the number of <occurrences> specified when the
            <descriptor name> was allocated or less than 1, then an excep-
            tion condition is raised: dynamic SQL error-invalid descriptor
            index.

         4) If the <item number> specified in a <get descriptor statement>
            is greater than the value of COUNT, then a completion condition
            is raised: no data.

         5) If a <get descriptor statement> is executed to get the value
            of DATA without getting the value of INDICATOR and the value of
            INDICATOR is negative, then an exception condition is raised:
            data exception-null value, no indicator parameter.

         6) If an exception condition is raised in a <get descriptor state-
            ment>, then the values of all targets specified by <simple tar-
            get specification 1> and <simple target specification 2> are
            implementation-dependent.


                                                           Dynamic SQL   435

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.4 <get descriptor statement>


         7) A <get descriptor statement> gets values in the SQL descriptor
            area specified by <descriptor name>. The values are as follows:

            a) COUNT is a count of the number of <dynamic parameter specifi-
              cation>s or <select list> columns described in item descrip-
              tor areas.

            b) The values of TYPE, LENGTH, OCTET_LENGTH, RETURNED_LENGTH,
              RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH, PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_
              CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION, COLLATION_CATALOG,
              COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG,
              CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME are the data
              type, length (in characters, bits, or positions, as appro-
              priate), length in octets, returned length in characters,
              returned length in octets, precision, scale, datetime data
              type, interval qualifier, collation, and character set of
              a <dynamic parameter specification> or <select list> col-
              umn described by the item descriptor area specified by <item
              number>.

            c) NAME is the name associated with the <dynamic parameter spec-
              ification> or <select list> column described by the item de-
              scriptor area specified by <item number>. For a <select list>
              column, if the column name is implementation-dependent, then
              NAME is the implementation-dependent name for the column and
              UNNAMED is set to 1; otherwise, NAME is the <derived column
              name> of the column and UNNAMED is set to 0. For a <dynamic
              parameter specification>, the values of NAME and UNNAMED are
              implementation-dependent.

            d) DATA is a value for the <target specification> described by
              the item descriptor area specified by <item number>. If the
              value of INDICATOR is negative, then the value of DATA is
              undefined.

            e) INDICATOR is a value for the <indicator parameter> associated
              with the <target specification>.

            f) Case:

              i) For a <select list> column, if NULLABLE is set to 1, then
                 the column can have the null value; otherwise, the column
                 cannot have the null value.

             ii) For a <dynamic parameter specification>, NULLABLE is set
                 to 1, indicating that the <dynamic parameter specification>
                 can have the null value.







         436  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             17.4 <get descriptor statement>


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.











































                                                           Dynamic SQL   437

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.5 <set descriptor statement>


         17.5  <set descriptor statement>

         Function

         Set information in an SQL descriptor area.

         Format

         <set descriptor statement> ::=
              SET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <set descriptor information>


         <set descriptor information> ::=
                <set count>
              | VALUE <item number>
                  <set item information> [ { <comma> <set item information> }... ]


         <set count> ::=
              COUNT <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

         <set item information> ::=
              <descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>


         <simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

         <simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

         <item number> ::= <simple value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of <item number> shall be exact numeric with scale
            0.

         2) The data type of <simple value specification 1> shall be an
            exact numeric with scale 0.

         3) The data type of a <simple value specification 2> shall be the
            data type shown in Table 17, "Data types of <key word>s used in
            SQL item descriptor areas", for the corresponding <descriptor
            item name>. <descriptor item name> shall not be RETURNED_LENGTH,
            RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH, OCTET_LENGTH, NULLABLE, COLLATION_
            CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_NAME, NAME, or UNNAMED.
            Other alternatives for <descriptor item name> shall not be spec-
            ified more than once in a <set descriptor statement>.

         Access Rules

            None.


         438  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             17.5 <set descriptor statement>


         General Rules

         1) If a <descriptor name> specified in a <set descriptor state-
            ment> identifies an SQL descriptor area that is not currently
            allocated, then an exception condition is raised: invalid SQL
            descriptor name.

         2) If the <item number> specified in a <set descriptor statement>
            is greater than the number of <occurrences> specified when the
            <descriptor name> was allocated or less than 1, then an excep-
            tion condition is raised: dynamic SQL error-invalid descriptor
            index.

         3) A <set descriptor statement> sets values in the SQL descriptor
            area specified by <descriptor name>. The values are as follows:

            a) COUNT is a count of the number of <dynamic parameter specifi-
              cation> values or <target specification>s described in item
              descriptor areas.

            b) TYPE, LENGTH, PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE,
              DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_
              SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME are a description of the
              data type, length (in characters, bits, or positions, as ap-
              propriate), precision, scale, datetime data type, interval
              qualifier, and character set of a <dynamic parameter specifi-
              cation> value or <target specification> described by the item
              descriptor area specified by <item number>.

            c) DATA is a value for the <dynamic parameter specification>
              described by the item descriptor area specified by <item
              number>. INDICATOR is a value for the <indicator parameter>
              associated with the <dynamic parameter specification>.

         4) When more than one value is set in a single <set descriptor
            statement>, the values are effectively assigned in the fol-
            lowing order: TYPE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_
            PRECISION, PRECISION, SCALE, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_
            SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, LENGTH, INDICATOR, and DATA.

            When any value other than DATA is set, the value of DATA becomes
            undefined.

         5) For every <set item information> specified, let DIN be the <de-
            scriptor item name> and let V be the value of the <simple value
            specification 2>. If DIN is DATA and the data type of V does
            not match the data type specified by the item descriptor area,
            then an exception condition is raised: data exception-error in
            assignment.

            Note: Match is defined in the Syntax Rules of Subclause 17.1,
            "Description of SQL item descriptor areas".

            The item descriptor area field DIN is set to V and then

                                                           Dynamic SQL   439

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.5 <set descriptor statement>


            Case:

            a) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates CHARACTER or CHARACTER
              VARYING, then CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA,
              and CHARACTER_SET_NAME are set to the values for the de-
              fault character set name for the SQL-session, LENGTH is set
              to 1, and all other item descriptor area fields are set to
              implementation-dependent values.

            b) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates BIT or BIT VARYING, then
              LENGTH is set to 1 and all other item descriptor area fields
              are set to implementation-dependent values.

            c) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates DATETIME, then PRECISION is
              set to 0 and all other item descriptor area fields are set to
              implementation-dependent values.

            d) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates INTERVAL, then DATETIME_
              INTERVAL_PRECISION is set to 2 and all other item descrip-
              tor area fields are set to implementation-dependent values.

            e) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates NUMERIC or DECIMAL, then SCALE
              is set to 0, PRECISION is set to the implementation-defined
              default value for the precision of NUMERIC or DECIMAL data
              types, respectively, and all other item descriptor area
              fields are set to implementation-dependent values.

            f) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates INTEGER or SMALLINT, then all
              other item descriptor area fields are set to implementation-
              dependent values.

            g) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates FLOAT, then PRECISION is set
              to the implementation-defined default value for the precision
              of FLOAT data types and all other item descriptor area fields
              are set to implementation-dependent values.

            h) If DIN is TYPE and V indicates REAL or DOUBLE PRECISION,
              then all other item descriptor area fields are set to
              implementation-dependent values.

            i) If DIN is DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE and TYPE is DATETIME, then

              i) If V indicates DATE, TIME, or TIME WITH TIME ZONE, then
                 PRECISION is set to 0 and all other item descriptor area
                 fields are set to implementation-dependent values.

             ii) If V indicates TIMESTAMP, or TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, then
                 PRECISION is set to 6 and all other item descriptor area
                 fields are set to implementation-dependent values.





         440  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             17.5 <set descriptor statement>


            j) If DIN is DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE and TYPE is INTERVAL, then
              DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION is set to 2 and

              i) If V indicates DAY TO SECOND, HOUR TO SECOND, MINUTE TO
                 SECOND, or SECOND, then PRECISION is set to 6.

             ii) Otherwise, PRECISION is set to 0.

         6) If an exception condition is raised in a <set descriptor
            statement>, then the values of all elements of the item de-
            scriptor area specified in the <set descriptor statement> are
            implementation-dependent.

         7) Restrictions on changing TYPE, LENGTH, PRECISION, DATETIME_
            INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION, SCALE, CHARACTER_
            SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME values
            resulting from the execution of a <describe statement> before
            execution of a <execute statement>, <dynamic open statement>,
            or <dynamic fetch statement> are implementation-defined, except
            as specified in the General Rules of Subclause 17.9, "<using
            clause>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.





















                                                           Dynamic SQL   441

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.6 <prepare statement>


         17.6  <prepare statement>

         Function

         Prepare a statement for execution.

         Format

         <prepare statement> ::=
              PREPARE <SQL statement name> FROM <SQL statement variable>

         <SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

         <preparable statement> ::=
                <preparable SQL data statement>
              | <preparable SQL schema statement>
              | <preparable SQL transaction statement>
              | <preparable SQL session statement>
              | <preparable implementation-defined statement>

         <preparable SQL data statement> ::=
                <delete statement: searched>
              | <dynamic single row select statement>
              | <insert statement>
              | <dynamic select statement>
              | <update statement: searched>
              | <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
              | <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

         <preparable SQL schema statement> ::=
                <SQL schema statement>

         <preparable SQL transaction statement> ::=
                <SQL transaction statement>

         <preparable SQL session statement> ::=
                <SQL session statement>

         <dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

         <dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

         <preparable implementation-defined statement> ::= !! See the Syntax
         Rules.










         442  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    17.6 <prepare statement>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <simple value specification> of <SQL statement variable>
            shall not be a <literal>.

         2) The data type of <SQL statement variable> shall be character
            string.

         3) The Format and Syntax Rules for <preparable implementation-
            defined statement> are implementation-defined.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let P be the contents of the <SQL statement variable>.

         2) If P is a <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> or a
            <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>, then P refers
            to either a dynamic cursor with the same <cursor name> or to an
            extended dynamic cursor whose <extended cursor name> value is
            the same as the <cursor name>.

            Case:

            a) If both an extended dynamic cursor and a dynamic cursor with
              the same name as the <cursor name> exist, then an exception
              condition is raised: ambiguous cursor name.

            b) If there is neither an extended dynamic cursor nor a dynamic
              cursor with the name of <cursor name>, then an exception
              condition is raised: invalid cursor name.

         3) Let E1, E2, E3, and E4 be <value expression>s of the form "<dy-
            namic parameter specification>" or a <dynamic parameter specifi-
            cation> enclosed in any number of matching parentheses. Let F be
            a <value expression> whose data type is determined via General
            Rules in Clause 6, "Scalar expressions" and the Rules in this
            Subclause. Let X1, X2, X3, and X4 be <value expression>s meeting
            the criteria for either En or F.

         4) If one or more of the following are true, then an exception
            condition is raised: syntax error or access rule violation in
            dynamic SQL statement.

            a) P does not conform to the Format, Syntax Rules, and Access
              Rules of a <preparable statement>.

            b) P contains E1 as a <value expression> simply contained in a
              <select list>.

            c) P contains E1 as both operands of a single dyadic operator.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   443

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.6 <prepare statement>


            d) P contains a <value expression> of the form "+ E1", "- E1",
              "E1 COLLATE <collation name>", or "EXTRACT (<extract field>
              FROM E1)".

            e) P contains a <set function specification> with argument E1.

            f) P contains a <null predicate> with a value E1 in the <row
              value constructor>.

            g) P contains an <overlaps predicate> where E1 is the <value
              expression> that is the second <row value constructor ele-
              ment> in either the first or second operands of the <overlaps
              predicate>.

            h) P contains E1 as the first operand of COALESCE or the first
              <when operand> in a <case specification> or both operands of
              NULLIF.

            i) P contains a <comparison predicate> or <between predicate>
              where E1 is both the i-th <value expression> in the <row
              value constructor> that is the first operand and the i-th
              <value expression> in the <row value constructor> that is the
              second operand of the <comparison predicate> or the second or
              third operand of the <between predicate>.

            j) P contains a <table value constructor> in which the i-th
              <value expression> in each <row value constructor> is E1 and
              either:

              i) P is not an <insert statement>, or

             ii) P is an <insert statement> and the <table value construc-
                 tor> is not the <query expression> simply contained in the
                 <insert statement>.

            k) P contains an <in predicate> with an <in value list> in which
              E1 is both the <row value constructor> and the first <value
              specification> of the <in value list>.

            l) P contains a <position expression> in which both immediately
              contained <character value expression>s are E1.

            m) P contains a <form-of-use conversion> or a <character trans-
              lation> whose immediately contained <character value expres-
              sion> is E1.

            n) P contains a <fold> whose operand is E1.

            o) P contains a <trim function> whose <trim character> or <trim
              source> is E1.

            p) P contains a <character substring function> whose <character
              value expression> is E1.

            q) P contains a <comment>.

         444  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    17.6 <prepare statement>


         5) Case:

            a) If E1 is followed by an <interval qualifier> IQ, then the
              data type of E1 is assumed to be INTERVAL IQ.

            b) In OCTET_LENGTH(E1), CHARACTER_LENGTH(E1), and CHARACTER_
              LENGTH(E1), the data type of E1 is assumed to be CHARACTER
              VARYING(L), where L is the implementation-defined maximum
              value of <length> for CHARACTER VARYING.

            c) In POSITION(X1 IN X2), and SUBSTRING(X1 FROM X3 FOR X4), if
              X1 (X2) meets the criteria for E1, E2, E3, and E4, then the
              data type of X1 (X2) is assumed to be CHARACTER VARYING(L),
              where L is the implementation-defined maximum value of
              <length> for CHARACTER VARYING. If X3 (X4) meets the cri-
              teria for E1, E2, E3, and E4, then the data type of X3 (X4)
              is assumed to be NUMERIC(P,0), where P is the implementation-
              defined maximum value of <precision> for NUMERIC.

            d) In a <value expression> of the form "X1 <concatenation oper-
              ator> X2", if X1 (X2) meets the criteria for E1, E2, E3, and
              E4, then the data type of X1 (X2) is assumed to be CHARACTER
              VARYING(L), where L is the implementation-defined maximum
              value of <length> for CHARACTER VARYING.

            e) In BIT_LENGTH(E1), the data type of E1 is assumed to be BIT
              VARYING(L), where L is the implementation-defined maximum
              value of <length> for BIT VARYING.

            f) In a <value expression> of the form "E1 + <datetime term>",
              "<datetime term> + E1" or "<datetime term> - E1", the data
              type of E1 is assumed to be

              Case:

              i) If the <datetime term> is a date data type, then the data
                 type of E1 is assumed to be INTERVAL YEAR(P) TO MONTH,
                 where P is the implementation-defined maximum <interval
                 leading field precision>.

             ii) Otherwise, the data type of E1 is assumed to be INTERVAL
                 DAY(P) TO SECOND(F), where P and F are the implementation-
                 defined maximum <interval leading field precision> and max-
                 imum <interval fractional seconds precision>, respectively.

            g) In a <value expression> of the form "<interval term> * E1" or
              "<interval term> / E1", the data type of E1 is assumed to be
              NUMERIC(P,0), where P is the implementation-defined maximum
              value of <precision> for NUMERIC.

            h) In all other <value expression>s of the form "E1+ F", "E1-
              F", "E1* F", "E1/ F", "F + E1", "F - E1", "F * E1", or "F /
              E1", the data type of E1 is assumed to be the data type of F.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   445

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.6 <prepare statement>


            i) In a <value expression> of the form "CAST (E1 AS <domain
              name>)", "CAST (E1 AS <data type>)", the data type of E1 is
              the <data type> of the specified domain or the explicitly-
              specified <data type>.

            j) If one or more operands of COALESCE are E1, then the data
              type of E1 is assumed to be the data type of the first
              operand.

            k) If one or more <when operand>s in a <case specification> are
              E1, then the data type of E1 is assumed to be the data type
              of the first <when operand>.

            l) If one operand of NULLIF is E1, then the data type of E1 is
              assumed to be the data type of the other operand.

            m) In the first and second operands of a <comparison predicate>
              or <between predicate>, or the first and third operands of a
              <between predicate>, if the i-th value of one operand is E1,
              then the data type of E1 is the data type of the i-th value
              of the other operand.

            n) In the first and second operands of an <overlaps predicate>,
              if either of the first <row value constructor element>s is
              E1, then the data type of E1 is the data type of the first
              <row value constructor element> of the other operand. If both
              of the first <row value constructor element>s are E1, then
              the data type of each E1 is assumed to be TIMESTAMP WITH TIME
              ZONE.

            o) In a <table value constructor> in which the i-th <value ex-
              pression> of some <row value constructor> is E1 that contains
              a <row value constructor> whose i-th <value expression> is
              not E1, the data type of E1 is the data type of the i-th
              <value expression> of the first <row value constructor> whose
              i-th <value expression> is not E1.

            p) In a <table value constructor> in which the i-th <value ex-
              pression> in each <row value constructor> is E1 that is the
              <query expression> simply contained in an <insert statement>,
              the data type of E1 is the data type of the corresponding
              column of the implicit or explicit <insert column list> con-
              tained in the <insert statement>.

            q) In an <in predicate> that specifies a <table subquery>, the
              data types of <value expression>s E1 in the <row value con-
              structor> are assumed to be the same as the data types of the
              respective columns of the <table subquery>.

            r) In an <in predicate> that specifies an <in value list>, if
              the <row value constructor> is not E1, then let D be its data
              type. Otherwise, let D be the data type of the first <value
              specification> of the <in value list>. The data type of any
              E1 in the <in predicate> is assumed to be D.

         446  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                    17.6 <prepare statement>


            s) If E1 appears for <match value>, <pattern>, or <escape
              character> in <like predicate>, then the data type of
              E1 is assumed to be CHARACTER VARYING(L), where L is
              the implementation-defined maximum value of <length> for
              CHARACTER VARYING.

            t) If any value in the <row value constructor> of a <quantified
              comparison predicate> or <match predicate> is E1, then the
              data type of E1 is assumed to be the same as the data type of
              the respective column of the <table subquery>.

            u) If <value specification> in <set catalog statement>, <set
              schema statement>, <set names statement>, or <set session
              authorization identifier statement> is E1, then the data
              type of E1 is assumed to be CHARACTER VARYING(L), where L
              is the implementation-defined maximum value of <length> for
              CHARACTER VARYING.

            v) If <simple value specification> in <set local time zone
              statement> is E1, then the data type of E1 is assumed to be
              CHARACTER VARYING(L), where L is the implementation-defined
              maximum value of <length> for CHARACTER VARYING.

            w) If a <value expression> in a <set clause> is E1, then the
              data type of E1 is assumed to be the same data type as the
              corresponding <object column>.

         6) If the value of the <SQL statement name> identifies an existing
            prepared statement, then an implicit

              DEALLOCATE PREPARE SSN

            is executed, where SSN is the value of the <SQL statement name>.

         7) P is prepared for execution.

         8) If <extended statement name> is specified for the <SQL statement
            name>, then let S be the character string that is the value of
            the <simple target specification> and let V be the character
            string that is the result of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM S )

            If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of an
            <identifier>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            SQL statement identifier.

         9) Case:

            a) If <extended statement name> is specified for the <SQL state-
              ment name>, then the value of the <extended statement name>
              is associated with the prepared statement. This value and ex-
              plicit or implied <scope option> shall be specified for each
              <execute statement> or <allocate cursor statement> that is to
              be associated with this prepared statement.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   447

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.6 <prepare statement>


            b) If <statement name> is specified for the <SQL statement
              name>, then:

              i) If P is a <cursor specification> and <statement name> is
                 associated with a cursor C through a <dynamic declare cur-
                 sor>, then an association is made between C and P. The
                 association is preserved until the prepared statement is
                 destroyed.

             ii) If P is not a <cursor specification> and <statement name>
                 is associated with a cursor C through a <dynamic declare
                 cursor>, then an exception condition is raised: dynamic SQL
                 error- prepared statement is not a cursor specification.

            iii) Otherwise, the same <statement name> shall be specified for
                 each <execute statement> that is to be associated with this
                 prepared statement.

         10)The validity of an <extended statement name> value or a <state-
            ment name> in an SQL-transaction different from the one in which
            the statement was prepared is implementation-dependent.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.





















         448  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                        17.7 <deallocate prepared statement>


         17.7  <deallocate prepared statement>

         Function

         Deallocate SQL-statements that have been prepared with a <prepare
         statement>.

         Format

         <deallocate prepared statement> ::=
              DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <SQL statement name> is a <statement name>, then the <module>
            that contains the <deallocate prepared statement> shall also
            contain a <prepare statement> that specifies the same <statement
            name>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) If the <SQL statement name> does not identify a statement pre-
            pared in the scope of the <SQL statement name>, then an excep-
            tion condition is raised: invalid SQL statement name.

         2) If the value of <SQL statement name> identifies an existing
            prepared statement that is the <cursor specification> of an open
            cursor, then an exception condition is raised: invalid cursor
            state.

         3) The prepared statement identified by the <SQL statement name>
            is destroyed. Any cursor that was allocated with an <allocate
            cursor statement> that is associated with the prepared state-
            ment identified by the <SQL statement name> is destroyed. If
            the value of the <SQL statement name> identifies an existing
            prepared statement that is a <cursor specification>, then any
            prepared statements that reference that cursor are destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <deal-
              locate prepared statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   449

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.8 <describe statement>


         17.8  <describe statement>

         Function

         Obtain information about the <select list> columns or <dynamic
         parameter specification>s contained in a prepared statement.

         Format

         <describe statement> ::=
                <describe input statement>
              | <describe output statement>

         <describe input statement> ::=
              DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

         <describe output statement> ::=
              DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <SQL statement name> is a <statement name>, then the contain-
            ing <module> shall contain a <prepare statement> whose <state-
            ment name> is the same as the <statement name> of the <describe
            statement>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) When the <describe statement> is executed, if the value of the
            <SQL statement name> does not identify a statement prepared
            in the scope of the <SQL statement name>, then an exception
            condition is raised: invalid SQL statement name.

         2) The descriptor area is set with information as described in
            Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <describe input statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         450  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         17.9 <using clause>


         17.9  <using clause>

         Function

         Describe the input/output variables for an <SQL dynamic statement>.

         Format


         <using clause> ::=
                <using arguments>
              | <using descriptor>

         <using arguments> ::=
              { USING | INTO } <argument> [ { <comma> <argument> }... ]

         <argument> ::= <target specification>

         <using descriptor> ::=
              { USING | INTO } SQL DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The keyword INTO shall appear in <using clause> only if the
            <using clause> is contained in a <dynamic fetch statement> or a
            <result using clause>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The <identifier>s used to reference components of SQL descriptor
            areas are as shown in Table 17, "Data types of <key word>s used
            in SQL item descriptor areas".

         2) If a <descriptor name> is specified in a <using clause>, then an
            SQL system descriptor area shall have been allocated and not yet
            deallocated whose name is the value of the <descriptor name>'s
            <simple value specification> and whose scope is that specified
            by the <scope option>. Otherwise, an exception condition is
            raised: invalid SQL descriptor name.

         3) When a <describe output statement> is executed, a representation
            of the column descriptors of the <select list> columns for the
            prepared statement is stored in the specified SQL descriptor
            area as follows:

            a) Let N be the <occurrences> specified when the <descriptor
              name> was allocated.


                                                           Dynamic SQL   451

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.9 <using clause>


            b) If the prepared statement that is being described is a <dy-
              namic select statement> or a <dynamic single row select
              statement>, then let T be the table defined by the prepared
              statement and let D be the degree of T. Otherwise, let D be
              0.

            c) COUNT is set to D.

            d) If D is greater than N, then a completion condition is
              raised: warning-insufficient item descriptor areas.

            e) If D is 0 or D is greater than N, then no item descriptor
              areas are set. Otherwise, the first D item descriptor areas
              are set so that the i-th item descriptor area contains the
              descriptor of the i-th column of T. The descriptor of a col-
              umn consists of values for TYPE, NULLABLE, NAME, UNNAMED, and
              other fields depending on the value of TYPE as described be-
              low. The DATA and INDICATOR fields are not relevant in this
              case. Those fields and fields that are not applicable for a
              particular value of TYPE are set to implementation-dependent
              values.

              i) TYPE is set to a code, as shown in Table 18, "Codes used
                 for SQL data types in Dynamic SQL", indicating the data
                 type of the column.

             ii) NULLABLE is set to 1 if the resulting column is possibly
                 nullable and 0 otherwise.

            iii) If the column name is implementation-dependent, then NAME
                 is set to the implementation-dependent name of the column,
                 and UNNAMED is set to 1. Otherwise, NAME is set to the
                 <derived column> name for the column and UNNAMED is set to
                 0.

             iv) Case:

                 1) If TYPE indicates a <character string type>, then:
                   LENGTH is set to the length or maximum length in char-
                   acters of the character string; OCTET_LENGTH is set to
                   the maximum possible length in octets of the character
                   string; CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA and
                   CHARACTER_SET_NAME are set to the <character set name>
                   of the character string's character set; and COLLATION_
                   CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA and COLLATION_NAME are set to
                   the <collation name> of the character string's colla-
                   tion. If the subject <language clause> specifies C, then
                   the lengths specified in LENGTH and OCTET_LENGTH do not
                   include the implementation-defined null character that
                   terminates a C character string.




         452  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         17.9 <using clause>


                 2) If TYPE indicates a <bit string type>, then LENGTH is
                   set to the length or maximum length in bits of the bit
                   string and OCTET_LENGTH is set to the maximum possible
                   length in octets of the bit string.

                 3) If TYPE indicates an <exact numeric type>, then
                   PRECISION and SCALE are set to the precision and scale
                   of the exact numeric.

                 4) If TYPE indicates an <approximate numeric type>, then
                   PRECISION is set to the precision of the approximate
                   numeric.

                 5) If TYPE indicates a <datetime type>, then LENGTH is
                   set to the length in positions of the datetime type,
                   DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE is set to a code as specified
                   in Table 19, "Codes associated with datetime data types
                   in Dynamic SQL", to indicate the specific datetime data
                   type, and PRECISION is set to the <time precision> or
                   <timestamp precision>, if either is applicable.

                 6) If TYPE indicates an <interval type>, then DATETIME_
                   INTERVAL_CODE is set to a code as specified in Table 20,
                   "Codes used for <interval qualifier>s in Dynamic SQL",
                   to indicate the <interval qualifier> of the interval
                   data type, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION is set to the
                   <interval leading field precision>, and PRECISION is
                   set to the <interval fractional seconds precision>, if
                   applicable.

         4) When a <describe input statement> is executed, a descriptor
            for the <dynamic parameter specification>s for the prepared
            statement is stored in the specified SQL descriptor area as
            follows:

            a) Let N be the <occurrences> specified when the <descriptor
              name> was allocated.

            b) Let D be the number of <dynamic parameter specification>s in
              the prepared statement.

            c) COUNT is set to D.

            d) If D is greater than N, then a completion condition is
              raised: warning-insufficient item descriptor areas.

            e) If D is 0 or D is greater than N, then no item descriptor
              areas are set. Otherwise, the first D item descriptor areas
              are set so that the i-th item descriptor area contains a
              descriptor of the i-th <dynamic parameter specification>. The
              descriptor of a <dynamic parameter specification> consists
              of values for TYPE, NULLABLE, NAME, UNNAMED, and other fields
              depending on the value of TYPE as described below. The DATA
              and INDICATOR fields are not relevant in this case. Those

                                                           Dynamic SQL   453

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.9 <using clause>


              fields and fields that are not applicable for a particular
              value of TYPE are set to implementation-dependent values.

              i) TYPE is set to a code, as shown in Table 18, "Codes used
                 for SQL data types in Dynamic SQL", indicating the data
                 type of the <dynamic parameter specification>.

             ii) NULLABLE is set to 1.

                 Note: This indicates that the <dynamic parameter specifica-
                 tion> can have the null value.

            iii) UNNAMED is set to 1 and NAME is set to an implementation-
                 dependent value.

             iv) Case:

                 1) If TYPE indicates a <character string type>, then:
                   LENGTH is set to the length or maximum length in char-
                   acters of the character string; OCTET_LENGTH is set to
                   the maximum possible length in octets of the character
                   string; CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA and
                   CHARACTER_SET_NAME are set to the <character set name>
                   of the character string's character set; and COLLATION_
                   CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA and COLLATION_NAME are set to
                   the <collation name> of the character string's colla-
                   tion. If the subject <language clause> specifies C, then
                   the lengths specified in LENGTH and OCTET_LENGTH do not
                   include the implementation-defined null character that
                   terminates a C character string.

                 2) If TYPE indicates a <bit string type>, then LENGTH is
                   set to the length or maximum length in bits of the bit
                   string and OCTET_LENGTH is set to the maximum possible
                   length in octets of the bit string.

                 3) If TYPE indicates an <exact numeric type>, then
                   PRECISION and SCALE are set to the precision and scale
                   of the exact numeric.

                 4) If TYPE indicates an <approximate numeric type>, then
                   PRECISION is set to the precision of the approximate
                   numeric.

                 5) If TYPE indicates a <datetime type>, then LENGTH is
                   set to the length in positions of the datetime type,
                   DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE is set to a code as specified
                   in Table 19, "Codes associated with datetime data types
                   in Dynamic SQL", to indicate the specific datetime data
                   type and PRECISION is set to the <time precision> or
                   <timestamp precision>, if either is applicable.



         454  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         17.9 <using clause>


                 6) If TYPE indicates an <interval type>, then DATETIME_
                   INTERVAL_CODE is set to a code as specified in Table 20,
                   "Codes used for <interval qualifier>s in Dynamic SQL",
                   to indicate the <interval qualifier> of the interval
                   data type, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION is set to the
                   <interval leading field precision> and PRECISION is
                   set to the <interval fractional seconds precision>, if
                   applicable.

         5) When a <using clause> is used in a <dynamic open statement>
            or as the <parameter using clause> in an <execute statement>,
            the <using clause> describes the <dynamic parameter specifica-
            tion> values for the <dynamic open statement> or the <execute
            statement>, respectively. Let PS be the prepared <dynamic se-
            lect statement> referenced by the <dynamic open statement> or
            the prepared statement referenced by the <execute statement>,
            respectively.

            Let D be the number of <dynamic parameter specification>s in
            PS.

            a) If <using arguments> is specified and the number of <ar-
              gument>s is not D, then an exception condition is raised:
              dynamic SQL error- using clause does not match dynamic param-
              eter specifications.

            b) If <using descriptor> is specified, then:

              i) If the value of COUNT is greater than the number of <oc-
                 currences> specified when the <descriptor name> was allo-
                 cated or is less than zero, then an exception condition is
                 raised: dynamic SQL error-invalid descriptor count.

             ii) If the value of COUNT is not D, then an exception condition
                 is raised: dynamic SQL error- using clause does not match
                 dynamic parameter specifications.

            iii) If the first D item descriptor areas are not valid as spec-
                 ified in Subclause 17.1, "Description of SQL item descrip-
                 tor areas", then an exception condition is raised: dynamic
                 SQL error- using clause does not match dynamic parameter
                 specifications.

             iv) If the value of INDICATOR is not negative, and the value
                 of DATA is not a valid value of the data type indicated
                 by TYPE, then an exception condition is raised: dynamic
                 SQL error- using clause does not match dynamic parameter
                 specifications.

            c) Let TDT be the effective data type of the i-th <dynamic pa-
              rameter specification>, defined to be the type represented
              by the values of TYPE, LENGTH, PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_
              INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION, CHARACTER_SET_
              CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME that

                                                           Dynamic SQL   455

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.9 <using clause>


              would be set by a <describe input statement> to reflect the
              descriptor of the i-th dynamic parameter of PS.

              Note: See the General Rules of Subclause 17.8, "<describe
              statement>".

            d) Case:

              i) If <using descriptor> is specified, then let SDT be the
                 effective data type of the i-th <dynamic parameter spec-
                 ification> value as represented by the values of TYPE,
                 LENGTH, PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_
                 INTERVAL_PRECISION, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_
                 SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME in the i-th item descriptor
                 area. If the INDICATOR value of the i-th item descriptor
                 area is not negative, then let SV be the value represented
                 by the value of DATA with data type SDT. Otherwise, let SV
                 be the null value.

             ii) If <using arguments> is specified, then let SDT and SV be
                 the data type and value, respectively, of the i-th <argu-
                 ment>.

            e) If the <cast specification>

                 CAST ( SV AS TDT )

              violates the Syntax Rules of Subclause 6.10, "<cast specifi-
              cation>", then an exception condition is raised: dynamic SQL
              error-restricted data type attribute violation.

            f) If the <cast specification>

                 CAST (SV AS TDT )

              violates the General Rules of Subclause 6.10, "<cast specifi-
              cation>", then an exception condition is raised in accordance
              with the General Rules of Subclause 6.10, "<cast specifica-
              tion>".

            g) The <cast specification>

                 CAST ( SV AS TDT )

              is effectively performed and is the value of the i-th dynamic
              parameter.

         6) When a <using clause> is used in a <dynamic fetch statement>
            or as the <result using clause> of an <execute statement>, it
            describes the <target specification>s for the <dynamic fetch
            statement> or <execute statement>, respectively. Let PS be the
            prepared <dynamic select statement> referenced by the <dynamic
            fetch statement> or the prepared <dynamic single row select
            statement> referenced by the <execute statement>, respectively.

         456  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                         17.9 <using clause>


            Let D be the degree of the table specified by PS.

            a) If <using arguments> is specified and the number of <ar-
              gument>s is not D, then an exception condition is raised:
              dynamic SQL error- using clause does not match target speci-
              fications.

            b) If <using descriptor> is specified, then:

              i) If the value of COUNT is greater than the number of <occur-
                 rences> specified when the <descriptor name> was allocated
                 or less than zero, then an exception condition is raised:
                 dynamic SQL error-invalid descriptor count.

             ii) If COUNT is not equal to D, then an exception condition
                 is raised: dynamic SQL error- using clause does not match
                 target specifications.

            iii) If the first D item descriptor areas are not valid as spec-
                 ified in Subclause 17.1, "Description of SQL item descrip-
                 tor areas", then an exception condition is raised: dynamic
                 SQL error- using clause does not match target specifica-
                 tions.

         7) When a <using clause> is used in a <dynamic fetch statement>
            or as the <result using clause> of an <execute statement>, the
            result is a set of <target specification> values corresponding
            to the <select list> columns for the retrieved row. If <using
            descriptor> is specified, then the SQL descriptor area is set.
            The value of the i-th <target specification> is represented in
            the i-th item descriptor area as follows:

            a) Let SDT be the effective data type of the i-th <select list>
              column, defined to be the type represented by the values of
              TYPE, LENGTH, PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION,
              DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_
              SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME that would be set by a
              <describe output statement> to reflect the description of the
              i-th <select list> column. Let SV be the value of the <select
              list> column, with data type SDT.

              Note: See the General Rules of Subclause 17.8, "<describe
              statement>".

            b) Let TDT be the effective data type of the i-th <target spec-
              ification> as represented by the values of TYPE, LENGTH,
              PRECISION, SCALE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_
              PRECISION, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and
              CHARACTER_SET_NAME, in the i-th item descriptor area.

            c) If the <cast specification>

                 CAST ( SV AS TDT )

                                                           Dynamic SQL   457

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.9 <using clause>


              violates the Syntax Rules of Subclause 6.10, "<cast specifi-
              cation>", then an exception condition is raised: dynamic SQL
              error- restricted data type attribute violation.

            d) If the <cast specification>

                 CAST ( SV AS TDT )

              violates the General Rules of Subclause 6.10, "<cast specifi-
              cation>", then an exception condition is raised in accordance
              with the General Rules of Subclause 6.10, "<cast specifica-
              tion>".

            e) The <cast specification>

                 CAST ( SV AS TDT )

              is effectively performed, and is the value TV of the i-th
              <target specification>.

            f) If TV is the null value, then the value of INDICATOR is set
              to -1.

            g) If TV is not the null value, then:

              i) The value of INDICATOR is set to 0 and the value of DATA is
                 set to TV.

             ii) Case:

                 1) If TYPE indicates CHARACTER VARYING or BIT VARYING, then
                   RETURNED_LENGTH is set to the length in characters or
                   bits, respectively, of TV, and RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH is
                   set to the length in octets of TV.

                 2) If SDT is CHARACTER VARYING or BIT VARYING, then
                   RETURNED_LENGTH is set to the length in characters or
                   bits, respectively, of SV, and RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH is
                   set to the length in octets of SV.

              Note: All other values of the SQL descriptor area are un-
              changed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         458  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   17.10 <execute statement>


         17.10  <execute statement>

         Function

         Associate input parameters and output targets with a prepared
         statement and execute the statement.

         Format

         <execute statement> ::=
              EXECUTE <SQL statement name>
                [ <result using clause> ]
                [ <parameter using clause> ]

         <result using clause> ::= <using clause>

         <parameter using clause> ::= <using clause>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <SQL statement name> is a <statement name>, then the contain-
            ing <module> shall contain a <prepare statement> whose <state-
            ment name> is the same as the <statement name> of the <execute
            statement>.

         2) If <result using clause> is specified, then the <result us-
            ing clause> shall contain either a <using arguments> or <using
            descriptor> that contains the keyword INTO.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) When the <execute statement> is executed, if the <SQL statement
            name> does not identify a statement P previously prepared in the
            scope of the <SQL statement name>, then an exception condition
            is raised: invalid SQL statement name.

         2) If P is a <dynamic select statement> that does not conform to
            the Format and Syntax Rules of a <dynamic single row select
            statement>, then an exception condition is raised: dynamic SQL
            error-cursor specification cannot be executed.

         3) If P contains the <table name> of a created or declared local
            temporary table and if the <execute statement> is not in the
            same <module> as the <prepare statement> that prepared the pre-
            pared statement, then an exception condition is raised: syntax
            rule or access rule violation in dynamic SQL statement.



                                                           Dynamic SQL   459

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.10 <execute statement>


         4) If P contains <dynamic parameter specification>s and a <parame-
            ter using clause> is not specified, then an exception condition
            is raised: dynamic SQL error- using clause required for dynamic
            parameters.

         5) If P is a <dynamic single row select statement> and a <result
            using clause> is not specified, then an exception condition
            is raised: dynamic SQL error-using clause required for result
            fields.

         6) If a <parameter using clause> that is <using descriptor> is
            specified, then the General Rules specified in Subclause 17.9,
            "<using clause>", for a <parameter using clause> in an <execute
            statement> are applied.

         7) If P is a <dynamic single row select statement>, then the
            General Rules specified in Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>", for
            a <result using clause> in an <execute statement> are applied.

         8) P is executed.

            Case:

            a) If P is a <dynamic single row select statement>, then all
              General Rules in Subclause 13.5, "<select statement: single
              row>", apply to P, replacing "<query specification> S" with
              "the <query specification> contained in P". The <argument>s
              contained in the <result using clause> or the item descriptor
              areas of the SQL descriptor area referenced in the <result
              using clause>, if any, provide the <target specification>s
              corresponding to the <select list> of P.

            b) If the <preparable statement> is a <preparable dynamic
              delete statement: positioned>, then all General Rules in
              Subclause 17.19, "<preparable dynamic delete statement: posi-
              tioned>", apply to the <preparable statement>.

            c) If the <preparable statement> is a <preparable dynamic up-
              date statement: positioned>, then all General Rules in
              Subclause 17.20, "<preparable dynamic update statement: posi-
              tioned>", apply to the <preparable statement>.

            d) Otherwise, the results of the execution are the same as if
              the statement was contained in a <procedure> and executed;
              these are described in Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <result
              using clause>.


         460  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   17.10 <execute statement>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

















































                                                           Dynamic SQL   461

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.11 <execute immediate statement>


         17.11  <execute immediate statement>

         Function

         Dynamically prepare and execute a preparable statement.

         Format

         <execute immediate statement> ::=
              EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of <SQL statement variable> shall be character
            string.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) Let P be the contents of the <SQL statement variable>.

         2) If P is a <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> or a
            <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>, then P refers
            to either a dynamic cursor with the same <cursor name> or to an
            extended dynamic cursor whose <extended cursor name> value is
            the same as the <cursor name>.

            Case:

            a) If both an extended dynamic cursor and a dynamic cursor with
              the same name as the <cursor name> exist, then an exception
              condition is raised: ambiguous cursor name.

            b) If there is neither an extended dynamic cursor nor a dynamic
              cursor with the name of <cursor name>, then an exception
              condition is raised: invalid cursor name.

         3) If one or more of the following are true, then an exception
            condition is raised: syntax error or access rule violation in
            dynamic SQL statement.

            a) P does not conform to the Format, Syntax Rules, and Access
              Rules for a <preparable statement> or P is a <dynamic select
              statement> or a <dynamic single row select statement>.

            b) P contains a <comment>.

            c) P contains a <dynamic parameter specification>.

         4) The <preparable statement> that is the value of the <SQL state-
            ment variable> is prepared and executed.

         462  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         17.11 <execute immediate statement>


            Case:

            a) If the <preparable statement> is a <preparable dynamic
              delete statement: positioned>, then all General Rules in
              Subclause 17.19, "<preparable dynamic delete statement: posi-
              tioned>", apply to the <preparable statement>.

            b) If the <preparable statement> is a <preparable dynamic up-
              date statement: positioned>, then all General Rules in
              Subclause 17.20, "<preparable dynamic update statement: posi-
              tioned>", apply to the <preparable statement>.

            c) Otherwise, the results of the execution are the same as if
              the statement was contained in a <procedure> and executed;
              these are described in Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.



























                                                           Dynamic SQL   463

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.12 <dynamic declare cursor>


         17.12  <dynamic declare cursor>

         Function

         Declare a cursor to be associated with a <statement name>, which
         may in turn be associated with a <cursor specification>.

         Format

         <dynamic declare cursor> ::=
              DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
              FOR <statement name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <cursor name> shall not be identical to the <cursor name>
            specified in any other <declare cursor> or <dynamic declare
            cursor> in the same <module>.

         2) The containing <module> shall contain a <prepare statement>
            whose <statement name> is the same as the <statement name> of
            the <dynamic declare cursor>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>" apply
            to <dynamic declare cursor>, replacing "<open statement>" with
            "<dynamic open statement>" and "<cursor specification>" with
            "prepared statement".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <dy-
              namic declare cursor> that specifies INSENSITIVE.

            b) If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE with or without
              a <column name list> is specified, then neither SCROLL nor
              ORDER BY shall be specified.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.



         464  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           17.13 <allocate cursor statement>


         17.13  <allocate cursor statement>

         Function

         Define a cursor based on a <prepare statement> for a <cursor speci-
         fication>.

         Format

         <allocate cursor statement> ::=
              ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR

                FOR <extended statement name>


         Syntax Rules

            None.

         Access Rules


            None.

         General Rules

         1) When the <allocate cursor statement> is executed, if the value
            of the <extended statement name> does not identify a statement
            previously prepared in the scope of the <extended statement
            name>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid SQL state-
            ment name.

         2) If the prepared statement associated with the <extended state-
            ment name> is not a <cursor specification>, then an exception
            condition is raised: dynamic SQL error-prepared statement not a
            cursor specification.

         3) All General Rules of Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>" apply to
            <allocate cursor statement>, replacing "<open statement>" with
            "<dynamic open statement>" and "<cursor specification>" with
            "prepared statement".

         4) Let S be the character string that is the value of the <simple
            value specification> immediately contained in <extended cursor
            name>. Let V be the character string that is the result of

              TRIM ( BOTH ' ' FROM S )

            If V does not conform to the Format and Syntax Rules of an
            <identifier>, then an exception condition is raised: invalid
            cursor name.



                                                           Dynamic SQL   465

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.13 <allocate cursor statement>


         5) If the value of the <extended cursor name> is identical to the
            value of the <extended cursor name> of any other cursor al-
            located in the scope of the <extended cursor name>, then an
            exception condition is raised: invalid cursor name.

         6) An association is made between the value of the <extended cursor
            name> and the prepared statement in the scope of the <extended
            cursor name>. The association is preserved until the prepared
            statement is destroyed, at which time the cursor identified by
            <extended cursor name> is also destroyed.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <allocate cursor statement>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.
































         466  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                              17.14 <dynamic open statement>


         17.14  <dynamic open statement>

         Function

         Associate input parameters with a <cursor specification> and open
         the cursor.

         Format

         <dynamic open statement> ::=
              OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <using clause> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <dynamic cursor name> DCN is a <cursor name> CN, then the
            containing <module> shall contain a <dynamic declare cursor>
            whose <cursor name> is CN.

         2) Let CR be the cursor identified by DCN.

         Access Rules

         1) The Access Rules for the <query expression> simply contained in
            the prepared statement associated with the <dynamic cursor name>
            are applied.

         General Rules

         1) If <dynamic cursor name> is a <cursor name> and the <statement
            name> of the associated <dynamic declare cursor> is not associ-
            ated with a prepared statement, then an exception condition is
            raised: invalid SQL statement name.

         2) If <dynamic cursor name> is an <extended cursor name> whose
            value does not identify a cursor allocated in the scope of the
            <extended cursor name>, then an exception condition is raised:
            invalid cursor name.

         3) If the prepared statement associated with the <dynamic cursor
            name> contains <dynamic parameter specification>s and a <using
            clause> is not specified, then an exception condition is raised:
            dynamic SQL error-using clause required for dynamic parameters.

         4) The cursor specified by <dynamic cursor name> is updatable if
            and only if the associated <cursor specification> specified an
            updatable cursor.

            Note: updatable cursor is defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare
            cursor>".

         5) If a <using clause> is specified, then the General Rules spec-
            ified in Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>", for <dynamic open
            statement> are applied.

                                                           Dynamic SQL   467

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.14 <dynamic open statement>


         6) All General Rules of Subclause 13.2, "<open statement>", apply
            to the <dynamic open statement>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.








































         468  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             17.15 <dynamic fetch statement>


         17.15  <dynamic fetch statement>

         Function

         Fetch a row for a cursor declared with a <dynamic declare cursor>.

         Format

         <dynamic fetch statement> ::=
              FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name>
              <using clause>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <fetch orientation> is omitted, then NEXT is implicit.

         2) The <using clause> shall specify INTO.

         3) If <dynamic cursor name> DCN is a <cursor name> CN, then the
            containing <module> shall contain a <dynamic declare cursor>
            whose <cursor name> is CN.

         4) Let CR be the cursor identified by DCN and let T be the table
            defined by the <cursor specification> of CR.

         5) If the implicit or explicit <fetch orientation> is not NEXT,
            then the <dynamic declare cursor> or <allocate cursor statement>
            associated with CR shall specify SCROLL.

         6) The number of <target specification>s in <using arguments> or
            the number of item descriptor areas in the SQL descriptor area
            referenced by <using descriptor>, as appropriate, shall be the
            same as the degree of T. The i-th <target specification> in <us-
            ing arguments> or the i-th item descriptor area of the SQL de-
            scriptor area, as appropriate, corresponds with the i-th column
            of T.

         7) The Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.1, "Retrieval assignment", apply
            to each corresponding <target specification> in <using argu-
            ments> and each column of T as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The General Rules specified in Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>",
            for <dynamic fetch statement> are applied.




                                                           Dynamic SQL   469

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.15 <dynamic fetch statement>


         2) All General Rules of Subclause 13.3, "<fetch statement>", ap-
            ply to the <dynamic fetch statement>, replacing "targets in
            the <fetch target list>" and "targets identified by the <fetch
            target list>" with "<target specification>s in the <using argu-
            ments> or item descriptor areas of the SQL descriptor area, as
            appropriate".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.






































         470  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             17.16 <dynamic close statement>


         17.16  <dynamic close statement>

         Function

         Close a cursor.

         Format

         <dynamic close statement> ::=
              CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <dynamic cursor name> DCN is a <cursor name> CN, then the
            containing <module> shall contain a <dynamic declare cursor>
            whose <cursor name> is CN.

         2) Let CR be the cursor identified by DCN.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 13.4, "<close statement>", apply
            to the <dynamic close statement>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.














                                                           Dynamic SQL   471

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.17 <dynamic delete statement: positioned>


         17.17  <dynamic delete statement: positioned>

         Function

         Delete a row of a table.

         Format

         <dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
              DELETE FROM <table name>
                WHERE CURRENT OF <dynamic cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <dynamic cursor name> DCN is a <cursor name> CN, then the
            containing <module> shall contain a <dynamic declare cursor>
            whose <cursor name> is CN.

         2) Let CR be the cursor identified by DCN.

         3) CR shall be an updatable cursor.

            Note: updatable cursor is defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare
            cursor>".

         4) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. Let QS be the
            <query specification> that is the simply underlying table of the
            simply underlying table of CR. The simply underlying table of QS
            shall be T.

            Note: The simply underlying table of a <cursor specification> is
            defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>".

         Access Rules

         1) All Access Rules of Subclause 13.6, "<delete statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <dynamic delete statement: positioned>.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 13.6, "<delete statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <dynamic delete statement: positioned>,
            replacing "<delete statement: positioned>" with "<dynamic delete
            statement: positioned>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.



         472  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                17.17 <dynamic delete statement: positioned>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

















































                                                           Dynamic SQL   473

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.18 <dynamic update statement: positioned>


         17.18  <dynamic update statement: positioned>

         Function

         Update a row of a table.

         Format

         <dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
              UPDATE <table name>
                SET <set clause> [ { <comma> <set clause> }... ]
                  WHERE CURRENT OF <dynamic cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <dynamic cursor name> DCN is a <cursor name> CN, then the
            containing <module> shall contain a <dynamic declare cursor>
            whose <cursor name> is CN.

         2) Let CR be the cursor identified by DCN.

         3) CR shall be an updatable cursor.

            Note: updatable cursor is defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare
            cursor>".

         4) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. Let QS be the
            <query specification> that is the simply underlying table of the
            simply underlying table of CR. The simply underlying table of QS
            shall be T.

            Note: The simply underlying table of a <cursor specification> is
            defined in Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>".

         5) If CR is an ordered cursor, then for each <object column> OC,
            the column of T identified by OC shall not be directly or in-
            directly referenced in the <order by clause> of the defining
            <cursor specification> for CR.

         6) No leaf generally underlying table of T shall be an underly-
            ing table of any <query expression> generally contained in any
            <value expression> immediately contained in any <update source>
            contained in the <set clause list>.

         7) A <value expression> in a <set clause> shall not directly con-
            tain a <set function specification>.

         8) The same <object column> shall not appear more than once in a
            <set clause list>.

         9) If CR was specified using an explicit or implicit <updatability
            clause> of FOR UPDATE, then each <column name> specified as
            an <object column> shall identify a column in the explicit or
            implicit <column name list> associated with the <updatability
            clause>.

         474  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                17.18 <dynamic update statement: positioned>


         10)The scope of the <table name> is the entire <update statement:
            positioned>.

         11)For every <set clause>, the Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.2,
            "Store assignment", apply to the column of T identified by the
            <object column> and the <value expression> of the <set clause>
            as TARGET and VALUE, respectively.

         Access Rules

         1) All Access Rules of Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <dynamic update statement: positioned>.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <dynamic update statement: positioned>,
            replacing "<cursor name>" with "<dynamic cursor name>" and "<up-
            date statement: positioned>" with "<dynamic update statement:
            positioned>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.






















                                                           Dynamic SQL   475

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         17.19 <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>


         17.19  <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>

         Function

         Delete a row of a table through a dynamic cursor.

         Format

         <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
              DELETE [ FROM <table name> ]
                WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <table name> is not specified, then the name of the under-
            lying table of the <cursor specification> identified by <cursor
            name> is implicit.

         2) All Syntax Rules of Subclause 13.6, "<delete statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <preparable dynamic delete statement:
            positioned>, replacing "<declare cursor>" with "<dynamic declare
            cursor> or <allocate cursor statement>" and "<delete state-
            ment: positioned>" with "<preparable dynamic delete statement:
            positioned>".

         Access Rules

         1) All Access Rules of Subclause 13.6, "<delete statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <preparable dynamic delete statement:
            positioned>.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 13.6, "<delete statement: po-
            sitioned>", apply to the <preparable dynamic delete statement:
            positioned>, replacing "<delete statement: positioned>" with
            "<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no
              <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.




         476  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                     17.20 <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>


         17.20  <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

         Function

         Update a row of a table through a dynamic cursor.

         Format

         <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
              UPDATE [ <table name> ]
                SET <set clause list>
                WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>


         Syntax Rules

         1) If <table name> is not specified, then the name of the under-
            lying table of the <cursor specification> identified by <cursor
            name> is implicit.

         2) All Syntax Rules of Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <preparable dynamic update statement:
            positioned>, replacing "<declare cursor>" with "<dynamic declare
            cursor> or <allocate cursor statement>" and "<update state-
            ment: positioned>" with "<preparable dynamic update statement:
            positioned>".

         Access Rules

         1) All Access Rules of Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: posi-
            tioned>", apply to the <preparable dynamic update statement:
            positioned>.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: po-
            sitioned>", apply to the <preparable dynamic update statement:
            positioned>, replacing "<update statement: positioned>" with
            "<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no
              <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.



                                                           Dynamic SQL   477

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         478  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         18  Diagnostics management



         18.1  <get diagnostics statement>

         Function

         Get exception or completion condition information from the diagnos-
         tics area.

         Format

         <get diagnostics statement> ::=
              GET DIAGNOSTICS <sql diagnostics information>

         <sql diagnostics information> ::=
                <statement information>
              | <condition information>

         <statement information> ::=
              <statement information item> [ { <comma> <statement information item> }... ]


         <statement information item> ::=
              <simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item name>


         <statement information item name> ::=
                NUMBER
              | MORE
              | COMMAND_FUNCTION
              | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
              | ROW_COUNT

         <condition information> ::=
              EXCEPTION <condition number>
                <condition information item> [ { <comma> <condition information item> }... ]


         <condition information item> ::=
              <simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item name>


         <condition information item name> ::=
                CONDITION_NUMBER
              | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
              | CLASS_ORIGIN
              | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
              | SERVER_NAME

                                                Diagnostics management   479

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


              | CONNECTION_NAME
              | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
              | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
              | CONSTRAINT_NAME
              | CATALOG_NAME
              | SCHEMA_NAME
              | TABLE_NAME
              | COLUMN_NAME
              | CURSOR_NAME
              | MESSAGE_TEXT
              | MESSAGE_LENGTH
              | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

         <condition number> ::= <simple value specification>


         Syntax Rules

         1) The data type of a <simple target specification> contained in
            a <statement information item> or <condition information item>
            shall be the data type specified in Table 21, "<identifier>s
            for use with <get diagnostics statement>", for the corresponding
            <statement information item name> or <condition information item
            name>.

         2) The data type of <condition number> shall be exact numeric with
            scale 0.



























         480  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


         __Table_21-<identifier>s_for_use_with_<get_diagnostics_statement>__

         _<identifier>___________Data_Type__________________________________

        |_________________<stat|ment_information_item_name>s_______________|
        |                      |                                           |
        | NUMBER                 exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                                                                  |
        | MORE                 | character string (1)                      |
        |                      |                                           |
        | COMMAND_FUNCTION     | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION     | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        |_ROW_COUNT____________|_exact_numeric_with_scale_0________________|
        |                      |                                           |
        |_________________<cond|tion_information_item_name>s_______________|
        |                      |                                           |
        | CONDITION_NUMBER       exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                                                                  |
        | RETURNED_SQLSTATE    | character string (5)                      |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CLASS_ORIGIN         | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN      | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | SERVER_NAME          | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CONNECTION_NAME      | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG   | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA    | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CONSTRAINT_NAME      | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CATALOG_NAME         | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | SCHEMA_NAME          | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | TABLE_NAME           | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | COLUMN_NAME          | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | CURSOR_NAME          | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | MESSAGE_TEXT         | character varying (L)                     |
        |                      |                                           |
        | MESSAGE_LENGTH       | exact numeric with scale 0                |
        |                      |                                           |
        |_MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH_|_exact_numeric_with_scale_0________________|
        |                      |                                           |
        | Where L is an impleme|tation-defined integer not less than 128.  |
        |______________________|___________________________________________|
        |                                                                  |
         Access Rules

            None.

                                                Diagnostics management   481

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


         General Rules

         1) Specification of <statement information item> retrieves informa-
            tion about the statement execution recorded in the diagnostics
            area into <simple target specification>.

            a) The value of NUMBER is the number of exception or completion
              conditions that have been stored in the diagnostics area as a
              result of executing the previous SQL-statement other than a
              <get diagnostics statement>.

              Note: The <get diagnostics statement> itself may return infor-
              mation via the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE parameters, but does not
              modify the previous contents of the diagnostics area.

            b) The value of MORE is:

              Y     More conditions were raised during execution of the
                    SQL-statement than have been stored in the diagnostics
                    area.

              N     All of the conditions that were raised during execution
                    of the SQL-statement have been stored in the diagnostics
                    area.

            c) The value of COMMAND_FUNCTION is the identification of the
              SQL-statement executed. Table 22, "SQL-statement character
              codes for use in the diagnostics area" specifies the identi-
              fier of the SQL-statements.

            d) The value of DYNAMIC_FUNCTION is the identification of the
              prepared statement executed. Table 22, "SQL-statement char-
              acter codes for use in the diagnostics area", specifies the
              identifier of the SQL-statements.

                           Table 22-SQL-statement character
         _______________codes_for_use_in_the_diagnostics_area_______________

         _SQL-statement____________________Identifier_______________________

        | <allocate cursor statement>    | ALLOCATE CURSOR                 |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <allocate descriptor state-    | ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR             |
          ment>

        | <alter domain statement>       | ALTER DOMAIN                    |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <alter table statement>        | ALTER TABLE                     |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <assertion definition>         | CREATE ASSERTION                |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <character set definition>     | CREATE CHARACTER SET            |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <close statement>              | CLOSE CURSOR                    |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <collation definition>         | CREATE COLLATION                |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <commit statement>             | COMMIT WORK                     |
        |                                |                                 |
         482  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


                        Table 22-SQL-statement character codes
         ______________for_use_in_the_diagnostics_area_(Cont.)______________

         _SQL-statement____________________Identifier_______________________

        | <connect statement>            | CONNECT                         |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <deallocate descriptor state-  | DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR           |
          ment>

        | <deallocate prepared state-    | DEALLOCATE PREPARE              |
        | ment>                          |                                 |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <delete statement: positioned> | DELETE CURSOR                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <delete statement: searched>   | DELETE WHERE                    |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <describe statement>           | DESCRIBE                        |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <direct select statement:      | SELECT                          |
          multiple rows>

        | <disconnect statement>         | DISCONNECT                      |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <domain definition>            | CREATE DOMAIN                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop assertion statement>     | DROP ASSERTION                  |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop character set statement> | DROP CHARACTER SET              |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop collation statement>     | DROP COLLATION                  |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop domain statement>        | DROP DOMAIN                     |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop schema statement>        | DROP SCHEMA                     |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop table statement>         | DROP TABLE                      |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop translation statement>   | DROP TRANSLATION                |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <drop view statement>          | DROP VIEW                       |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <dynamic close statement>      | DYNAMIC CLOSE                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <dynamic delete statement:     | DYNAMIC DELETE CURSOR           |
          positioned>

        | <dynamic fetch statement>      | DYNAMIC FETCH                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <dynamic open statement>       | DYNAMIC OPEN                    |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <dynamic single row select     | SELECT                          |
          statement>

        | <dynamic update statement:     | DYNAMIC UPDATE CURSOR           |
        | positioned>                    |                                 |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <execute immediate statement>  | EXECUTE IMMEDIATE               |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <execute statement>            | EXECUTE                         |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <fetch statement>              | FETCH                           |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <get descriptor statement>     | GET DESCRIPTOR                  |
        |                                |                                 |
                                                Diagnostics management   483

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


                        Table 22-SQL-statement character codes
         ______________for_use_in_the_diagnostics_area_(Cont.)______________

         _SQL-statement____________________Identifier_______________________

        | <get diagnostics statement>    | GET DIAGNOSTICS                 |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <grant statement>              | GRANT                           |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <insert statement>             | INSERT                          |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <open statement>               | OPEN                            |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <preparable dynamic delete     | DYNAMIC DELETE CURSOR           |
          statement: positioned>

        | <preparable dynamic update     | DYNAMIC UPDATE CURSOR           |
        | statement: positioned>         |                                 |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <prepare statement>            | PREPARE                         |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <revoke statement>             | REVOKE                          |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <rollback statement>           | ROLLBACK WORK                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <schema definition>            | CREATE SCHEMA                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <select statement: single row> | SELECT                          |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set catalog statement>        | SET CATALOG                     |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set connection statement>     | SET CONNECTION                  |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set constraints mode state-   | SET CONSTRAINT                  |
          ment>

        | <set descriptor statement>     | SET DESCRIPTOR                  |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set local time zone state-    | SET TIME ZONE                   |
          ment>

        | <set names statement>          | SET NAMES                       |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set schema statement>         | SET SCHEMA                      |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set transaction statement>    | SET TRANSACTION                 |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <set session authorization     | SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION       |
          identifier statement>

        | <table definition>             | CREATE TABLE                    |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <translation definition>       | CREATE TRANSLATION              |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <update statement: positioned> | UPDATE CURSOR                   |
        |                                |                                 |
        | <update statement: searched>   | UPDATE WHERE                    |
        |                                |                                 |
        |_<view_definition>______________|_CREATE_VIEW_____________________|
        |                                |                                 |
            e) The value of ROW_COUNT is the number of rows affected as the
              result of executing a <delete statement: searched>, <insert
              statement>, or <update statement: searched> as a direct re-
              sult of executing the previous SQL-statement. Let S be the
              <delete statement: searched>, <insert statement>, or <update

         484  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


              statement: searched>. Let T be the table identified by the
              <table name> directly contained in S.

              Case:

              i) If S is an <insert statement>, then the value of ROW_COUNT
                 is the number of rows inserted into T.

             ii) If S is not an <insert statement> and does not contain a
                 <search condition>, then the value of ROW_COUNT is the
                 cardinality of T before the execution of S.

            iii) Otherwise, let SC be the <search condition> directly con-
                 tained in S. The value of ROW_COUNT is effectively derived
                 by executing the statement:

                   SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T WHERE SC

                 before the execution of S.

              The value of ROW_COUNT following the execution of an SQL-
              statement that does not directly result in the execution of
              a <delete statement: searched>, an <insert statement>, or an
              <update statement: searched> is implementation-dependent.

         2) If <condition information> was specified, then let N be the
            value of <condition number>. If N is less than 1 or greater than
            the number of conditions stored in the diagnostics area, then
            an exception condition is raised: invalid condition number. If
            <condition number> has the value 1, then the diagnostics infor-
            mation retrieved corresponds to the condition indicated by the
            SQLSTATE or SQLCODE value actually returned by execution of the
            previous SQL-statement other than a <get diagnostics statement>.
            Otherwise, the association between <condition number> values
            and specific conditions raised during evaluation of the General
            Rules for that SQL-statement is implementation-dependent.

         3) Specification of <condition information item> retrieves informa-
            tion about the N-th condition in the diagnostics area into the
            <simple target specification>.

            a) The value of CONDITION_NUMBER is the value of <condition
              number>.

            b) The value of CLASS_ORIGIN is the identification of the naming
              authority that defined the class value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE.
              That value shall be 'ISO 9075' for any RETURNED_SQLSTATE
              whose class value is fully defined in Subclause 22.1,
              "SQLSTATE", and shall be an implementation-defined charac-
              ter string other than 'ISO 9075' for any RETURNED_SQLSTATE
              whose class value is an implementation-defined class value.

            c) The value of SUBCLASS_ORIGIN is the identification of
              the naming authority that defined the subclass value of
              RETURNED_SQLSTATE. That value shall be 'ISO 9075' for any
              RETURNED_SQLSTATE whose subclass value is fully defined in

                                                Diagnostics management   485

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


              Subclause 22.1, "SQLSTATE", and shall be an implementation-
              defined character string other than 'ISO 9075' for any
              RETURNED_SQLSTATE whose subclass value is an implementation-
              defined subclass value.

            d) The value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE is the SQLSTATE parameter that
              would have been returned if this were the only completion or
              exception condition possible.

            e) If the value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE corresponds to warning
              with a subclass of cursor operation conflict, then the value
              of CURSOR_NAME is the name of the cursor that caused the
              completion condition to be raised.

            f) If the value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE corresponds to integrity
              constraint violation, transaction rollback-integrity con-
              straint violation, or triggered data change violation, then:

              i) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG and CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA are
                 the <catalog name> and the <unqualified schema name> of the
                 <schema name> of the schema containing the constraint or
                 assertion. The value of CONSTRAINT_NAME is the <qualified
                 identifier> of the constraint or assertion.

             ii) Case:

                 1) If the violated integrity constraint is a table con-
                   straint, then the values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME,
                   and TABLE_NAME are the <catalog name>, the <unqualified
                   schema name> of the <schema name>, and the <qualified
                   identifier> or <local table name>, respectively, of the
                   table in which the table constraint is contained.

                 2) If the violated integrity constraint is an assertion and
                   if only one table referenced by the assertion has been
                   modified as a result of executing the SQL-statement,
                   then the values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, and TABLE_
                   NAME are the <catalog name>, the <unqualified schema
                   name> of the <schema name>, and the <qualified iden-
                   tifier> or <local table name>, respectively, of the
                   modified table.

                 3) Otherwise, the values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, and
                   TABLE_NAME are <space>s.

                 If TABLE_NAME identifies a declared local temporary table,
                 then CATALOG_NAME is <space>s and SCHEMA_NAME is "MODULE".

            g) If the value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE corresponds to syntax error
              or access rule violation, syntax error or access rule viola-
              tion in dynamic SQL statement, or syntax error or access rule
              violation in direct SQL statement, then:

              i) The values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, and TABLE_NAME

         486  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


                 are the <catalog name>, the <unqualified schema name> of
                 the <schema name> of the schema that contains the table
                 that caused the syntax error or the access rule viola-
                 tion and the <qualified identifier> or <local table name>,
                 respectively. If TABLE_NAME refers to a declared local tem-
                 porary table, then CATALOG_NAME is <space>s and SCHEMA_NAME
                 contains "MODULE".

             ii) If the syntax error or the access rule violation was for
                 an inaccessible column, then the value of COLUMN_NAME is
                 the <column name> of that column. Otherwise, the value of
                 COLUMN_NAME is <space>s.

            h) If the value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE corresponds to invalid
              cursor state, then the value of CURSOR_NAME is the name of
              the cursor that is in the invalid state.

            i) If the value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE corresponds to with check
              option violation, then the values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_
              NAME, and TABLE_NAME are the <catalog name> and the <un-
              qualified schema name> of the <schema name> of the schema
              that contains the view that caused the violation of the WITH
              CHECK OPTION, and the <qualified identifier> of that view,
              respectively.

            j) If the value of RETURNED_SQLSTATE does not correspond to
              syntax error or access rule violation, syntax error or access
              rule violation in dynamic SQL statement, or syntax error or
              access rule violation in direct SQL statement, then:

              i) If the values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, TABLE_NAME, and
                 COLUMN_NAME identify a column for which no privileges are
                 granted to the current <authorization identifier>, then the
                 value of COLUMN_NAME is replaced by a zero-length string.

             ii) If the values of CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, and TABLE_NAME
                 identify a table for which no privileges are granted to
                 the current <authorization identifier>, then the values of
                 CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, and TABLE_NAME are replaced by a
                 zero-length string.

            iii) If the values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
                 and CONSTRAINT_NAME identify a <table constraint> for
                 some table T and if no privileges for T are granted to
                 the current <authorization identifier>, then the values of
                 CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and CONSTRAINT_NAME
                 are replaced by a zero-length string.

             iv) If the values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
                 and CONSTRAINT_NAME identify an assertion contained in some
                 schema S and if the owner of S is not the <authorization
                 identifier> of the current SQL-session, then the values of
                 CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and CONSTRAINT_NAME
                 are replaced by a zero-length string.

                                                Diagnostics management   487

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         18.1 <get diagnostics statement>


            k) The value of MESSAGE_TEXT is an implementation-defined char-
              acter string.

              Note: An implementation may set this to <space>s, to a zero-
              length string, or to a character string describing the condi-
              tion indicated by RETURNED_SQLSTATE.

            l) The value of MESSAGE_LENGTH is the length in characters of
              the character string value in MESSAGE_TEXT.

            m) The value of MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH is the length in octets of
              the character string value in MESSAGE_TEXT.

            n) The values of CONNECTION_NAME and SERVER_NAME are

              Case:

              i) If COMMAND_FUNCTION or DYNAMIC_FUNCTION identifies an <SQL
                 connection statement>, then the explicit or implicit <con-
                 nection name> and the associated <SQL server specifica-
                 tion>, respectively, referenced by the <SQL connection
                 statement>.

             ii) Otherwise, the explicit or implicit <connection name> and
                 the associated <SQL-server name>, respectively, corre-
                 sponding to the most-recently executed explicit or implicit
                 <connect statement> or <set connection statement>.

            o) The values of character string items where not otherwise
              specified by the preceding rules are set to a zero-length
              string.

              Note: There are no numeric items that are not set by these
              rules.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL;

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL;

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <get
              diagnostics statement>.









         488  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         19  Embedded SQL



         19.1  <embedded SQL host program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL host program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL host program> ::=
                <embedded SQL Ada program>
              | <embedded SQL C program>
              | <embedded SQL COBOL program>
              | <embedded SQL Fortran program>
              | <embedded SQL MUMPS program>
              | <embedded SQL Pascal program>
              | <embedded SQL PL/I program>

         <embedded SQL statement> ::=
              <SQL prefix>
                <statement or declaration>
              [ <SQL terminator> ]

         <statement or declaration> ::=
                <declare cursor>
              | <dynamic declare cursor>
              | <temporary table declaration>
              | <embedded exception declaration>
              | <SQL procedure statement>

         <SQL prefix> ::=
                EXEC SQL
              | <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

         <SQL terminator> ::=
                END-EXEC
              | <semicolon>
              | <right paren>

         <embedded SQL declare section> ::=
                <embedded SQL begin declare>
                  [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
                  [ <host variable definition>... ]
                <embedded SQL end declare>
              | <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

         <embedded character set declaration> ::=

                                                          Embedded SQL   489

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


              SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

         <embedded SQL begin declare> ::=
              <SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION [ <SQL terminator> ]

         <embedded SQL end declare> ::=
              <SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION [ <SQL terminator> ]

         <embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
              <SQL prefix>
                BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
                  [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
                  [ <host variable definition>... ]
                END DECLARE SECTION
              <SQL terminator>

         <host variable definition> ::=
                <Ada variable definition>
              | <C variable definition>
              | <COBOL variable definition>
              | <Fortran variable definition>
              | <MUMPS variable definition>
              | <Pascal variable definition>
              | <PL/I variable definition>

         <embedded variable name> ::=
              <colon><host identifier>

         <host identifier> ::=
                <Ada host identifier>
              | <C host identifier>
              | <COBOL host identifier>
              | <Fortran host identifier>
              | <MUMPS host identifier>
              | <Pascal host identifier>
              | <PL/I host identifier>


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL host program> is a compilation unit that con-
            sists of programming language text and SQL text. The programming
            language text shall conform to the requirements of a specific
            standard programming language. The SQL text shall consist of
            one or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally, one
            or more <embedded SQL declare section>s, as defined in this
            International Standard.

            Note: Compilation unit is defined in Subclause 4.16, "Modules".

         2) Case:

            a) An <embedded SQL statement> or <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>
              that is contained in an <embedded SQL MUMPS program> shall

         490  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


              contain an <SQL prefix> that is "<ampersand>SQL<left paren>".
              There shall be no <separator> between the <ampersand> and
              "SQL" nor between "SQL" and the <left paren>.

            b) An <embedded SQL statement>, <embedded SQL begin declare>,
              or <embedded SQL end declare> that is not contained in an
              <embedded SQL MUMPS program> shall contain an <SQL prefix>
              that is "EXEC SQL".

         3) Case:

            a) An <embedded SQL statement>, <embedded SQL begin declare>,
              or <embedded SQL end declare> contained in an <embedded SQL
              COBOL program> shall contain an <SQL terminator> that is
              END-EXEC.

            b) An <embedded SQL statement>, <embedded SQL begin declare>,
              or <embedded SQL end declare> contained in an <embedded SQL
              Fortran program> shall not contain an <SQL terminator>.

            c) An <embedded SQL statement>, <embedded SQL begin declare>,
              or <embedded SQL end declare> contained in an <embedded SQL
              Ada program>, <embedded SQL C program>, <embedded SQL Pascal
              program>, or <embedded SQL PL/I program> shall contain an
              <SQL terminator> that is a <semicolon>.

            d) An <embedded SQL statement> or <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>
              that is contained in an <embedded SQL MUMPS program> shall
              contain an <SQL terminator> that is a <right paren>.

         4) Case:

            a) An <embedded SQL declare section> that is contained in an
              <embedded SQL MUMPS program> shall be an <embedded SQL MUMPS
              declare>.

            b) An <embedded SQL declare section> that is not contained in
              an <embedded SQL MUMPS program> shall not be an <embedded SQL
              MUMPS declare>.

            Note: There is no restriction on the number of <embedded SQL
            declare section>s that may be contained in an <embedded SQL host
            program>.

         5) The <token>s comprising an <SQL prefix>, <embedded SQL begin
            declare>, or <embedded SQL end declare> shall be separated
            by <space> characters and shall be specified on one line.
            Otherwise, the rules for the continuation of lines and tokens
            from one line to the next and for the placement of host language
            comments are those of the programming language of the containing
            <embedded SQL host program>.



                                                          Embedded SQL   491

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


         6) If an <embedded character set declaration> is not specified,
            then an <embedded character set declaration> that specifies
            an implementation-defined character set that contains at least
            every character that is in <SQL language character> is implicit.

         7) A <temporary table declaration> that is contained in an <em-
            bedded SQL host program> shall precede in the text of that
            <embedded SQL host program> any SQL-statement or <declare cur-
            sor> that references the <table name> of the <temporary table
            declaration>.

         8) A <declare cursor> that is contained in an <embedded SQL host
            program> shall precede in the text of that <embedded SQL host
            program> any SQL-statement that references the <cursor name> of
            the <declare cursor>.

         9) A <dynamic declare cursor> that is contained in an <embedded
            SQL host program> shall precede in the text of that <embedded
            SQL host program> any SQL-statement that references the <cursor
            name> of the <dynamic declare cursor>.

         10)Any <host identifier> that is contained in an <embedded SQL
            statement> in an <embedded SQL host program> shall be defined
            in exactly one <host variable definition> contained in that <em-
            bedded SQL host program>. In programming languages that support
            <host variable definition>s in subprograms, two <host variable
            definition>s with different, non-overlapping scope in the host
            language are to be regarded as defining different host vari-
            ables, even if they specify the same variable name. That <host
            variable definition> shall appear in the text of the <embedded
            SQL host program> prior to any <embedded SQL statement> that
            references the <host identifier>. The <host variable definition>
            shall be such that a host language reference to the <host iden-
            tifier> is valid at every <embedded SQL statement> that contains
            the <host identifier>.

         11)A <host variable definition> defines the host language data type
            of the <host identifier>. For every such host language data type
            an equivalent SQL <data type> is specified in Subclause 19.3,
            "<embedded SQL Ada program>", Subclause 19.4, "<embedded
            SQL C program>", Subclause 19.5, "<embedded SQL COBOL pro-
            gram>", Subclause 19.6, "<embedded SQL Fortran program>",
            Subclause 19.7, "<embedded SQL MUMPS program>", Subclause 19.8,
            "<embedded SQL Pascal program>", and Subclause 19.9, "<embedded
            SQL PL/I program>".

         12)If one or more <host variable definition>s that specify SQLSTATE
            or SQLCODE appear in an <embedded SQL host program>, then the
            <host variable definition>s shall be such that a host language
            reference to SQLSTATE or SQLCODE, respectively, is valid at
            every <embedded SQL statement>, including <embedded SQL state-
            ment>s that appear in any subprograms contained in that <embed-
            ded SQL host program>. No <embedded SQL statement> shall precede

         492  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


            any of its applicable status code definitions in the text of the
            main program or subprograms that comprise the <embedded SQL host
            program>.

         13)Given an <embedded SQL host program> H, there is an implied
            standard-conforming SQL <module> M and an implied standard-
            conforming host program P derived from H. The derivation of the
            implied program P and the implied <module> M of an <embedded SQL
            host program> H effectively precedes the processing of any host
            language program text manipulation commands such as inclusion or
            copying of text.

            Given an <embedded SQL host program> H with an implied <module>
            M and an implied program P defined as above:

            a) The implied <module> M of H shall be a standard-conforming
              SQL <module>.

            b) If H is an <embedded SQL Ada program>, an <embedded SQL C
              program>, an <embedded SQL COBOL program>, an <embedded SQL
              Fortran program>, an <embedded SQL MUMPS program>, an <embed-
              ded SQL Pascal program>, or an <embedded SQL PL/I program>,
              then the implied program P shall be a standard-conforming
              Ada program, a standard-conforming C program, a standard-
              conforming COBOL program, a standard-conforming Fortran
              program, a standard-conforming MUMPS program, a standard-
              conforming Pascal program, or standard-conforming PL/I pro-
              gram, respectively.

         14)M is derived from H as follows:

            a) M contains a <module name clause> whose <module name> is
              either implementation-dependent or is omitted.

            b) M contains a <module character set specification> that is
              identical to the explicit or implicit <embedded character set
              declaration> with the keyword "SQL" removed.

            c) M contains a <language clause> that specifies either ADA,
              C, COBOL, FORTRAN, MUMPS, PASCAL, or PLI, where H is re-
              spectively an <embedded SQL Ada program>, an <embedded SQL C
              program>, an <embedded SQL COBOL program>, an <embedded SQL
              Fortran program>, an <embedded SQL MUMPS program>, an <embed-
              ded SQL Pascal program>, or an <embedded SQL PL/I program>.

            d) M contains a <module authorization clause> that specifies
              SCHEMA <schema name>, where the value of <schema name> is
              implementation-dependent.

            e) For every <declare cursor> EC contained in H, M contains one
              <declare cursor> PC and one <procedure> PS that contains an
              <open statement> that references PC. The <procedure name> of
              PS is implementation-dependent. PC is a copy of EC in which
              each distinct <embedded variable name> has been replaced with

                                                          Embedded SQL   493

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


              a distinct implementation-dependent <parameter name>. PS con-
              tains a <parameter declaration> for each <parameter name>
              contained in PC. The <parameter declaration> that corresponds
              to a given <embedded variable name> V that is contained in EC
              specifies the <parameter name> with which V was replaced, and
              the SQL data type that corresponds to the host language data
              type of V. If H contains a <host variable definition> that
              specifies SQLSTATE or SQLCODE, then PS contains a <parameter
              declaration> that specifies SQLSTATE or SQLCODE, respec-
              tively. If H contains neither a <host variable definition>
              that specifies SQLSTATE nor a <host variable definition> that
              specifies SQLCODE, then PS contains a <parameter declaration>
              that specifies SQLCODE. The order of <parameter declaration>s
              in PS is implementation-dependent.

            f) For every <dynamic declare cursor> EC in H, M contains one
              <dynamic declare cursor> PC that is a copy of EC.

            g) M contains one <temporary table declaration> for each <tempo-
              rary table declaration> contained in H. Each <temporary table
              declaration> of M is a copy of the corresponding <temporary
              table declaration> of H.

            h) M contains a <procedure> for each <SQL procedure statement>
              contained in H. The <procedure> PS of M corresponding with an
              <SQL procedure statement> ES of H is defined as follows:

              Case:

              i) If ES is not an <open statement>, then:

                 1) The <procedure name> of PS is implementation-dependent.

                 2) The <SQL procedure statement> of PS is a copy of ES in
                   which each distinct <embedded variable name> has been
                   replaced with the same distinct implementation-dependent
                   <parameter name>.

                 3) PS contains a <parameter declaration> for each dis-
                   tinct <parameter name> contained in the <SQL procedure
                   statement> of PS.

                 4) The <parameter declaration> corresponding to a given
                   <embedded variable name> V that is contained in ES spec-
                   ifies the <parameter name> with which V was replaced
                   and the SQL <data type> that corresponds to the host
                   language data type of V.

                 5) Whether one <procedure> of M can correspond to more than
                   one <SQL procedure statement> of H is implementation-
                   dependent.



         494  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


                 6) If H contains a <host variable definition> that spec-
                   ifies SQLSTATE or SQLCODE, then PS contains a <param-
                   eter declaration> that specifies SQLSTATE or SQLCODE,
                   respectively. If H contains neither a <host variable
                   definition> that specifies SQLSTATE nor a <host variable
                   definition> that specifies SQLCODE, then PS contains a
                   <parameter declaration> that specifies SQLCODE.

                 7) The order of the <parameter declaration>s is implementation-
                   dependent.

             ii) If ES is an <open statement>, then:

                 1) Let EC be the <declare cursor> in H referenced by ES.

                 2) PS is the procedure in M that contains an <open state-
                   ment> that references the <declare cursor> in M corre-
                   sponding to EC.

         15)P is derived from H as follows:

            a) Each <embedded SQL begin declare>, <embedded SQL end de-
              clare>, and <embedded character set declaration> has been
              deleted. If the embedded host language is MUMPS, then each
              <embedded SQL MUMPS declare> has been deleted.

            b) Each <host variable definition> in an <embedded SQL declare
              section> has been replaced by a valid data definition in the
              target host language according to the Syntax Rules specified
              in an <embedded SQL Ada program>, <embedded SQL C program>,
              <embedded SQL COBOL program>, <embedded SQL Fortran pro-
              gram>, <embedded SQL Pascal program>, or an <embedded SQL
              PL/I program> clause.

            c) Each <embedded SQL statement> that contains a <declare
              cursor>, a <dynamic declare cursor>, or a <temporary ta-
              ble declaration> has been deleted, and every <embedded SQL
              statement> that contains an <embedded exception declara-
              tion> has been replaced with statements of the host language
              that will have the effect specified by the General Rules of
              Subclause 19.2, "<embedded exception declaration>".

            d) Each <embedded SQL statement> that contains an <SQL procedure
              statement> has been replaced by host language statements that
              perform the following actions:

              i) A host language procedure or subroutine call of the <proce-
                 dure> of the implied <module> M of H that corresponds with
                 the <SQL procedure statement>.

                 If the <SQL procedure statement> is not an <open state-
                 ment>, then the arguments of the call include each distinct
                 <host identifier> contained in the <SQL procedure state-
                 ment> together with the SQLCODE <host identifier>, or the

                                                          Embedded SQL   495

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.1 <embedded SQL host program>


                 SQLSTATE <host identifier>, or both. If H contains nei-
                 ther a <host variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE
                 nor a <host variable definition> that specifies SQLCODE,
                 then the arguments of the call include SQLCODE. If the
                 <SQL procedure statement> is an <open statement>, then the
                 arguments of the call include each distinct <host iden-
                 tifier> contained in the corresponding <declare cursor>
                 of H together with the SQLCODE <host identifier>, or the
                 SQLSTATE <host identifier>, or both. If H contains neither
                 a <host variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE nor a
                 <host variable definition> that specifies SQLCODE, then the
                 arguments of the call include SQLCODE.

                 The order of the arguments in the call corresponds with the
                 order of the corresponding <parameter declaration>s in the
                 corresponding <procedure>.

                 Note: In an <embedded SQL Fortran program>, the "SQLCODE"
                 variable is abbreviated to "SQLCOD" and the "SQLSTATE"
                 variable may be abbreviated to "SQLSTA". See the Syntax
                 Rules of Subclause 19.6, "<embedded SQL Fortran program>".

             ii) Exception actions, as specified in Subclause 19.2, "<embed-
                 ded exception declaration>".

         Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE sta-
         tus parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported for compat-
         ibility with earlier versions of this International Standard. See
         Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) The interpretation of an <embedded SQL host program> H is de-
            fined to be equivalent to the interpretation of the implied
            program P of H and the implied <module> M of H.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) An <embedded SQL declare section> shall not contain an <em-
              bedded character set declaration>.

            b) No two <host variable definition>s shall specify the same
              variable name.

         496  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                       19.2 <embedded exception declaration>


         19.2  <embedded exception declaration>

         Function

         Specify the action to be taken when an SQL-statement causes a spe-
         cific class of condition to be raised.

         Format

         <embedded exception declaration> ::=
              WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

         <condition> ::=
              SQLERROR | NOT FOUND

         <condition action> ::=
              CONTINUE | <go to>

         <go to> ::=
              { GOTO | GO TO } <goto target>

         <goto target> ::=
                <host label identifier>
              | <unsigned integer>
              | <host PL/I label variable>

         <host label identifier> ::= !!See the Syntax Rules.

         <host PL/I label variable> ::= !!See the Syntax Rules.


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded exception declaration> contained in an <embed-
            ded SQL host program> applies to an <SQL procedure statement>
            contained in that <embedded SQL host program> if and only if
            the <SQL procedure statement> appears after the <embedded ex-
            ception declaration> in the text sequence of the <embedded SQL
            host program> and no other <embedded exception declaration> that
            specifies the same <condition> appears between the <embedded
            exception declaration> and the <SQL procedure statement> in the
            text sequence of the <embedded SQL host program>.

         2) If an <embedded exception declaration> specifies a <go to>,
            then the <host label identifier>, <host PL/I label variable>, or
            <unsigned integer> of the <go to> shall be such that a host lan-
            guage GO TO statement specifying that <host label identifier>,
            <host PL/I label variable>, or <unsigned integer> is valid at
            every <SQL procedure statement> to which the <embedded exception
            declaration> applies.




                                                          Embedded SQL   497

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.2 <embedded exception declaration>


            Note:

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL Ada program>, then the <goto target> of a <go
              to> should specify a <host label identifier> that is a label_
              name in the containing <embedded SQL Ada program>.

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL C program>, then the <goto target> of a <go to>
              should specify a <host label identifier> that is a label in
              the containing <embedded SQL C program>.

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL COBOL program>, then the <goto target> of a
              <go to> should specify a <host label identifier> that is a
              section-name or an unqualified paragraph-name in the contain-
              ing <embedded SQL COBOL program>.

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL Fortran program>, then the <goto target> of a
              <go to> should be an <unsigned integer> that is the statement
              label of an executable statement that appears in the same
              program unit as the <go to>.

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL MUMPS program>, then the <goto target> of a <go
              to> should be a gotoargument that is the statement label of
              an executable statement that appears in the same <embedded
              SQL MUMPS program>.

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL Pascal program>, then the <goto target> of a
              <go to> should be an <unsigned integer> that is a label.

            -  If an <embedded exception declaration> is contained in an
              <embedded SQL PL/I program>, then the <goto target> of a
              <go to> should specify either a <host label identifier> or a
              <host PL/I label variable>.

               Case:

               o  If <host label identifier> is specified, then the <host
                 label identifier> should be a label constant in the con-
                 taining <embedded SQL PL/I program>.

               o  If <host PL/I label variable> is specified, then the <host
                 PL/I label variable> should be a PL/I label variable de-
                 clared in the containing <embedded SQL PL/I program>.

         Access Rules

            None.


         498  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                       19.2 <embedded exception declaration>


         General Rules

         1) Immediately after the execution of an <SQL procedure statement>
            in an <embedded SQL host program>:

            Case:

            a) If the value of the status variable(s) indicates the comple-
              tion condition no data and the <embedded SQL host program>
              contains an <embedded exception declaration> that applies to
              the <SQL procedure statement> and whose <condition> is NOT
              FOUND and whose <condition action> is a <go to>, then a GO
              TO statement of the host language is performed, specifying
              the <host label identifier>, <host PL/I label variable>, or
              <unsigned integer> of the <go to>.

            b) If the value of the status variable(s) indicates an excep-
              tion condition and the <embedded SQL host program> contains
              an <embedded exception declaration> that applies to the <SQL
              procedure statement> and whose <condition> is SQLERROR and
              whose <condition action> is a <go to>, then a GO TO state-
              ment of the host language is performed, specifying the <host
              label identifier>, <host PL/I label variable>, or <unsigned
              integer> of the <go to>.

            c) If the <embedded SQL host program> contains no <embedded
              exception declaration> that applies to the <SQL procedure
              statement>, or if it contains an <embedded exception declara-
              tion> that applies to the <SQL procedure statement> and that
              specifies CONTINUE, then no further action is performed for
              the <SQL procedure statement>.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.












                                                          Embedded SQL   499

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.3 <embedded SQL Ada program>


         19.3  <embedded SQL Ada program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL Ada program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <Ada variable definition> ::=
              <Ada host identifier> [ { <comma> <Ada host identifier> }... ] :

              <Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

         <Ada initial value> ::=
              <Ada assignment operator> <character representation>...

         <Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

         <Ada host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <Ada type specification> ::=
                <Ada qualified type specification>
              | <Ada unqualified type specification>

         <Ada qualified type specification> ::=
                SQL_STANDARD.CHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

                    <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
              | SQL_STANDARD.BIT <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>

              | SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT
              | SQL_STANDARD.INT
              | SQL_STANDARD.REAL
              | SQL_STANDARD.DOUBLE_PRECISION
              | SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE
              | SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE
              | SQL_STANDARD.INDICATOR_TYPE

         <Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
                CHAR <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
              | BIT <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
              | SMALLINT
              | INT
              | REAL
              | DOUBLE_PRECISION
              | SQLCODE_TYPE
              | SQLSTATE_TYPE
              | INDICATOR_TYPE




         500  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             19.3 <embedded SQL Ada program>


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL Ada program> is a compilation unit that con-
            sists of Ada text and SQL text. The Ada text shall conform to
            the Ada standard ISO/IEC 8652. The SQL text shall consist of one
            or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally, one or more
            <embedded SQL declare section>s.

         2) An <embedded SQL statement> may be specified wherever an Ada
            statement may be specified. An <embedded SQL statement> may be
            prefixed by an Ada label.

         3) An <Ada host identifier> is any valid Ada identifier. An <Ada
            host identifier> shall be contained in an <embedded SQL Ada
            program>.

         4) An <Ada variable definition> defines one or more host variables.

         5) An <Ada variable definition> shall be modified as follows before
            it is placed into the program derived from the <embedded SQL Ada
            program> (see the Syntax Rules of Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL
            host program>"):

            a) Any optional CHARACTER SET specification shall be removed
              from an <Ada qualified type specification>.

            b) The <length> specified in a CHAR declaration of any <Ada
              qualified type specification> that contains a CHARACTER SET
              specification shall be replaced by a length equal to the
              length in octets of PN, where PN is the <Ada host identifier>
              specified in the containing <Ada variable definition>.

            The modified <Ada variable definition> shall be a valid Ada
            object-declaration in the program derived from the <embedded SQL
            Ada program>.

         6) An <Ada variable definition> shall be specified within the scope
            of Ada with and use clauses that specify the following:

            with SQL_STANDARD;

            use SQL_STANDARD;

            use SQL_STANDARD.CHARACTER_SET;

         7) The <character representation> sequence in an <Ada initial
            value> specifies an initial value to be assigned to the Ada
            variable. It shall be a valid Ada specification of an initial
            value.

         8) CHAR describes a character string variable whose equivalent SQL
            data type is CHARACTER with the same length and character set
            specified by <character set specification>. If <character set
            specification> is not specified, then an implementation-defined
            <character set specification> is implicit.

                                                          Embedded SQL   501

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.3 <embedded SQL Ada program>


         9) BIT describes a bit string variable. The equivalent SQL data
            type is BIT with the same length.

         10)INT and SMALLINT describe exact numeric variables. The equiv-
            alent SQL data types are INTEGER and SMALLINT, respectively.

         11)REAL and DOUBLE_PRECISION describe approximate numeric vari-
            ables. The equivalent SQL data types are REAL and DOUBLE
            PRECISION, respectively.

         12)SQLCODE_TYPE describes an exact numeric variable whose preci-
            sion is the implementation-defined precision defined for the
            SQLCODE parameter. SQLSTATE_TYPE describes a character string
            variable whose length is the length of the SQLSTATE parameter
            (five characters).

         13)INDICATOR_TYPE describes an exact numeric variable whose spe-
            cific data type is any <exact numeric type> with a scale of 0.


         14)If an <embedded SQL Ada program> contains neither an <Ada
            variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE and that is de-
            fined with an <Ada type specification> that specifies SQL_
            STANDARD.CHAR or CHAR with <length> 5, nor an <Ada variable
            definition> that specifies SQLCODE and that is defined with an
            <Ada type specification> that specifies SQL_STANDARD.INTEGER or
            INTEGER, then it is assumed that the <embedded SQL Ada program>
            contains a variable named SQLCODE defined with a data type of
            INTEGER.

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) An <Ada variable definition> shall not specify a bit string
              variable.





         502  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                             19.3 <embedded SQL Ada program>


         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) An <Ada qualified type specification> shall not contain a
              <character set specification>.

















































                                                          Embedded SQL   503

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.4 <embedded SQL C program>


         19.4  <embedded SQL C program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL C program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL C program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <C variable definition> ::=
                [ <C storage class> ]
                [ <C class modifier> ]
                <C variable specification>
              <semicolon>

         <C variable specification> ::=
                <C numeric variable>
              | <C character variable>
              | <C derived variable>

         <C storage class> ::=
                auto
              | extern
              | static

         <C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

         <C numeric variable> ::=
              { long | short | float | double }
                <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
                      [ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]


         <C character variable> ::=
              char [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
                <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]

                  [ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification>
                           [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

         <C array specification> ::=
              <left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

         <C host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <C derived variable> ::=
                <C VARCHAR variable>
              | <C bit variable>

         <C VARCHAR variable> ::=
              VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]


         504  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                               19.4 <embedded SQL C program>


                  <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]

                    [ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification>

                                [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

         <C bit variable> ::=
              BIT <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]

                [ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification>
                             [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

         <C initial value> ::=
              <equals operator> <character representation>...


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL C program> is a compilation unit that consists
            of C text and SQL text. The C text shall conform to the C stan-
            dard ISO/IEC 9899. The SQL text shall consist of one or more
            <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally, one or more <embedded
            SQL declare section>s.

         2) An <embedded SQL statement> may be specified wherever a C
            statement may be specified within a function block. If the C
            statement could include a label prefix, then the <embedded SQL
            statement> may be immediately preceded by a label prefix.

         3) A <C host identifier> is any valid C variable identifier. A
            <C host identifier> shall be contained in an <embedded SQL C
            program>.

         4) A <C variable definition> defines one or more host variables.

         5) A <C variable definition> shall be modified as follows before
            it is placed into the program derived from the <embedded SQL C
            program> (see the Syntax Rules of Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL
            host program>"):

            a) Any optional CHARACTER SET specification shall be removed
              from a <C VARCHAR variable> or a <C character variable>.

            b) The syntax "VARCHAR" shall be replaced by "char" in any <C
              VARCHAR variable>.

            c) The syntax "BIT" shall be replaced by "char" in any <C bit
              variable>.

            d) The <length> specified in a <C array specification> in any
              <C bit variable> shall be replaced by a length equal to the
              smallest integer not less than L/B, as defined in the Syntax
              Rules of this Subclause.

                                                          Embedded SQL   505

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.4 <embedded SQL C program>


            e) The <length> specified in a <C array specification> in any
              <C character variable> or in any <C VARCHAR variable> that
              contained a CHARACTER SET specification shall be replaced by
              a length equal to the length in octets of PN, where PN is the
              <C host identifier> specified in the containing <C variable
              definition>.

            The modified <C variable definition> shall be a valid C data
            declaration in the program derived from the <embedded SQL C
            program>.

         6) The <character representation> sequence contained in a <C ini-
            tial value> specifies an initial value to be assigned to the
            C variable. It shall be a valid C specification of an initial
            value.

         7) Except for array specifications for character strings and bit
            strings, a <C variable definition> shall specify a scalar type.

         8) In a <C variable definition>, the words "VARCHAR", "CHARACTER",
            "SET", "IS", "BIT", and "VARYING" may be specified in any com-
            bination of upper case and lower case letters (see the Syntax
            Rules of Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>").

         9) In a <C character variable> or a <C VARCHAR variable>, if a
            <character set specification> is specified, then the equivalent
            SQL data type is CHARACTER or CHARACTER VARYING whose charac-
            ter repertoire is the same as the repertoire specified by the
            <character set specification>. If <character set specification>
            is not specified, then an implementation-defined <character set
            specification> is implicit.

         10)Each <C host identifier> specified in a <C character variable>
            describes a fixed-length character string. The length is speci-
            fied by the <length> of the <C array specification>. The value
            in the host variable is terminated by a null character and the
            position occupied by this null character is included in the
            length of the host variable. The equivalent SQL data type is
            CHARACTER whose length is one less than the <length> of the
            <C array specification> and whose value does not include the
            terminating null character. The <length> shall be greater than
            1.

         11)Each <C host identifier> specified in a <C VARCHAR variable>
            describes a variable-length character string. The maximum length
            is specified by the <length> of the <C array specification>.
            The value in the host variable is terminated by a null character
            and the position occupied by this null character is included in
            the maximum length of the host variable. The equivalent SQL data
            type is CHARACTER VARYING whose maximum length is 1 less than
            the <length> of the <C array specification> and whose value does
            not include the terminating null character. The <length> shall
            be greater than 1.

         506  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                               19.4 <embedded SQL C program>


         12)Each <C host identifier> specified in a <C bit variable> de-
            scribes a fixed-length bit string. The value in the host vari-
            able has a BIT_LENGTH of <length>. Let B be the number of bits
            in a C char and let L be the <length> of the <C array speci-
            fication>. The length of an equivalent C char variable is the
            smallest integer that is not less than the result of L/B. The
            equivalent SQL data type is BIT whose length is L.

         13)"long" describes an exact numeric variable. The equivalent SQL
            data type is INTEGER.

         14)"short" describes an exact numeric variable. The equivalent SQL
            data type is SMALLINT.

         15)"float" describes an approximate numeric variable. The equiva-
            lent SQL data type is REAL.

         16)"double" describes an approximate numeric variable. The equiva-
            lent SQL data type is DOUBLE PRECISION.

         17)If an <embedded SQL C program> contains neither a <C variable
            definition> that specifies SQLSTATE and that is defined with
            a <C character variable> that specifies "char" with a <C array
            specification> that is 6, nor a <C variable definition> that
            specifies SQLCODE and that is defined with a <C numeric vari-
            able> that specifies "long", then it is assumed that the <em-
            bedded SQL C program> contains a variable named SQLCODE defined
            with a data type of "long".

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <C derived variable> shall not be a <C bit variable>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <C derived variable> shall not be a <C VARCHAR variable>.

            b) A <C variable definition> shall not contain a <character set
              specification>.

                                                          Embedded SQL   507

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.5 <embedded SQL COBOL program>


         19.5  <embedded SQL COBOL program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL COBOL program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL COBOL program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <COBOL variable definition> ::=
              {01|77} <COBOL host identifier> <COBOL type specification>
                [ <character representation>... ] <period>

         <COBOL host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <COBOL type specification> ::=
                <COBOL character type>
              | <COBOL bit type>
              | <COBOL numeric type>
              | <COBOL integer type>

         <COBOL character type> ::=
              [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
              { PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] { X [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] }...


         <COBOL bit type> ::=
              { PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] { B [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] }...


         <COBOL numeric type> ::=
              { PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ]
                S <COBOL nines specification>
              [ USAGE [ IS ] ] DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

         <COBOL nines specification> ::=
                <COBOL nines> [ V [ <COBOL nines> ] ]
              | V <COBOL nines>

         <COBOL integer type> ::=
                <COBOL computational integer>
              | <COBOL binary integer>

         <COBOL computational integer> ::=
              { PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
                [ USAGE [ IS ] ] { COMP | COMPUTATIONAL }

         <COBOL binary integer> ::=
              { PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
                [ USAGE [ IS ] ] BINARY

         <COBOL nines> ::= { 9 [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] }...

         508  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           19.5 <embedded SQL COBOL program>



         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL COBOL program> is a compilation unit that con-
            sists of COBOL text and SQL text. The COBOL text shall conform
            to the COBOL standard ISO 1989. The SQL text shall consist of
            one or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally, one or
            more <embedded SQL declare section>s.

         2) An <embedded SQL statement> in an <embedded SQL COBOL program>
            may be specified wherever a COBOL statement may be specified
            in the Procedure Division of the <embedded SQL COBOL pro-
            gram>. If the COBOL statement could be immediately preceded
            by a paragraph-name, then the <embedded SQL statement> may be
            immediately preceded by a paragraph-name.

         3) A <COBOL host identifier> is any valid COBOL data-name. A <COBOL
            host identifier> shall be contained in an <embedded SQL COBOL
            program>.

         4) A <COBOL variable definition> is a restricted form of COBOL data
            description entry that defines a host variable.

         5) A <COBOL variable definition> shall be modified as follows be-
            fore it is placed into the program derived from the <embedded
            SQL COBOL program> (see the Syntax Rules of Subclause 19.1,
            "<embedded SQL host program>".

            a) Any optional CHARACTER SET specification shall be removed
              from a <COBOL character type>.

            b) The syntax "B" shall be replaced by "X" in any <COBOL bit
              type>.

            c) The <length> specified in any <COBOL bit type> shall be re-
              placed by a length equal to the smallest integer not less
              than L/B, as defined in the Syntax Rules of this Subclause.

            d) The <length> specified in any <COBOL character type> that
              contained a CHARACTER SET specification shall be replaced by
              a length equal to the length in octets of PN, where PN is the
              <COBOL host identifier> specified in the containing <COBOL
              variable definition>.

            The modified <COBOL variable definition> shall be a valid data
            description entry in the Data Division of the program derived
            from the <embedded SQL COBOL program>.

         6) The optional <character representation> sequence in a <COBOL
            variable definition> may specify a VALUE clause. Whether other
            clauses may be specified is implementation-defined. The <char-
            acter representation> sequence shall be such that the <COBOL
            variable definition> is a valid COBOL data description entry.

                                                          Embedded SQL   509

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.5 <embedded SQL COBOL program>


         7) A <COBOL character type> describes a character string vari-
            able whose equivalent SQL data type is CHARACTER with the same
            length and character set specified by <character set specifi-
            cation>. If <character set specification> is not specified,
            then an implementation-defined <character set specification> is
            implicit.

         8) A <COBOL bit type> describes a bit string variable. Let B be the
            number of bits in a COBOL character and let L be the <length>
            of the <COBOL bit type>. The length of an equivalent COBOL char-
            acter variable is the smallest integer not less than L/B. The
            equivalent SQL data type is BIT whose length is the <length> of
            the <COBOL bit type>.

         9) A <COBOL numeric type> describes an exact numeric variable. The
            equivalent SQL data type is NUMERIC of the same precision and
            scale.

         10)A <COBOL computational integer> describes an exact numeric vari-
            able.

            Note: This <COBOL type specification> is supported only for
            SQLCODE for compatibility with earlier versions of this
            International Standard. The SQLCODE status parameter is a
            deprecated feature that is supported for compatibility with
            earlier versions of this International Standard. See Annex D,
            "Deprecated features".

         11)A <COBOL binary integer> describes an exact numeric variable.
            The equivalent SQL data type is SMALLINT or INTEGER.

         12)If an <embedded SQL COBOL program> contains neither a <COBOL
            variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE and that is defined
            with a <COBOL character type> that specifies

              {01|77} SQLSTATE PICTURE X(5)

            nor a <COBOL variable definition> that specifies SQLCODE and
            that is defined with a <COBOL type specification> that specifies

              {01|77} SQLCODE PICTURE S9(PC) USAGE COMP

            where PC is the implementation-defined precision specified for a
            COBOL SQLCODE parameter in Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <proce-
            dure>", then it is assumed that the <embedded SQL COBOL program>
            contains a variable named SQLCODE defined with a data type of

              {01|77} SQLCODE PICTURE S9(PC) USAGE COMP

            where PC is the implementation-defined precision specified for a
            COBOL SQLCODE parameter in Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <proce-
            dure>".

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         510  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           19.5 <embedded SQL COBOL program>


         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <COBOL type specification> shall not be a <COBOL bit type>.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <COBOL character type> shall not contain a <character set
              specification>.



































                                                          Embedded SQL   511

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.6 <embedded SQL Fortran program>


         19.6  <embedded SQL Fortran program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL Fortran program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL Fortran program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <Fortran variable definition> ::=
              <Fortran type specification>
              <Fortran host identifier> [ { <comma> <Fortran host identifier> }... ]


         <Fortran host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <Fortran type specification> ::=
                CHARACTER [ <asterisk> <length> ]
                    [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
              | BIT [ <asterisk> <length> ]
              | INTEGER
              | REAL
              | DOUBLE PRECISION


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL Fortran program> is a compilation unit that
            consists of Fortran text and SQL text. The Fortran text shall
            conform to the Fortran standard ISO/IEC 1539. The SQL text shall
            consist of one or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, option-
            ally, one or more <embedded SQL declare section>s.

         2) An <embedded SQL statement> may be specified wherever an exe-
            cutable Fortran statement may be specified. An <embedded SQL
            statement> that precedes any executable Fortran statement in
            the containing <embedded SQL Fortran program> shall not have a
            Fortran statement number. Otherwise, if the Fortran statement
            could have a statement number then the <embedded SQL statement>
            can have a statement number.

         3) Blanks are significant in <embedded SQL statement>s. The rules
            for <separator>s in an <embedded SQL statement> are as specified
            in Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>".

         4) A <Fortran host identifier> is any valid Fortran variable name
            with all <space> characters removed. A <Fortran host identifier>
            shall be contained in an <embedded SQL Fortran program>.

         5) A <Fortran variable definition> is a restricted form of Fortran
            type-statement that defines one or more host variables.


         512  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         19.6 <embedded SQL Fortran program>


         6) A <Fortran variable definition> shall be modified as follows
            before it is placed into the program derived from the <embed-
            ded SQL Fortran program> (see the Syntax Rules Subclause 19.1,
            "<embedded SQL host program>".

            a) Any optional CHARACTER SET specification shall be removed
              from the CHARACTER alternative in a <Fortran type specifica-
              tion>.

            b) The <length> specified in the CHARACTER alternative of any
              <Fortran type specification> that contained a CHARACTER
              SET specification shall be replaced by a length equal to
              the length in octets of PN, where PN is the <Fortran host
              identifier> specified in the containing <Fortran variable
              definition>.

            c) The syntax "BIT" shall be replaced by "CHARACTER" in any BIT
              alternative of a <Fortran type specification>.

            d) The <length> specified in any BIT alternative of a <Fortran
              type specification> shall be replaced by a length equal to
              the smallest integer not less than L/B, as defined in the
              Syntax Rules of this Subclause.

            The modified <Fortran variable definition> shall be a valid
            Fortran type-statement in the program derived from the <embedded
            SQL Fortran program>.

         7) CHARACTER describes a character string variable whose equivalent
            SQL data type is CHARACTER with the same length and character
            set specified by <character set specification>. If <character
            set specification> is not specified, then an implementation-
            defined <character set specification> is implicit.

         8) BIT describes a bit string variable. Let B be the number of
            bits in a Fortran CHARACTER and let L be the <length> of the bit
            string variable. The length of an equivalent Fortran character
            variable is the smallest integer not less than L/B. The equiv-
            alent SQL data type is BIT whose length is the <length> of the
            bit string variable.

         9) INTEGER describes an exact numeric variable. The equivalent SQL
            data type is INTEGER.

         10)REAL describes an approximate numeric variable. The equivalent
            SQL data type is REAL.

         11)DOUBLE PRECISION describes an approximate numeric variable. The
            equivalent SQL data type is DOUBLE PRECISION.

         12)If an <embedded SQL Fortran program> contains neither a <Fortran
            variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE or SQLSTA and that
            is defined with a <Fortran type specification> that specifies
            CHARACTER with <length> 5, nor a <Fortran variable definition>
            that specifies SQLCOD and that is defined with a <Fortran type

                                                          Embedded SQL   513

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.6 <embedded SQL Fortran program>


            specification> that specifies INTEGER, then it is assumed that
            the <embedded SQL Fortran program> contains a variable named
            SQLCOD defined with a data type of INTEGER.

            Note: SQLSTATE (which may be abbreviated "SQLSTA") is the pre-
            ferred status parameter. The SQLCODE (SQLCOD) status parameter
            is a deprecated feature that is supported for compatibility with
            earlier versions of this International Standard. See Annex D,
            "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <Fortran type specification> shall not specify BIT.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <Fortran type specification> shall not contain a <character
              set specification>.

























         514  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                           19.7 <embedded SQL MUMPS program>


         19.7  <embedded SQL MUMPS program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL MUMPS program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <MUMPS variable definition> ::=
              { <MUMPS numeric variable> | <MUMPS character variable> }
              <semicolon>

         <MUMPS character variable> ::=
              VARCHAR <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification>
                [ { <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification> }... ]


         <MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <MUMPS length specification> ::=
              <left paren> <length> <right paren>

         <MUMPS numeric variable> ::=
              <MUMPS type specification>
                <MUMPS host identifier> [ { <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> }... ]


         <MUMPS type specification> ::=
                INT
              | DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]

              | REAL


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL MUMPS program> is a compilation unit that con-
            sists of MUMPS text and SQL text. The MUMPS text shall conform
            to the MUMPS standard ISO/IEC 11756. The SQL text shall consist
            of one or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally, one or
            more <embedded SQL declare section>s.

         2) A <MUMPS host identifier> is any valid MUMPS variable name. A
            <MUMPS host identifier> shall be contained in an <embedded SQL
            MUMPS program>.

         3) An <embedded SQL statement> may be specified wherever a MUMPS
            command may be specified.

         4) A <MUMPS variable definition> defines one or more host vari-
            ables.

                                                          Embedded SQL   515

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.7 <embedded SQL MUMPS program>


         5) The <MUMPS character variable> describes a variable-length char-
            acter string. The equivalent SQL data type is CHARACTER VARYING
            whose maximum length is the <length> of the <MUMPS length spec-
            ification> and whose character set is implementation-defined.

         6) INT describes an exact numeric variable. The equivalent SQL data
            type is INTEGER.

         7) DEC describes an exact numeric variable. The <scale> shall not
            be greater than the <precision>. The equivalent SQL data type is
            DECIMAL with the same <precision> and <scale>.

         8) REAL describes an approximate numeric variable. The equivalent
            SQL data type is REAL.

         9) If an <embedded SQL MUMPS program> contains neither a <MUMPS
            variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE and that is defined
            with a <MUMPS character variable > that specifies VARCHAR with
            a <MUMPS length specification> that specifies 5, nor a <MUMPS
            variable definition> that specifies SQLCODE and that is defined
            with a <MUMPS numeric variable> that specifies INT, then it
            is assumed that the <embedded SQL MUMPS program> contains a
            variable named SQLCODE defined with a data type of INT.

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall contain no <embedded SQL
              MUMPS program>.






         516  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          19.8 <embedded SQL Pascal program>


         19.8  <embedded SQL Pascal program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL Pascal program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL Pascal program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <Pascal variable definition> ::=
              <Pascal host identifier> [ { <comma> <Pascal host identifier> }... ] <colon>

                <Pascal type specification> <semicolon>

         <Pascal host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <Pascal type specification> ::=
                PACKED ARRAY <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>

                  OF CHAR
                    [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
              | PACKED ARRAY <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>

                  OF BIT
              | INTEGER
              | REAL
              | CHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

              | BIT


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL Pascal program> is a compilation unit that
            consists of Pascal text and SQL text. The Pascal text shall
            conform to one of the Pascal standards ISO 7185 and ISO/IEC
            10206. The SQL text shall consist of one or more <embedded SQL
            statement>s and, optionally, one or more <embedded SQL declare
            section>s.

         2) An <embedded SQL statement> may be specified wherever a Pascal
            statement may be specified. An <embedded SQL statement> may be
            prefixed by a Pascal label.

         3) A <Pascal host identifier> is a Pascal variable-identifier whose
            applied instance denotes a defining instance within an <embedded
            SQL begin declare> and an <embedded SQL end declare>.

         4) A <Pascal variable definition> defines one or more <Pascal host
            identifier>s.



                                                          Embedded SQL   517

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.8 <embedded SQL Pascal program>


         5) A <Pascal variable definition> shall be modified as follows
            before it is placed into the program derived from the <embedded
            SQL Pascal program> (see the Syntax Rules of Subclause 19.1,
            "<embedded SQL host program>").

            a) Any optional CHARACTER SET specification shall be removed
              from the PACKED ARRAY OF CHAR or CHAR alternatives of a
              <Pascal type specification>.

            b) The <length> specified in the PACKED ARRAY OF CHAR alter-
              native of any <Pascal type specification> that contained a
              CHARACTER SET specification shall be replaced by a length
              equal to the length in octets of PN, where PN is the <Pascal
              host identifier> specified in the containing <Pascal variable
              definition>.

            c) If any <Pascal type specification> specifies the syntax
              "CHAR" and contains a CHARACTER SET specification, then let L
              be a length equal to the length in octets of PN and PN be the
              <Pascal host identifier> specified in the containing <Pascal
              variable definition>. If L is greater than 1, then "CHAR"
              shall be replaced by "PACKED ARRAY [1..L] OF CHAR".

            d) The syntax "BIT" shall be replaced by "CHAR" in any PACKED
              ARRAY OF BIT or BIT alternatives of a <Pascal type specifica-
              tion>.

            e) The <length> specified in any PACKED ARRAY OF BIT alterna-
              tive in a <Pascal type specification> shall be replaced by
              a length equal to the smallest integer not less than L/B, as
              defined in the Syntax Rules of this Subclause.

            The modified <Pascal variable definition> shall be a valid
            Pascal variable-declaration in the program derived from the
            <embedded SQL Pascal program>.

         6) CHAR specified without a CHARACTER SET specification is the
            ordinal-type-identifier of PASCAL. The equivalent SQL data type
            is CHARACTER with length 1.

         7) BIT describes a single-bit variable. It is mapped to a Pascal
            CHAR ordinal-type-identifier whose most significant bit contains
            either 0 or 1 and whose least significant bits contain 0. The
            equivalent SQL data type is BIT with length 1.

         8) PACKED ARRAY [1..<length>] OF CHAR describes a character string
            having 2 or more components of the simple type CHAR. The equiva-
            lent SQL data type is CHARACTER with the same length and charac-
            ter set specified by <character set specification>. If <charac-
            ter set specification> is not specified, then an implementation-
            defined <character set specification> is implicit.



         518  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          19.8 <embedded SQL Pascal program>


         9) PACKED ARRAY [1..<length>] OF BIT describes a bit string vari-
            able. Let B be the number of bits in a Pascal CHAR and let L be
            the <length> of the bit string variable. The length of an equiv-
            alent Pascal character variable is the smallest integer not less
            than L/B. The equivalent SQL data type is BIT whose length is
            the <length> of the bit string variable.

         10)INTEGER describes an exact numeric variable. The equivalent SQL
            data type is INTEGER.

         11)REAL describes an approximate numeric variable. The equivalent
            SQL data type is REAL.

         12)If an <embedded SQL Pascal program> contains neither a <Pascal
            variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE and that is defined
            with a <Pascal type specification> that specifies PACKED ARRAY
            [1..<length>] OF CHAR with <length> 5, nor a <Pascal variable
            definition> that specifies SQLCODE and that is defined with a
            <Pascal type specification> that specifies INTEGER, then it
            is assumed that the <embedded SQL Pascal program> contains a
            variable named SQLCODE defined with a data type of INTEGER.

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>".

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <Pascal type specification> shall not specify BIT or PACKED
              ARRAY [1..<length>] OF BIT.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <Pascal type specification> shall not contain a <character
              set specification>.







                                                          Embedded SQL   519

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.9 <embedded SQL PL/I program>


         19.9  <embedded SQL PL/I program>

         Function

         Specify an <embedded SQL PL/I program>.

         Format

         <embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <PL/I variable definition> ::=
              {DCL | DECLARE}
                 {   <PL/I host identifier>
                   | <left paren> <PL/I host identifier>
                          [ { <comma> <PL/I host identifier> }... ] <right paren> }

              <PL/I type specification>
              [ <character representation>... ] <semicolon>

         <PL/I host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

         <PL/I type specification> ::=
                { CHAR | CHARACTER } [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren>

                    [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
              | BIT [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren>
              | <PL/I type fixed decimal> <left paren> <precision>
                    [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren>
              | <PL/I type fixed binary> [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]

              | <PL/I type float binary> <left paren> <precision> <right paren>


         <PL/I type fixed decimal> ::=
                { DEC | DECIMAL } FIXED
              | FIXED { DEC | DECIMAL }

         <PL/I type fixed binary> ::=
                { BIN | BINARY } FIXED
              | FIXED { BIN | BINARY }

         <PL/I type float binary> ::=
                { BIN | BINARY } FLOAT
              | FLOAT { BIN | BINARY }










         520  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            19.9 <embedded SQL PL/I program>


         Syntax Rules

         1) An <embedded SQL PL/I program> is a compilation unit that con-
            sists of PL/I text and SQL text. The PL/I text shall conform to
            the PL/I standard ISO 6160. The SQL text shall consist of one
            or more <embedded SQL statement>s and, optionally, one or more
            <embedded SQL declare section>s.

         2) An <embedded SQL statement> may be specified wherever a PL/I
            statement may be specified within a procedure block. If the
            PL/I statement could include a label prefix, the <embedded SQL
            statement> may be immediately preceded by a label prefix.

         3) A <PL/I host identifier> is any valid PL/I variable identifier.
            A <PL/I host identifier> shall be contained in an <embedded SQL
            PL/I program>.

         4) A <PL/I variable definition> defines one or more host variables.

         5) A <PL/I variable definition> shall be modified as follows before
            it is placed into the program derived from the <embedded SQL
            PL/I program> (see the Syntax Rules of Subclause 19.1, "<embed-
            ded SQL host program>").

            a) Any optional CHARACTER SET specification shall be removed
              from the CHARACTER or CHARACTER VARYING alternatives of a
              <PL/I type specification>.

            b) The <length> specified in the CHARACTER or CHARACTER VARYING
              alternatives of any <PL/I type specification> that contains
              a CHARACTER SET specification shall be replaced by a length
              equal to the length in octets of PN, where PN is the <PL/I
              host identifier> specified in the containing <PL/I variable
              definition>.

            The modified <PL/I variable definition> shall be a valid PL/I
            data declaration in the program derived from the <embedded SQL
            PL/I program>.

         6) A <PL/I variable definition> shall specify a scalar variable,
            not an array or structure.

         7) The optional <character representation> sequence in a <PL/I
            variable definition> may specify an INITIAL clause. Whether
            other clauses may be specified is implementation-defined. The
            <character representation> sequence shall be such that the <PL/I
            variable definition> is a valid PL/I DECLARE statement.

         8) CHARACTER describes a character string variable whose equiva-
            lent SQL data type has the character set specified by <char-
            acter set specification>. If <character set specification> is
            not specified, then an implementation-defined <character set
            specification> is implicit.

                                                          Embedded SQL   521

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         19.9 <embedded SQL PL/I program>


            Case:

            a) If VARYING is not specified, the length of the variable is
              fixed. The equivalent SQL data type is CHARACTER with the
              same length.

            b) If VARYING is specified, the variable is of variable length,
              with maximum size the value of <length>. The equivalent SQL
              data type is CHARACTER VARYING with the same maximum length.

         9) BIT describes a bit string variable.

            Case:

            a) If VARYING is not specified, then the length of the variable
              is fixed. The equivalent SQL data type is BIT with the same
              length.

            b) If VARYING is specified, then the variable is of variable
              length with maximum size of the value of <length>. The equiv-
              alent SQL data type is BIT VARYING with the same maximum
              length.

         10)FIXED DECIMAL describes an exact numeric variable. The <scale>
            shall not be greater than the <precision>. The equivalent SQL
            data type is DECIMAL with the same <precision> and <scale>.

         11)FIXED BINARY describes an exact numeric variable. The equivalent
            SQL data type is SMALLINT or INTEGER.

         12)FLOAT BINARY describes an approximate numeric variable. The
            equivalent SQL data type is FLOAT with the same <precision>.

         13)If an <embedded SQL PL/I program> contains neither a <PL/I
            variable definition> that specifies SQLSTATE and that is de-
            fined with a <PL/I type specification> that specifies CHAR or
            CHARACTER with <length> 5 and does not specify VARYING, nor a
            <PL/I variable definition> that specifies SQLCODE and that is
            defined with a <PL/I type specification> that specifies FIXED
            BIN(PP) or FIXED BINARY(PP), where PP is the implementation-
            defined precision specified for a PL/I SQLCODE parameter in
            Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>", then it is assumed
            that the <embedded SQL PL/I program> contains a variable named
            SQLCODE defined with a data type of FIXED BINARY(PP), where PP
            is the implementation-defined precision specified for a PL/I
            SQLCODE parameter in Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>".

            Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE
            status parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported
            for compatibility with earlier versions of this International
            Standard. See Annex D, "Deprecated features".

         Access Rules

            None.

         522  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                            19.9 <embedded SQL PL/I program>


         General Rules

         1) See Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>"

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) A <PL/I type specification> shall not specify BIT or BIT
              VARYING.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <PL/I type specification> shall not specify CHARACTER
              VARYING.

            b) A <PL/I type specification> shall not contain a <character
              set specification>.



































                                                          Embedded SQL   523

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         524  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         20  Direct invocation of SQL



         20.1  <direct SQL statement>

         Function

         Specify direct execution of SQL.

         Format

         <direct SQL statement> ::=
              <directly executable statement> <semicolon>

         <directly executable statement> ::=
                <direct SQL data statement>
              | <SQL schema statement>
              | <SQL transaction statement>
              | <SQL connection statement>
              | <SQL session statement>
              | <direct implementation-defined statement>

         <direct SQL data statement> ::=
                <delete statement: searched>
              | <direct select statement: multiple rows>
              | <insert statement>
              | <update statement: searched>
              | <temporary table declaration>

         <direct implementation-defined statement> ::= !!See the Syntax
         Rules


         Syntax Rules

         1) The <direct SQL data statement> shall not contain any <parameter
            specification>, <dynamic parameter specification>, or <variable
            specification>.

         2) The <value specification> that represents the null value is
            implementation-defined.

         3) The Format and Syntax Rules for <direct implementation-defined
            statement> are implementation-defined.

         Access Rules

         1) The Access Rules for <direct implementation-defined statement>
            are implementation-defined.

                                              Direct invocation of SQL   525

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         20.1 <direct SQL statement>


         General Rules

         1) The following <direct SQL statement>s are transaction-initiating
            <direct SQL statement>s:

            a) <direct SQL statement>s that are transaction-initiating <SQL
              procedure statement>s;

            b) <direct select statement: multiple rows>; and

            c) <direct implementation-defined statement>s that are transaction-
              initiating.

         2) After the last invocation of an SQL-statement by an SQL-agent in
            an SQL-session:

            a) A <rollback statement> or a <commit statement> is effectively
              executed. If an unrecoverable error has occurred, or if the
              direct invocation of SQL terminated unexpectedly, or if any
              constraint is not satisfied, then a <rollback statement>
              is performed. Otherwise, the choice of which of these SQL-
              statements to perform is implementation-dependent. The deter-
              mination of whether a direct invocation of SQL has terminated
              unexpectedly is implementation-dependent.

            b) Let D be the <descriptor name> of any system descriptor area
              that is currently allocated within the current SQL-session. A
              <deallocate descriptor statement> that specifies

                 DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR D

              is effectively executed.

            c) All SQL-sessions associated with the SQL-agent are termi-
              nated.

         3) Let S be the <direct SQL statement>.

         4) The current <authorization identifier> for privilege determi-
            nation for the execution of S is the SQL-session <authorization
            identifier>.

         5) If S does not conform to the Format, Syntax Rules, and Access
            Rules for a <direct SQL statement>, then an exception condition
            is raised: syntax error or access rule violation in direct SQL
            statement.

         6) When S is invoked by the SQL-agent:

            Case:

            a) If S is an <SQL connection statement>, then:

              i) The diagnostics area is emptied.

             ii) S is executed.

         526  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 20.1 <direct SQL statement>


            iii) If S successfully initiated or resumed an SQL-session, then
                 subsequent invocations of a <direct SQL statement> by the
                 SQL-agent are associated with that SQL-session until the
                 SQL-agent terminates the SQL-session or makes it dormant.

            b) Otherwise:

              i) If no SQL-session is current for the SQL-agent, then

                 Case:

                 1) If the SQL-agent has not executed an <SQL connection
                   statement> and there is no default SQL-session asso-
                   ciated with the SQL-agent, then the following <connect
                   statement> is effectively executed:

                      CONNECT TO DEFAULT

                 2) If the SQL-agent has not executed an <SQL connection
                   statement> and there is a default SQL-session associated
                   with the SQL-agent, then the following <set connection
                   statement> is effectively executed:

                      SET CONNECTION DEFAULT

                 3) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: connection
                   exception-connection does not exist.

                 Subsequent calls to a <procedure> or invocations of a <di-
                 rect SQL statement> by the SQL-agent are associated with
                 the SQL-session until the SQL-agent terminates the SQL-
                 session or makes it dormant.

             ii) If an SQL-transaction is active for the SQL-agent, then
                 S is associated with that SQL-transaction. If S is a
                 <direct implementation-defined statement>, then it is
                 implementation-defined whether or not S may be associated
                 with an active SQL-transaction; if not, then an exception
                 condition is raised: invalid transaction state.

            iii) If no SQL-transaction is active for the SQL-agent, then

                 1) Case:

                   A) If S is a transaction-initiating <direct SQL state-
                      ment>, then an SQL-transaction is initiated.

                   B) If S is a <direct implementation-defined statement>,
                      then it is implementation-defined whether or not S
                      initiates an SQL-transaction. If an implementation
                      defines S to be transaction-initiating, then an SQL-
                      transaction is initiated.

                 2) If S initiated an SQL-transaction, then:

                   A) Let T be the SQL-transaction initiated by S.

                                              Direct invocation of SQL   527

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         20.1 <direct SQL statement>


                   B) T is associated with this invocation and any subse-
                      quent invocations of <direct SQL statement>s or calls
                      to a <procedure> by the SQL-agent until the SQL-agent
                      terminates T.

                   C) Case:

                      I) If a <set transaction statement> has been executed
                        since the termination of the last SQL-transaction
                        in the SQL-session (or if there has been no previ-
                        ous SQL-transaction in the SQL-session and a <set
                        transaction statement> has been executed), then the
                        access mode, constraint mode, and isolation level
                        of T are set as specified by the <set transaction
                        statement>.

                     II) Otherwise, the access mode, constraint mode for all
                        constraints, and isolation level for T are read-
                        write, immediate, and SERIALIZABLE, respectively.

                   D) T is associated with the SQL-session.

             iv) If S contains an <SQL schema statement> and the access
                 mode of the current SQL-transaction is read-only, then an
                 exception condition is raised: invalid transaction state.

              v) The diagnostics area is emptied.

             vi) S is executed.

         7) If the execution of a <direct SQL data statement> occurs within
            the same SQL-transaction as the execution of an SQL-schema
            statement and this is not allowed by the SQL-implementation,
            then an exception condition is raised: invalid transaction
            state.

         8) Case:

            a) If S executed successfully, then either a completion condi-
              tion is raised: successful execution, or a completion condi-
              tion is raised: warning, or a completion condition is raised:
              no data, as determined by the General Rules in this and other
              Subclauses of this International Standard.

            b) If S did not execute successfully, then all changes made to
              SQL-data or schemas by the execution of S are canceled and
              an exception condition is raised as determined by the General
              Rules in this and other Subclauses of this International
              Standard.

              Note: The method of raising a condition is implementation-
              defined.


         528  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                 20.1 <direct SQL statement>


         9) Diagnostics information resulting from the execution of S is
            placed into the diagnostics area as specified in Clause 18,
            "Diagnostics management".

            Note: The method of accessing the diagnostics information is
            implementation-defined, but does not alter the contents of the
            diagnostics area.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) A <direct SQL statement> shall not be an <SQL schema state-
              ment>.



































                                              Direct invocation of SQL   529

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         20.2 <direct select statement: multiple rows>


         20.2  <direct select statement: multiple rows>

         Function

         Specify a statement to retrieve multiple rows from a specified
         table.

         Format

         <direct select statement: multiple rows> ::=
              <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]


         Syntax Rules

         1) All Syntax Rules of Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>", apply
            to the <direct select statement: multiple rows>.

         2) The <query expression> or <order by clause> of a <direct select
            statement: multiple rows> shall not contain any <value specifi-
            cation> other than a <literal>, CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, or
            SYSTEM_USER.

         3) Let T be the table specified by the <query expression>.

         4) If ORDER BY is specified, then each <sort specification> in the
            <order by clause> shall identify a column of T.

            Case:

            a) If a <sort specification> contains a <column name>, then T
              shall contain exactly one column with that <column name> and
              the <sort specification> identifies that column.

            b) If a <sort specification> contains an <unsigned integer>,
              then the <unsigned integer> shall be greater than 0 and not
              greater than the degree of T. The <sort specification> iden-
              tifies the column of T with the ordinal position specified by
              the <unsigned integer>.

         Access Rules

            None.

         General Rules

         1) All General Rules of Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>", apply
            to the <direct select statement: multiple rows>.

         2) Let Q be the result of the <query expression>.

         3) If Q is empty, then a completion condition is raised: no data.

         4) If an <order by clause> is not specified, then the ordering of
            the rows of Q is implementation-dependent.

         530  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                               20.2 <direct select statement: multiple rows>


         5) If an <order by clause> is specified, then the ordering of rows
            of the result is effectively determined by the <order by clause>
            as follows:

            a) Each <sort specification> specifies the sort direction for
              the corresponding sort key Ki. If ASC is specified or implied
              in the i-th <sort specification>, then the sort direction for
              Ki is ascending and the applicable <comp op> is the <less
              than operator>. Otherwise, the sort direction for Ki is de-
              scending and the applicable <comp op> is the <greater than
              operator>.

            b) Let X and Y be distinct rows in the result table, and let
              XVi and YVi be the values of Ki in these rows, respectively.
              The relative position of rows X and Y in the result is de-
              termined by comparing XVi and YVi according to the rules of
              Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>", where the <comp op>
              is the applicable <comp op> for Ki, with the following spe-
              cial treatment of null values. Whether a sort key value that
              is null is considered greater or less than a non-null value
              is implementation-defined, but all sort key values that are
              null shall either be considered greater than all non-null
              values or be considered less than all non-null values. XVi
              is said to precede YVi if the value of the <comparison pred-
              icate> "XVi <comp op> YVi" is true for the applicable <comp
              op>.

            c) In the result table, the relative position of row X is before
              row Y if and only if XVn precedes YVn for some n greater than
              0 and less than the number of <sort specification>s and XVi =
              YVi for all i < n. The relative order of two rows for which
              XVi = YVi for all i is implementation-dependent.

         6) If Q is not empty, then Q is returned. The method of returning Q
            is implementation-defined.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.








                                              Direct invocation of SQL   531

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002

























































         532  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         21  Information Schema and Definition Schema



         21.1  Introduction

         The views of the Information Schema are defined in terms of base
         tables. The only purpose of the Definition Schema is to provide a
         data model to support the Information Schema and to assist under-
         standing. An implementation need do no more than simulate the exis-
         tence of the Definition Schema, as viewed through the Information
         Schema views.

         The Information Schema views are defined as being in a schema named
         INFORMATION_SCHEMA, enabling these views to be accessed in the same
         way as any other tables in any other schema. SELECT on all of these
         views is granted to PUBLIC WITH GRANT OPTION, so that they can be
         queried by any user and so that SELECT privilege can be further
         granted on views that reference these Information Schema views. No
         other privilege is granted on them, so they cannot be updated.

         The Information Schema also contains a small number of domains on
         which the columns of the Definition Schema are based. USAGE on all
         these domains is granted to PUBLIC WITH GRANT OPTION, so that they
         can be used by any user.

         An implementation may define objects that are associated with
         INFORMATION_SCHEMA that are not defined in this Clause. An im-
         plementation may also add columns to tables that are defined in
         this Clause.

         The base tables are defined as being in a schema named DEFINITION_
         SCHEMA. Because <unqualified schema name>s are prohibited from
         specifying DEFINITION_SCHEMA, the Definition Schema cannot be ac-
         cessed in an SQL-statement.

         Note: The Information Schema tables may be supposed to be rep-
         resented in the Definition Schema in the same way as any other
         tables, and are hence self-describing.

         Note: The Information Schema is a definition of the SQL data model,
         specified as an SQL-schema, in terms of <SQL schema statement>s as
         defined in this International Standard. Constraints defined in this
         Clause are not actual SQL constraints.

         <identifier>s are represented in the tables of the Information
         Schema by <string value expression>s corresponding to their <iden-
         tifier body>s (in the case of <regular identifier>s) or their <de-
         limited identifier body>s (in the case of <delimited identifier>s).
         Comparison of <identifier>s is defined in Subclause 8.2, "<compar-
         ison predicate>". Where an <identifier> has many equivalent forms,
         the one encountered at definition time is stored (of course, any
         lower case letters appearing in a <regular identifier> will have

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   533

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.1 Introduction


         been converted to the corresponding upper case letter before the
         <identifier> is stored in any table of the Information Schema).




















































         534  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2  Information Schema

         21.2.1  INFORMATION_SCHEMA Schema

         Function

         Identify the schema that is to contain the Information Schema ta-
         bles.

         Definition

         CREATE SCHEMA INFORMATION_SCHEMA
              AUTHORIZATION INFORMATION_SCHEMA


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.




























                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   535

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.2  INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME base table

         Function

         Identify the catalog that contains the Information Schema.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME
              ( CATALOG_NAME        SQL_IDENTIFIER,
                CONSTRAINT INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CATALOG_NAME ) )

         Definition

         1) The value of CATALOG_NAME is the name of the catalog in which
            this Information Schema resides.

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.

























         536  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.3  INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME_CARDINALITY assertion

         Function

         The assertion INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME_CARDINALITY ensures
         that there is exactly one row in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_
         NAME table.

         Definition

         CREATE ASSERTION INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME_CARDINALITY
              CHECK ( 1 = ( SELECT COUNT(*)
                              FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME ) )

         Description

         1) The INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME_CARDINALITY assertion en-
            sures that there is exactly one row in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
            CATALOG_NAME table.



































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   537

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.5  SCHEMATA view

         Function

         Identify the schemata that are owned by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW SCHEMATA
              AS SELECT
                  CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA_OWNER,
                  DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_
              SCHEMA,
                  DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA
                WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CATALOG_NAME
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.























         538  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.5  DOMAINS view

         Function

         Identify the domains defined in this catalog that are accessible to
         a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW DOMAINS
              AS SELECT DISTINCT
                DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME,
                DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_
              LENGTH,
                COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA,COLLATION_NAME,
                CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_SET_
              NAME,
                NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX, NUMERIC_SCALE,
                DATETIME_PRECISION, DOMAIN_DEFAULT
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.DOMAINS
                   JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR AS D
                     LEFT JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS AS S
                     USING ( COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME )
                   ON
                     ( ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, '' )
                     = ( TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_SCHEMA,
                           TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_NAME ) )
                WHERE
                      ( ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, 'DOMAIN' )

                        IN
                        ( SELECT OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, OBJECT_
              NAME, OBJECT_TYPE
                          FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.USAGE_PRIVILEGES
                            WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER ) )
                        OR
                        ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME ) IN
                          ( SELECT DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_
              NAME
                            FROM COLUMNS ) )
                  AND DOMAIN_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )








                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   539

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.











































         540  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.6  DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS view

         Function

         Identify the domain constraints of domains in this catalog that are
         accessible to a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS
              AS SELECT DISTINCT
                CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME,
                DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME,
                IS_DEFERRABLE, INITIALLY_DEFERRED
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS
                   JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA AS S
                        ON
                        ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                        = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME S) )
                WHERE
                  SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.

















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   541

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.7  TABLES view

         Function

         Identify the tables defined in this catalog that are accessible to
         a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW TABLES
              AS SELECT
                TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, TABLE_TYPE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TABLES
                  WHERE ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME )
                    IN (
                        SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                         FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
                           WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER )
                        UNION
                        SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                         FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
                           WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER ) )
                  AND TABLE_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.

















         542  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.8  VIEWS view

         Function

         Identify the viewed tables defined in this catalog that are acces-
         sible to a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW VIEWS
              AS SELECT
                TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                CASE WHEN ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, CURRENT_USER )
                            IN ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA_
              OWNER
                                        FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA )
                     THEN VIEW_DEFINITION
                     ELSE NULL
                END AS VIEW_DEFINITION,
                  CHECK_OPTION, IS_UPDATABLE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.VIEWS
                  WHERE ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME )
                    IN ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                         FROM TABLES )
                  AND TABLE_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   543

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.9  COLUMNS view

         Function

         Identify the columns of tables defined in this catalog that are
         accessible to a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW COLUMNS
              AS SELECT DISTINCT
                TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                C.COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION,
                CASE WHEN EXISTS ( SELECT *
                       FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA AS S
                       WHERE ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA )
                           = (S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME )
                         AND SCHEMA_OWNER = USER )
                      THEN COLUMN_DEFAULT
                     ELSE NULL
                END AS COLUMN_DEFAULT,
                IS_NULLABLE,
                COALESCE (D1.DATA_TYPE, D2.DATA_TYPE) AS DATA_TYPE,
                COALESCE (D1.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, D2.CHARACTER_
              MAXIMUM_LENGTH)
                    AS CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH,
                COALESCE (D1.CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH, D2.CHARACTER_OCTET_
              LENGTH)
                             AS CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH,
                COALESCE (D1.NUMERIC_PRECISION, D2.NUMERIC_PRECISION)
                             AS NUMERIC_PRECISION,
                COALESCE (D1.NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX, D2.NUMERIC_PRECISION_
              RADIX)
                             AS NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX,
                COALESCE (D1.NUMERIC_SCALE, D2.NUMERIC_SCALE) AS NUMERIC_
              SCALE,
                COALESCE (D1.DATETIME_PRECISION, D2.DATETIME_PRECISION) AS
              DATETIME_PRECISION,
                COALESCE (C1.CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, C2.CHARACTER_SET_
              CATALOG)
                             AS CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG,
                COALESCE (C1.CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, C2.CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA)

                             AS CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA,
                COALESCE (C1.CHARACTER_SET_NAME, C2.CHARACTER_SET_NAME) AS
              CHARACTER_SET_NAME,
                COALESCE (D1.COLLATION_CATALOG, D2.COLLATION_CATALOG) AS
              COLLATION_CATALOG,
                COALESCE (D1.COLLATION_SCHEMA, D2.COLLATION_SCHEMA) AS
              COLLATION_SCHEMA,
                COALESCE (D1.COLLATION_NAME, D2.COLLATION_NAME) AS
              COLLATION_NAME,
                DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME

         544  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS AS C
                  LEFT JOIN
                    DEFINITION_SCHEMA.DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR AS D1
                      LEFT JOIN
                        DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS AS C1
                        ON
                        ( ( C1.COLLATION_CATALOG, C1.COLLATION_SCHEMA, C1.COLLATION_
              NAME )
                        = ( D1.COLLATION_CATALOG, D1.COLLATION_SCHEMA, D1.COLLATION_
              NAME ) )
                  ON
                    ( ( C.TABLE_CATALOG, C.TABLE_SCHEMA, C.TABLE_NAME, C.COLUMN_
              NAME )
                    = ( D1.TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, D1.TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
              SCHEMA,
                          D1.TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, D1.COLUMN_NAME ) )
                  LEFT JOIN
                    DEFINITION_SCHEMA.DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR AS D2
                      LEFT JOIN
                        DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS AS C2
                        ON
                        ( ( C2.COLLATION_CATALOG, C2.COLLATION_SCHEMA, C2.COLLATION_
              NAME )
                        = ( D2.COLLATION_CATALOG, D2.COLLATION_SCHEMA, D2.COLLATION_
              NAME ) )
                  ON
                    ( ( C.DOMAIN_CATALOG, C.DOMAIN_SCHEMA, C.DOMAIN_NAME )
                    = ( D2.TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, D2.TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
              SCHEMA,
                          D2.TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME ) )
                  WHERE ( C.TABLE_CATALOG, C.TABLE_SCHEMA, C.TABLE_
              NAME, C.COLUMN_NAME )
                    IN
                      ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_
              NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                           FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
                             WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER ) )
                  AND C.TABLE_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   545

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.10  TABLE_PRIVILEGES view

         Function

         Identify the privileges on tables defined in this catalog that are
         available to or granted by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW TABLE_PRIVILEGES
              AS SELECT
                GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                  PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
                  WHERE   GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER )
                       OR GRANTOR = CURRENT_USER
                  AND TABLE_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.























         546  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.11  COLUMN_PRIVILEGES view

         Function

         Identify the privileges on columns of tables defined in this cata-
         log that are available to or granted by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
              AS SELECT
                GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_
              NAME, COLUMN_NAME,
                  PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
                  WHERE   GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER )
                       OR GRANTOR = CURRENT_USER
                  AND TABLE_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.






















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   547

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.12  USAGE_PRIVILEGES view

         Function

         Identify the USAGE privileges on objects defined in this catalog
         that are available to or granted by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW USAGE_PRIVILEGES
              AS SELECT
                GRANTOR, GRANTEE, OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, OBJECT_
              NAME,
                  OBJECT_TYPE, 'USAGE' AS PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.USAGE_PRIVILEGES
                  WHERE   GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER )
                       OR GRANTOR = CURRENT_USER
                  AND OBJECT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.






















         548  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.13  TABLE_CONSTRAINTS view

         Function

         Identify the table constraints defined in this catalog that are
         owned by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
              AS SELECT
                  CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME,
                  TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                  CONSTRAINT_TYPE, IS_DEFERRABLE, INITIALLY_DEFERRED
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                     JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                     ON
                      ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                      = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                   WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.


















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   549

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.14  REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS view

         Function

         Identify the referential constraints defined in this catalog that
         are owned by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
              AS SELECT
                  CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME,
                  UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, UNIQUE_
              CONSTRAINT_NAME,
                  MATCH_OPTION, UPDATE_RULE, DELETE_RULE
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
                     JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                     ON
                      ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                      = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                   WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.

















         550  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.15  CHECK_CONSTRAINTS view

         Function

         Identify the check constraints defined in this catalog that are
         owned by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
              AS SELECT
                  CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME, CHECK_CLAUSE
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
                     JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                     ON
                      ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                      = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                   WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.



















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   551

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.16  KEY_COLUMN_USAGE view

         Function

         Identify the columns defined in this catalog that are constrained
         as keys by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
              AS SELECT
                  CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME,
                  TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
                     JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                     ON
                      ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                      = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                   WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.


















         552  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.17  ASSERTIONS view

         Function

         Identify the assertions defined in this catalog that are owned by a
         given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW ASSERTIONS
              AS SELECT
                  CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME,
                  IS_DEFERRABLE, INITIALLY_DEFERRED
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.ASSERTIONS
                     JOIN
                     DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                     ON
                      ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                      = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                   WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.



















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   553

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.18  CHARACTER_SETS view

         Function

         Identify the character sets defined in this catalog that are acces-
         sible to a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW CHARACTER_SETS
              AS SELECT
                CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_SET_
              NAME,
                FORM_OF_USE, NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS,
                DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG, DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA, DEFAULT_
              COLLATE_NAME
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS
              WHERE ( CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_
              SET_NAME, 'CHARACTER SET')
                      IN
                      ( SELECT OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, OBJECT_
              NAME, OBJECT_TYPE
                          FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.USAGE_PRIVILEGES
                          WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER ) )
                  AND CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.















         554  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.19  COLLATIONS view

         Function

         Identify the character collations defined in this catalog that are
         accessible to a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW COLLATIONS
              AS SELECT
                COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_NAME,
                CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_SET_
              NAME,
                PAD_ATTRIBUTE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS
              WHERE ( COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME, 'COLLATION')
                      IN
                      ( SELECT OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, OBJECT_
              NAME, OBJECT_TYPE
                          FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.USAGE_PRIVILEGES
                          WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER ) )
                  AND COLLATION_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not reference the
              COLLATIONS view.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.
















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   555

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.20  TRANSLATIONS view

         Function

         Identify the character translations defined in this catalog that
         are accessible to a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW TRANSLATIONS
              AS SELECT
                TRANSLATION_CATALOG, TRANSLATION_SCHEMA, TRANSLATION_NAME,
                SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA,
                  SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_NAME,
                TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA,
                  TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_NAME
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TRANSLATIONS
              WHERE ( TRANSLATION_CATALOG, TRANSLATION_SCHEMA, TRANSLATION_
              NAME, 'TRANSLATION')
                      IN
                      ( SELECT OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, OBJECT_
              NAME, OBJECT_TYPE
                          FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.USAGE_PRIVILEGES
                          WHERE GRANTEE IN ( 'PUBLIC', CURRENT_USER ) )
                  AND TRANSLATION_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not reference the
              TRANSLATIONS view.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

              None.















         556  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.21  VIEW_TABLE_USAGE view

         Function

         Identify the tables on which viewed tables defined in this catalog
         and owned by a given user are dependent.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
              AS SELECT
                VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, VIEW_NAME,
                TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
                   JOIN
                   DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                  ON
                    ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA ) =
                    ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND VIEW_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.



















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   557

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.22  VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE view

         Function

         Identify the columns on which viewed tables defined in this catalog
         and owned by a given user are dependent.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE AS
              SELECT VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, VIEW_NAME,
                     TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE
                  JOIN
                  DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                    ON
                    ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA ) =
                    ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND VIEW_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.




















         558  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.23  CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE view

         Function

         Identify the tables that are used by referential constraints,
         unique constraints, check constraints, and assertions defined in
         this catalog and owned by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE
              AS
                SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                       CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME FROM
              (
                ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                         CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                    FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE )
              UNION
                ( SELECT PK.TABLE_CATALOG, PK.TABLE_SCHEMA, PK.TABLE_NAME,
                         FK.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, FK.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, FK.CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                    FROM
                    DEFINITION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS AS FK
                    JOIN
                    DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS AS PK
                      ON
                        ( FK.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, FK.UNIQUE_
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
                            FK.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME )
                      = ( PK.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, PK.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, PK.CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                )
              )
              JOIN
                DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                   ON
                    ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA ) =
                    ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                WHERE S.SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )









                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   559

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.











































         560  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.24  CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE view

         Function

         Identify the columns used by referential constraints, unique con-
         straints, check constraints, and assertions defined in this catalog
         and owned by a given user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE
              AS
                SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME,
                       CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME FROM
                  ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME,
                         CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                    FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE )
                  UNION
                  ( SELECT K.TABLE_CATALOG, K.TABLE_SCHEMA, K.TABLE_
              NAME, K.COLUMN_NAME,
                           CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                      FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                    JOIN DEFINITION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE AS K
                      USING ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                )
                JOIN
                  DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA
                   ON
                    ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA ) =
                    ( CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                  WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.


                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   561

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.25  COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE view

         Function

         Identify the columns defined in this catalog that are dependent on
         a domain defined in this catalog and owned by a user.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE
              AS SELECT
                D.DOMAIN_CATALOG, D.DOMAIN_SCHEMA, D.DOMAIN_NAME,
                TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS C
                   JOIN
                       DEFINITION_SCHEMA.DOMAINS D
                       JOIN
                       DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA S
                         ON ( ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA )
                         = ( S.CATALOG_NAME, S.SCHEMA_NAME ) )
                   ON ( ( D.DOMAIN_CATALOG, D.DOMAIN_SCHEMA, D.DOMAIN_
              NAME )
                         = ( C.DOMAIN_CATALOG, C.DOMAIN_SCHEMA, C.DOMAIN_
              NAME ) )
                WHERE SCHEMA_OWNER = CURRENT_USER
                  AND C.DOMAIN_NAME IS NOT NULL
                  AND D.DOMAIN_CATALOG
                    = ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
              CATALOG_NAME )

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.













         562  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.26  SQL_LANGUAGES view

         Function

         Identify the conformance levels, options, and dialects supported by
         the SQL-implementation processing data defined in this catalog.

         Definition

         CREATE VIEW SQL_LANGUAGES
              AS SELECT
                SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE, SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR, SQL_LANGUAGE_
              CONFORMANCE,
                  SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY, SQL_LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION,
                  SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE, SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_
              LANGUAGE
              FROM DEFINITION_SCHEMA.SQL_LANGUAGES

         Leveling Rules

         1) The following restrictions apply for Intermediate SQL:

              None.

         2) The following restrictions apply for Entry SQL in addition to
            any Intermediate SQL restrictions:

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference the
              Information Schema.

























                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   563

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.27  SQL_IDENTIFIER domain

         Function

         Define a domain that contains all valid <identifier>s

         Definition

         CREATE DOMAIN SQL_IDENTIFIER AS CHARACTER VARYING (L)
              CHARACTER SET SQL_TEXT

         Description

         1) This domain specifies any variable-length character value that
            conforms to the rules for an SQL <identifier>.

            Note: There is no way in SQL to specify a <domain constraint>
            that would be true for any valid SQL <identifier> and false for
            all other values.

         2) L is the implementation-defined maximum length of <identifier>.

         21.2.28  CHARACTER_DATA domain

         Function

         Define a domain that contains any character data.

         Definition

         CREATE DOMAIN CHARACTER_DATA AS CHARACTER VARYING (ML)
              CHARACTER SET SQL_TEXT

         Description

         1) This domain specifies any character data.

         2) ML is the implementation-defined maximum length of a variable-
            length character string.















         564  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                     21.2 Information Schema


         21.2.29  CARDINAL_NUMBER domain

         Function

         Define a domain that contains a non-negative number.

         Definition

         CREATE DOMAIN CARDINAL_NUMBER AS INTEGER
              CONSTRAINT CARDINAL_NUMBER_DOMAIN_CHECK CHECK ( VALUE >= 0 )

         Description

         1) The domain CARDINAL_NUMBER contains any non-negative number
            that is less than the implementation-defined maximum for INTEGER
            (i.e., the implementation-defined value of NUMERIC_PRECISION_
            RADIX raised to the power of implementation-defined NUMERIC_
            PRECISION).




































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   565

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3  Definition Schema

         21.3.1  Introduction

         The base tables are all defined in a <schema definition> for the
         schema named DEFINITION_SCHEMA. The table definitions are as com-
         plete as the definitional power of SQL allows. The table defi-
         nitions are supplemented with assertions where appropriate; see
         Subclause 21.4, "Assertions on the base tables". Each description
         comprises three parts:

         1) The function of the definition is stated.

         2) The SQL definition of the object is presented as a <table defi-
            nition>.

         3) An explanation of the object.

         The specification provides only a model of the base tables that are
         required, and does not imply that an implementation shall provide
         the functionality in the manner described in this clause.

         An instance of a definition schema describes an instance of a clus-
         ter of catalogs (see Subclause 4.13, "Clusters of catalogs").






























         566  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.2  DEFINITION_SCHEMA Schema

         Function

         Create the schema that is to contain the base tables that underlie
         the Information Schema

         Definition

         CREATE SCHEMA DEFINITION_SCHEMA
              AUTHORIZATION DEFINITION_SCHEMA

         Description


            None.






































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   567

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.3  USERS base table

         Function

         The USERS table has one row for each <authorization identifier>
         referenced in the Information Schema of the catalog. These are
         all those <authorization identifier>s that may grant or receive
         privileges as well as those that may create a schema, or currently
         own a schema created through a <schema definition>.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE USERS
              (
              USER_NAME     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                  CONSTRAINT USERS_PRIMARY_KEY PRIMARY KEY
              )

         Description

         1) The values of USER_NAME are <authorization identifier>s that are
            known.
































         568  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.4  SCHEMATA base table

         Function

         The SCHEMATA table has one row for each schema.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE SCHEMATA
              (
              CATALOG_NAME                   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              SCHEMA_NAME                    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              SCHEMA_OWNER                   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT SCHEMA_OWNER_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG  INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,

              CONSTRAINT SCHEMATA_PRIMARY_KEY PRIMARY KEY ( CATALOG_
              NAME, SCHEMA_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT SCHEMATA_FOREIGN_KEY FOREIGN KEY ( SCHEMA_OWNER )
                REFERENCES USERS
              )

         Description

         1) All the values of CATALOG_NAME are the name of the catalog in
            which the schemata are included.

         2) The values of SCHEMA_NAME are the unqualified schema names of
            the schemata in the catalog.

         3) The values of SCHEMA_OWNER are the authorization identifiers
            that own the schemata.

         4) The values of DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_
            SET_SCHEMA, and DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME are the catalog name,
            unqualified schema name, and qualified identifier, respectively,
            of the default character set for columns and domains in the
            schemata.







                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   569

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.5  DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR base table

         Function

         The DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR table has one row for each domain and
         one row for each column (in each table) that is defined as hav-
         ing a data type rather than a domain. It effectively contains a
         representation of the data type descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR
              (
              TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              COLUMN_NAME                 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              DATA_TYPE                   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA

                CONSTRAINT TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_DATA_TYPE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,
              CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,
              COLLATION_CATALOG           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              COLLATION_SCHEMA            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              COLLATION_NAME              INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              NUMERIC_PRECISION           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,
              NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,
              NUMERIC_SCALE               INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,
              DATETIME_PRECISION          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CHECK_COMBINATIONS
                CHECK ( DATA_TYPE IN ( 'CHARACTER', 'CHARACTER VARYING',
                                     'BIT', 'BIT VARYING' )
                      AND ( CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_
              LENGTH,
                          COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME )
                            IS NOT NULL
                      AND ( NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX,
                            NUMERIC_SCALE, DATETIME_PRECISION ) IS NULL

         570  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


                OR
                      DATA_TYPE IN ( 'REAL', 'DOUBLE PRECISION', 'FLOAT' )
                      AND ( CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_
              LENGTH,
                          COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME )
                              IS NULL
                      AND NUMERIC_PRECISION IS NOT NULL
                      AND NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX = 2
                      AND NUMERIC_SCALE IS NULL
                      AND DATETIME_PRECISION IS NULL
                OR
                      DATA_TYPE IN ( 'INTEGER', 'SMALLINT', 'NUMERIC',
              'DECIMAL' )
                      AND ( CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_
              LENGTH,
                          COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME )
                              IS NULL
                      AND NUMERIC_SCALE IS NOT NULL
                      AND ( NUMERIC_SCALE <> 0 AND NUMERIC_PRECISION_
              RADIX = 10
                            OR
                            NUMERIC_SCALE = 0 AND NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX
              IN ( 2, 10 ) )
                      AND DATETIME_PRECISION IS NULL
                OR
                      DATA_TYPE IN ( 'DATE', 'TIME', 'TIMESTAMP',
                                     'TIME WITH TIME ZONE', 'TIMESTAMP
              WITH TIME ZONE',
                                     'INTERVAL' )
                      AND ( CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH,
                          CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH,
                          COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME )
                              IS NULL
                      AND ( NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX )
              IS NULL
                      AND NUMERIC_SCALE IS NULL
                      AND DATETIME_PRECISION IS NOT NULL
                ),

              CONSTRAINT DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
              SCHEMA,
                                TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT DATA_TYPE_CHECK_REFERENCES_COLLATION
                  CHECK ( COLLATION_CATALOG
                          <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                     OR
                        ( COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME ) IN

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   571

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


                        ( SELECT COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME
                          FROM COLLATIONS ) ),

              CONSTRAINT DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_CHECK_USED
                CHECK ( (TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_SCHEMA,
                           TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_NAME)
                  IN (
                      SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME
                          FROM COLUMNS
                      UNION
                      SELECT DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, ''

                          FROM DOMAINS )
                    )
              )


         Description

         1) The values of TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG and TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
            SCHEMA are the catalog name and the unqualified schema name,
            respectively, of the schema that contains the object (domain or
            column) to which the data type descriptor belongs.

         2) Case:

            a) If the length of COLUMN_NAME is 0, then the value of TABLE_
              OR_DOMAIN_NAME is the name of the domain to which the data
              type descriptor belongs.

            b) Otherwise, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME is the name of the table and
              COLUMN_NAME is the name of the column in that table to which
              the data type descriptor belongs.

         3) The values of DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_
            OCTET_LENGTH, COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
            NAME, NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX, NUMERIC_SCALE,
            and DATETIME_PRECISION contain the data type of the domain or
            column being defined, the maximum length in characters or bits
            of the column if it is a character or bit type respectively,
            maximum length in octets of the column if it is a character
            type, the qualified name of the applicable collation if it is
            a character type, the precision and radix of the precision if
            it is a numeric type, and the precision if it is a datetime or
            interval type.







         572  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.6  DOMAINS base table

         Function

         The DOMAINS table has one row for each domain. It effectively con-
         tains a representation of the domain descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE DOMAINS
              (
              DOMAIN_CATALOG        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              DOMAIN_SCHEMA         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              DOMAIN_NAME           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              DOMAIN_DEFAULT        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA,

              CONSTRAINT DOMAINS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT DOMAINS_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA ) REFERENCES SCHEMATA,


              CONSTRAINT DOMAINS_CHECK_DATA_TYPE
                CHECK ( DOMAIN_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                   OR
                      ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, '' ) IN

                      ( SELECT TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
              SCHEMA,
                               TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                        FROM DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR ) )
              )


         Description

         1) The values of DOMAIN_CATALOG and DOMAIN_SCHEMA are the catalog
            name and unqualified schema name, respectively, of the schema in
            which the domain is defined.

         2) The value of DOMAIN_NAME is the name of the domain.

         3) The value of DOMAIN_DEFAULT is null if the domain being de-
            scribed has no default value. Otherwise, the value of DOMAIN_
            DEFAULT is a character representation of the default value for
            the domain that obeys the rules specified for <default option>
            in Subclause 11.5, "<default clause>".





                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   573

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.7  DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS base table

         Function

         The DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS table has one row for each domain constraint
         associated with a domain. It effectively contains a representation
         of the domain constraint descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              DOMAIN_CATALOG        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CATALOG_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              DOMAIN_SCHEMA         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              DOMAIN_NAME           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_NAME_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              IS_DEFERRABLE         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_DEFERRABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              INITIALLY_DEFERRED    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_INITIALLY_DEFERRED_NOT_NULL
              NOT NULL,
              CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME ),
              CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                  REFERENCES SCHEMATA,

              CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
                FOREIGN KEY ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                  REFERENCES CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,

              CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_FOREIGN_KEY_DOMAINS
                FOREIGN KEY ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME )
                  REFERENCES DOMAINS,

              CONSTRAINT DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_CHECK_DEFERRABLE
                CHECK ( ( IS_DEFERRABLE, INITIALLY_DEFERRED ) IN
                        ( VALUES ( 'NO',  'NO' ),
                                 ( 'YES', 'NO' ),
                                 ( 'YES', 'YES' ) ) )
              )





         574  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG and CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA are the
            catalog name and unqualified schema name of the schema in which
            the domain constraint is defined.

         2) The value of CONSTRAINT_NAME is the name of the domain con-
            straint.

         3) The values of DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA and DOMAIN_NAME
            are the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified
            identifier, respectively, of the domain in which the domain
            constraint is defined.

         4) The values of IS_DEFERRABLE have the following meanings:

            YES      The domain constraint is deferrable.

            NO       The domain constraint is not deferrable.

         5) The values of INITIALLY_DEFERRED have the following meanings:

            YES      The domain constraint is initially deferred.

            NO       The domain constraint is initially immediate.





























                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   575

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.8  TABLES base table

         Function

         The TABLES table contains one row for each table including views.
         It effectively contains a representation of the table descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE TABLES
              (
              TABLE_CATALOG          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_TYPE             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_TYPE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_TYPE_CHECK CHECK ( TABLE_TYPE IN
                        ( 'BASE TABLE', 'VIEW', 'GLOBAL TEMPORARY', 'LOCAL TEMPORARY' ) ),

                CONSTRAINT CHECK_TABLE_IN_COLUMNS
                  CHECK ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ) IN
                        ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                            FROM COLUMNS ) ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLES_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLES_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA )
                  REFERENCES SCHEMATA,

              CONSTRAINT TABLES_CHECK_NOT_VIEW CHECK ( NOT EXCEPTIONEXISTS
                ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                    FROM TABLES
                    WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'VIEW'
                  EXCEPT
                  SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                    FROM VIEWS ) )
              )

         Description

         1) The values of TABLE_CATALOG and TABLE_SCHEMA are the catalog
            name and unqualified schema name, respectively, of the schema in
            which the table is defined.

         2) The value of TABLE_NAME is the name of the table.

         3) The values of TABLE_TYPE have the following meanings:





         576  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema



            BASE TABLE     The table being described is a persistent base
                           table.

            VIEW           The table being described is a viewed table.

            GLOBAL         The table being described is a global temporary
            TEMPORARY      table.

            LOCAL          The table being described is a created local
            TEMPORARY      temporary table.











































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   577

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.9  VIEWS base table

         Function

         The VIEWS table contains one row for each row in the TABLES ta-
         ble with a TABLE_TYPE of 'VIEW'. Each row describes the query
         expression that defines a view. The table effectively contains a
         representation of the view descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE VIEWS
              (
              TABLE_CATALOG   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              VIEW_DEFINITION INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA,
              CHECK_OPTION    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT CHECK_OPTION_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT CHECK_OPTION_CHECK
                  CHECK ( CHECK_OPTION IN ( 'CASCADED', 'LOCAL', 'NONE' ) ),

              IS_UPDATABLE       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT IS_UPDATABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT IS_UPDATABLE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( IS_UPDATABLE IN ( 'YES', 'NO' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEWS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEWS_IN_TABLES_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ) IN
                  ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                    FROM TABLES
                    WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'VIEW' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEWS_IS_UPDATABLE_CHECK_OPTION_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( IS_UPDATABLE, CHECK_OPTION ) NOT IN
                  ( VALUES ( 'NO', 'CASCADED' ), ( 'NO', 'LOCAL' ) ) )
              )

         Description

         1) The values of TABLE_CATALOG and TABLE_SCHEMA are the catalog
            name and unqualified schema name, respectively, of the schema in
            which the viewed table is defined.

         2) The value of TABLE_NAME is the name of the viewed table.






         578  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         3) Case:

            a) If the character representation of the <query expression>
              contained in the <view definition> that defined the view be-
              ing described can be represented without truncation, then the
              value of VIEW_DEFINITION is that character representation.

            b) Otherwise, the value of VIEW_DEFINITION is the null value.

            Note: Any implicit <column reference>s that were contained in
            the <query expression> associated with the <view definition> are
            replaced by explicit <column reference>s in VIEW_DEFINITION.

         4) The values of CHECK_OPTION have the following meanings:

            CASCADED The <view definition> contains WITH CASCADED CHECK
                    OPTION.

            LOCAL   The <view definition> contains WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION.

            NONE    The <view definition> does not contain WITH CHECK
                    OPTION.

         5) The values of IS_UPDATABLE have the following meanings:

            YES   The <view definition> simply contains a <query expres-
                  sion> that is updatable.

            NO    The <view definition> simply contains a <query expres-
                  sion> that is not updatable.
























                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   579

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.10  COLUMNS base table

         Function

         The COLUMNS table has one row for each column. It effectively con-
         tains a representation of the column descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE COLUMNS
              (
              TABLE_CATALOG      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLUMN_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              ORDINAL_POSITION   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_NUMBER
                CONSTRAINT COLUMN_POSITION_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              DOMAIN_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              DOMAIN_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              DOMAIN_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLUMN_DEFAULT     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA,
              IS_NULLABLE        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA,

              CONSTRAINT COLUMNS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT COLUMNS_UNIQUE
                UNIQUE ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ORDINAL_
              POSITION ),

              CONSTRAINT COLUMNS_FOREIGN_KEY_TABLES
                FOREIGN KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME )
                  REFERENCES TABLES,

              CONSTRAINT COLUMNS_CHECK_REFERENCES_DOMAIN
                CHECK ( DOMAIN_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                   OR
                      ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME ) IN
                      ( SELECT DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME
                        FROM DOMAINS ) ),

              CONSTRAINT COLUMNS_CHECK_DATA_TYPE
                CHECK ( DOMAIN_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                   OR
                  ( ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME )
              IS NOT NULL
                      AND
                    ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ) NOT IN


         580  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


                    ( SELECT TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
              SCHEMA,
                               TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                        FROM DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR )
                   OR
                    ( DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME ) IS NULL
                      AND
                    ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ) IN
                    ( SELECT TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG, TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_
              SCHEMA,
                               TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                        FROM DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR )
                  ) )
              )


         Description

         1) Case:

            a) If a column is described by a column descriptor included in
              a table descriptor, then the table descriptor and the column
              descriptor are associated with that column.

            b) If a column is described by a column descriptor included in a
              view descriptor, then the view descriptor and the correspond-
              ing column descriptor of the table of the <query expression>
              are associated with that column.

         2) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME are
            the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified iden-
            tifier, respectively, of the table containing the column being
            described.

         3) The value of COLUMN_NAME is the name of the column being de-
            scribed.

         4) The values of DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, and DOMAIN_NAME
            are null if the column being described is not defined using a
            <domain name>. Otherwise, the values of DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_
            SCHEMA, and DOMAIN_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema
            name, and qualified identifier, respectively, of the domain used
            by the column being described.

         5) The value of ORDINAL_POSITION is the ordinal position of the
            column in the table.

         6) The value of COLUMN_DEFAULT is null if the column being de-
            scribed has no default value or if its default value comes
            only from a domain. Otherwise, the value of COLUMN_DEFAULT is
            a character representation of the default value for the col-
            umn that obeys the rules specified for <default option> in
            Subclause 11.5, "<default clause>".

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   581

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         7) The values of IS_NULLABLE have the following meanings:

            YES   The columns is possibly nullable.

            NO    The column is known not nullable.

















































         582  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.11  VIEW_TABLE_USAGE base table

         Function

         The VIEW_TABLE_USAGE table has one row for each table referenced in
         the <query expression> of a view.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
              (
              VIEW_CATALOG           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              VIEW_SCHEMA            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              VIEW_NAME              INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              CONSTRAINT VIEW_TABLE_USAGE_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, VIEW_NAME,
                            TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEW_TABLE_USAGE_CHECK_REFERENCES_TABLES
                  CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG
                          <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                     OR
                        ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ) IN
                        ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                          FROM TABLES ) ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEW_TABLE_USAGE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIEWS
                FOREIGN KEY ( VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, VIEW_NAME )
                REFERENCES VIEWS
              )

         Description

         1) The values of VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, and VIEW_NAME are the
            catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified identifier,
            respectively, of the view being described.

         2) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME are
            the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified identi-
            fier, respectively, of a table view requires.










                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   583

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.12  VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE base table

         Function

         The VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE table has one row for each column referenced
         by a view.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE
              (
              VIEW_CATALOG           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              VIEW_SCHEMA            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              VIEW_NAME              INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLUMN_NAME            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              CONSTRAINT VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, VIEW_NAME,
                            TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE_CHECK_REFERENCES_COLUMNS
                  CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG
                          <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                     OR
                        ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ) IN
                        ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_
              NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                          FROM COLUMNS ) ),

              CONSTRAINT VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIEWS
              FOREIGN KEY ( VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, VIEW_NAME )
                REFERENCES VIEWS
              )

         Description

         1) The values of VIEW_CATALOG, VIEW_SCHEMA, and VIEW_NAME are the
            catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified identifier,
            respectively, of the view being described.

         2) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, and
            COLUMN_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name, qual-
            ified identifier, and identifier, respectively, of a column that
            is explicitly or implicitly referenced in the <query expression>
            of the view being described.




         584  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.13  TABLE_CONSTRAINTS base table

         Function

         The TABLE_CONSTRAINTS table has one row for each table constraint
         associated with a table. It effectively contains a representation
         of the table constraint descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_TYPE       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
              CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_TYPE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_TYPE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( CONSTRAINT_TYPE IN
                          ( 'UNIQUE',
                            'PRIMARY KEY',
                            'FOREIGN KEY',
                            'CHECK' ) ),

              TABLE_CATALOG         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_TABLE_CATALOG_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              TABLE_SCHEMA          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_TABLE_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              TABLE_NAME            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_TABLE_NAME_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              IS_DEFERRABLE INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_IS_DEFERRABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              INITIALLY_DEFERRED    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_INITIALLY_DEFERRED_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_CHECK_REFERENCES_TABLES
                CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                   OR
                      ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ) IN
                      ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                        FROM TABLES ) ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_DEFERRED_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( IS_DEFERRABLE, INITIALLY_DEFERRED ) IN

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   585

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


                          ( VALUES ( 'NO',  'NO' ),
                                   ( 'YES', 'NO' ),
                                   ( 'YES', 'YES' ) ) ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_CHECK_VIEWS
                CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                   OR
                  ( ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ) IN
                       ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                        FROM TABLES
                        WHERE TABLE_TYPE <> 'VIEW' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_UNIQUE_CHECK
                CHECK ( 1 =
                  ( SELECT COUNT (*)
                    FROM ( SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                           FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                           WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE IN
                                 ( 'UNIQUE', 'PRIMARY KEY' )
                    UNION ALL
                    SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                    FROM REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
                    UNION ALL
                    SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                    FROM CHECK_CONSTRAINTS ) AS X
                    WHERE ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                        = ( X.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, X.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, X.CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                  ) ),

              CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_CHECK
                CHECK ( UNIQUE ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_
              NAME
                                 FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                                 WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY' ) )
              )


         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the constraint being
            described. If the <table constraint definition> or <add table
            constraint definition> that defined the constraint did not spec-
            ify a <constraint name>, then the values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG,
            CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and CONSTRAINT_NAME are implementation-
            defined.

         586  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         2) The values of CONSTRAINT_TYPE have the following meanings:

            FOREIGN     The constraint being described is a foreign key
            KEY         constraint.

            UNIQUE      The constraint being described is a unique con-
                        straint.

            PRIMARY     The constraint being described is a primary key
            KEY         constraint.

            CHECK       The constraint being described is a check con-
                        straint.

         3) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME are
            the catalog name, the unqualified schema name, and the qual-
            ified identifier of the name of the table to which the table
            constraint being described applies.

         4) The values of IS_DEFERRABLE have the following meanings:

            YES   The table constraint is deferrable.

            NO    The table constraint is not deferrable.

         5) The values of INITIALLY_DEFERRED have the following meanings:

            YES   The table constraint is initially deferred.

            NO    The table constraint is initially immediate.
























                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   587

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.14  KEY_COLUMN_USAGE base table

         Function

         The KEY_COLUMN_USAGE table has one or more rows for each row in
         the TABLE_CONSTRAINTS table that has a CONSTRAINT_TYPE of "UNIQUE",
         "PRIMARY KEY", or "FOREIGN KEY". The rows list the columns that
         constitute each unique constraint, and the referencing columns in
         each foreign key constraint.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_TABLE_CATALOG_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              TABLE_SCHEMA          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_TABLE_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              TABLE_NAME            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_TABLE_NAME_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              COLUMN_NAME           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              ORDINAL_POSITION      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_NUMBER
                CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_ORDINAL_POSITION_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_USAGE_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME,
                              COLUMN_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_USAGE_UNIQUE
                UNIQUE ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
                         CONSTRAINT_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION ),

              CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_USAGE_FOREIGN_KEY_COLUMNS
                FOREIGN KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME )
                  REFERENCES COLUMNS,

              CONSTRAINT KEY_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT_TYPE_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                      IN ( SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                             FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                             WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE IN
                                 ( 'UNIQUE', 'PRIMARY KEY', 'FOREIGN KEY' ) ) )

              )



         588  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the constraint being
            described.

         2) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, and
            COLUMN_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name, qual-
            ified identifier of the table name, and the column name of the
            column that participates in the unique, primary key, or foreign
            key constraint being described.

         3) The value of ORDINAL_POSITION is the ordinal position of the
            specific column in the constraint being described. If the con-
            straint described is a key of cardinality 1, then the value of
            ORDINAL_POSITION is always 1. If the constraint being described
            is a foreign key constraint, then ORDINAL_POSITION also identi-
            fies the position within the uniqueness constraint of the column
            that this column references.


































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   589

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.15  REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS base table

         Function

         The REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS table has one row for each row in
         the TABLE_CONSTRAINTS table that has a CONSTRAINT_TYPE value of
         "FOREIGN KEY".

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME              INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              MATCH_OPTION                 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA
                CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_MATCH_OPTION_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_MATCH_OPTION_CHECK
                  CHECK ( MATCH_OPTION IN ( 'NONE', 'PARTIAL', 'FULL' ) ),
              UPDATE_RULE                  INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA
                CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_UPDATE_RULE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_UPDATE_RULE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( UPDATE_RULE IN ('CASCADE', 'SET NULL', 'SET DEFAULT',
              'NO ACTION' ) ),
              DELETE_RULE                  INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA
                CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_DELETE_RULE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_DELETE_RULE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( DELETE_RULE IN ('CASCADE', 'SET NULL', 'SET DEFAULT',
              'NO ACTION' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS_CONSTRAINT_TYPE_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )


         590  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


                      IN ( SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                             FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                             WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'FOREIGN KEY' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK_REFERENCES_UNIQUE_
              CONSTRAINT
                CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )

                      OR
                      ( ( UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_
              SCHEMA,
                          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME ) IN
                          ( SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_
              SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME
                            FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                            WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE
                              IN ( 'UNIQUE', 'PRIMARY KEY' ) ) ) )
              )


         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the constraint being
            described.

         2) The values of UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_
            SCHEMA, and UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqual-
            ified schema name, and qualified identifier, respectively, of
            the unique or primary key constraint applied to the referenced
            column list being described.

         3) The values of MATCH_OPTION have the following meanings:

            NONE       No <match type> was specified.

            PARTIAL    A <match type> of PARTIAL was specified.

            FULL       A <match type> of FULL was specified.

         4) The values of UPDATE_RULE have the following meanings for a
            referential constraint that has an update rule:

            CASCADE       A <referential action> of CASCADE was specified.

            SET NULL      A <referential action> of SET NULL was specified.

            SET DEFAULT   A <referential action> of SET DEFAULT was speci-
                          fied.

            NO ACTION     A <referential action> of NO ACTION was speci-
                          fied.

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   591

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         5) The values of DELETE_RULE have the following meanings for a
            referential constraint that has a <delete rule>:

            CASCADE       A <referential action> of CASCADE was specified.

            SET NULL      A <referential action> of SET NULL was specified.

            SET DEFAULT   A <referential action> of SET DEFAULT was speci-
                          fied.

            NO ACTION     A <referential action> of NO ACTION was speci-
                          fied.










































         592  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.16  CHECK_CONSTRAINTS base table

         Function

         The CHECK_CONSTRAINTS table has one row for each domain constraint,
         table check constraint, and assertion.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA  INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CHECK_CLAUSE       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA,

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_CONSTRAINTS_SOURCE_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                    IN
                      ( SELECT * FROM (
                        SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                          FROM ASSERTIONS
                        UNION
                        SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                          FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                        UNION
                        SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                          FROM DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS ) ) )
              )

         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the constraint being
            described.

         2) Case:

            a) If the character representation of the <search condition>
              contained in the <check constraint definition>, <domain
              constraint definition>, or <assertion definition> that de-
              fined the check constraint being described can be represented
              without truncation, then the value of CHECK_CLAUSE is that
              character representation.

                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   593

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


            b) Otherwise, the value of CHECK_CLAUSE is the null value.

            Note: Any implicit <column reference>s that were contained in
            the <search condition> associated with a <check constraint def-
            inition> or an <assertion definition> are replaced by explicit
            <column reference>s in CHECK_CONSTRAINTS.
















































         594  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.17  CHECK_TABLE_USAGE base table

         Function

         The CHECK_TABLE_USAGE table has one row for each table referenced
         by the <search condition> of a check constraint, domain constraint,
         or assertion.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE CHECK_TABLE_USAGE
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_TABLE_USAGE_PRIMARY_KEY
              PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME,
                            TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_TABLE_USAGE_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
              FOREIGN KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                REFERENCES CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_TABLE_USAGE_CHECK_REFERENCES_TABLES
                  CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG
                          <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                     OR
                        ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME ) IN
                        ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME
                          FROM TABLES ) )
              )

         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the constraint being
            described.

         2) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME are
            the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified iden-
            tifier, respectively, of a table that is referenced by the
            constraint being described.





                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   595

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.18  CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE base table

         Function

         The CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE table has one row for each column referenced
         by the <search condition> of a check constraint, domain constraint,
         or assertion.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLUMN_NAME            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME,
                              TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
                FOREIGN KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                  REFERENCES CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,

              CONSTRAINT CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE_CHECK_REFERENCES_COLUMNS
                CHECK ( TABLE_CATALOG
                          <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                        OR
                          ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME ) IN
                            ( SELECT TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_
              NAME, COLUMN_NAME
                              FROM COLUMNS ) )
              )

         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the constraint being
            described.






         596  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         2) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, and
            COLUMN_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of a column that is
            referenced by the constraint being described.


















































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   597

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.19  ASSERTIONS base table

         Function

         The ASSERTIONS table has one row for each assertion. It effectively
         contains a representation of the assertion descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE ASSERTIONS
              (
              CONSTRAINT_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CONSTRAINT_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              IS_DEFERRABLE          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT ASSERTIONS_IS_DEFERRABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
              INITIALLY_DEFERRED     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT ASSERTIONS_INITIALLY_DEFERRED_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              CONSTRAINT ASSERTIONS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT ASSERTIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
                FOREIGN KEY (CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                  REFERENCES CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,

              CONSTRAINT ASSERTIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA )
                  REFERENCES SCHEMATA,

              CONSTRAINT ASSERTIONS_DEFERRED_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( IS_DEFERRABLE, INITIALLY_DEFERRED ) IN
                   VALUES ( ( 'NO',  'NO' ),
                            ( 'YES', 'NO' ),
                            ( 'YES', 'YES' ) ) )
              )


         Description

         1) The values of CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and
            CONSTRAINT_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the assertion being
            described.

         2) The values of IS_DEFERRABLE have the following meanings:

            YES      The assertion is deferrable.

            NO       The assertion is not deferrable.


         598  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         3) The values of INITIALLY_DEFERRED have the following meanings:

            YES      The assertion is initially deferred.

            NO       The assertion is initially immediate.

















































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   599

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.20  TABLE_PRIVILEGES base table

         Function

         The TABLE_PRIVILEGES table has one row for each table privilege
         descriptor. It effectively contains a representation of the table
         privilege descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE TABLE_PRIVILEGES
              (
              GRANTOR                INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              GRANTEE                INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME             INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              PRIVILEGE_TYPE         INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_TYPE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( PRIVILEGE_TYPE IN
                           ( 'SELECT', 'INSERT', 'DELETE', 'UPDATE'
                             'REFERENCES' ) ),
              IS_GRANTABLE           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                 CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTABLE_CHECK
                   CHECK ( IS_GRANTABLE IN ( 'YES', 'NO' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_
              SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME,
                              PRIVILEGE_TYPE ),

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_FOREIGN_KEY_TABLES
                FOREIGN KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME )
                  REFERENCES TABLES,

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTOR_FOREIGN_KEY_USERS
                FOREIGN KEY ( GRANTOR )
                  REFERENCES USERS,

              CONSTRAINT TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTEE_FOREIGN_KEY_USERS
                FOREIGN KEY ( GRANTEE )
                  REFERENCES USERS
              )

         Description

         1) The value of GRANTOR is the <authorization identifier> of the
            user who granted table privileges, on the table identified by
            TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME, to the user iden-
            tified by the value of GRANTEE for the table privilege being
            described.


         600  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         2) The value of GRANTEE is the <authorization identifier> of some
            user, or "PUBLIC" to indicate all users, to whom the table priv-
            ilege being described is granted.

         3) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME are
            the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified iden-
            tifier, respectively, of the table on which the privilege being
            described has been granted.

         4) The values of PRIVILEGE_TYPE have the following meanings:

            SELECT   The user has SELECT privileges on the table identified
                     by TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME.

            DELETE   The user has DELETE privileges on the table identified
                     by TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_NAME.

            INSERT   The user will automatically be granted INSERT priv-
                     ileges on any columns that may be added to the table
                     identified by TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_
                     NAME in the future.

            UPDATE   The user will automatically be granted UPDATE priv-
                     ileges on any columns that may be added to the table
                     identified by TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and TABLE_
                     NAME in the future.

            REFERENCESThe user will automatically be granted REFERENCES
                     privileges on any columns that may be added to the
                     table identified by TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, and
                     TABLE_NAME in the future.

         5) The values of IS_GRANTABLE have the following meanings:

            YES      The privilege being described was granted WITH GRANT
                     OPTION and is thus grantable.

            NO       The privilege being described was not granted WITH
                     GRANT OPTION and is thus not grantable.















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   601

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.21  COLUMN_PRIVILEGES base table

         Function

         The COLUMN_PRIVILEGES table has one row for each column privilege
         descriptor. It effectively contains a representation of the column
         privilege descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
              (
              GRANTOR          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              GRANTEE          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_CATALOG    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_SCHEMA     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              TABLE_NAME       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLUMN_NAME      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              PRIVILEGE_TYPE   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_TYPE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( PRIVILEGE_TYPE IN ( 'SELECT', 'INSERT', 'UPDATE',
              'REFERENCES' ) ),
              IS_GRANTABLE     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_IS_GRANTABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL

                CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_IS_GRANTABLE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( IS_GRANTABLE IN ( 'YES', 'NO' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY
                  ( GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_
              NAME,
                    PRIVILEGE_TYPE, COLUMN_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_FOREIGN_KEY_COLUMNS
                FOREIGN KEY ( TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_
              NAME )
                  REFERENCES COLUMNS,

              CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_GRANTOR_FOREIGN_KEY_USERS
                FOREIGN KEY ( GRANTOR )
                  REFERENCES USERS,

              CONSTRAINT COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_GRANTEE_FOREIGN_KEY_USERS
                FOREIGN KEY ( GRANTEE )
                  REFERENCES USERS
              )







         602  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         Description

         1) The value of GRANTOR is the <authorization identifier> of the
            user who granted column privileges, on the column identified by
            TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, and COLUMN_NAME, to the
            user identified by the value of GRANTEE for the column privilege
            being described.

         2) The value of GRANTEE is the <authorization identifier> of some
            user, or "PUBLIC" to indicate all users, to whom the column
            privilege being described is granted.

         3) The values of TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, and
            COLUMN_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and
            qualified identifier, respectively, of the column to which the
            privilege being described was granted.

         4) The values of PRIVILEGE_TYPE have the following meanings:

            SELECT   The user has SELECT privilege on the column identified
                     by TABLE_CATALOG.TABLE_SCHEMA.TABLE_NAME.COLUMN_NAME.

            INSERT   The user has INSERT privilege on the column identified
                     by TABLE_CATALOG.TABLE_SCHEMA.TABLE_NAME.COLUMN_NAME.

            UPDATE   The user has UPDATE privilege on the column identified
                     by TABLE_CATALOG.TABLE_SCHEMA.TABLE_NAME.COLUMN_NAME.

            REFERENCE The user has REFERENCES privilege on the column
                     identified by TABLE_CATALOG.TABLE_SCHEMA.TABLE_
                     NAME.COLUMN_NAME.

         5) The values of IS_GRANTABLE have the following meanings:

            YES      The privilege being described was granted WITH GRANT
                     OPTION and is thus grantable.

            NO       The privilege being described was not granted WITH
                     GRANT OPTION and is thus not grantable.















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   603

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.22  USAGE_PRIVILEGES base table

         Function

         The USAGE_PRIVILEGES table has one row for each usage privilege
         descriptor. It effectively contains a representation of the usage
         privilege descriptors.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE USAGE_PRIVILEGES
              (
              GRANTOR        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              GRANTEE        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              OBJECT_CATALOG INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              OBJECT_SCHEMA  INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              OBJECT_NAME    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              OBJECT_TYPE    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_OBJECT_TYPE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( OBJECT_TYPE IN
                        ( 'DOMAIN', 'CHARACTER SET', 'COLLATION', 'TRANSLATION' ) ),

              IS_GRANTABLE   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_IS_GRANTABLE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL
                CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_IS_GRANTABLE_CHECK
                  CHECK ( IS_GRANTABLE IN ( 'YES', 'NO' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( GRANTOR, GRANTEE, OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_
              SCHEMA,
                              OBJECT_NAME, OBJECT_TYPE ),

              CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_CHECK_REFERENCES_OBJECT
                CHECK ( ( OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, OBJECT_NAME, OBJECT_
              TYPE ) IN
                ( SELECT DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME,'DOMAIN'

                    FROM DOMAINS
                  UNION
                  SELECT CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_
              SET_NAME,
                             'CHARACTER SET'
                    FROM CHARACTER_SETS
                  UNION
                  SELECT COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME, 'COLLATION'
                    FROM COLLATIONS
                  UNION
                  SELECT TRANSLATION_CATALOG, TRANSLATION_SCHEMA, TRANSLATION_
              NAME,
                             'TRANSLATION'
                    FROM TRANSLATIONS ) ),


         604  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


              CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTOR_FOREIGN_KEY_USERS
                FOREIGN KEY ( GRANTOR )
                  REFERENCES USERS,

              CONSTRAINT USAGE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTEE_FOREIGN_KEY_USERS
                FOREIGN KEY ( GRANTEE )
                  REFERENCES USERS
              )


         Description

         1) The value of GRANTOR is the <authorization identifier> of the
            user who granted usage privileges, on the object of the type
            identified by OBJECT_TYPE that is identified by OBJECT_CATALOG,
            OBJECT_SCHEMA, and OBJECT_NAME, to the user identified by the
            value of GRANTEE for the usage privilege being described.

         2) The value of GRANTEE is the <authorization identifier> of some
            user, or "PUBLIC" to indicate all users, to whom the usage priv-
            ilege being described is granted.

         3) The values of OBJECT_CATALOG, OBJECT_SCHEMA, and OBJECT_NAME
            are the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and qualified
            identifier, respectively, of the object to which the privilege
            applies.

         4) The values of OBJECT_TYPE has the following meanings:

            DOMAIN        The object to which the privilege applies is a
                          domain.

            CHARACTER     The object to which the privilege applies is a
            SET           character set.

            COLLATION     The object to which the privilege applies is a
                          collation.

            TRANSLATION   The object to which the privilege applies is a
                          translation.

         5) The values of IS_GRANTABLE have the following meanings:

            YES   The privilege being described was granted WITH GRANT
                  OPTION and is thus grantable.

            NO    The privilege being described was not granted WITH GRANT
                  OPTION and is thus not grantable.






                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   605

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.23  CHARACTER_SETS base table

         Function

         The CHARACTER_SETS table has one row for each character set de-
         scriptor.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE CHARACTER_SETS
              (
              CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              CHARACTER_SET_NAME          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              FORM_OF_USE                 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,

              NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CARDINAL_
              NUMBER,
              DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER

                CONSTRAINT CHARACTER_SETS_DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER

                CONSTRAINT CHARACTER_SETS_DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER

                CONSTRAINT CHARACTER_SETS_DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,

              CONSTRAINT CHARACTER_SETS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_
              SCHEMA, CHARACTER_SET_NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT CHARACTER_SETS_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA )

                  REFERENCES SCHEMATA,

              CONSTRAINT CHARACTER_SETS_CHECK_REFERENCES_COLLATIONS
                CHECK ( CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                      OR
                        ( DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG, DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA,
                          DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME ) IN
                            ( SELECT COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_
              SCHEMA, COLLATION_NAME
                              FROM COLLATIONS ) )
              )

         606  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema



         Description

         1) The values of CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and
            CHARACTER_SET_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema
            name, and qualified identifier, respectively, of the character
            set being described.

         2) The value of FORM_OF_USE is the name of the form-of-use of the
            character set.

         3) The value of NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS is the number of characters in
            the character repertoire.

         4) Case:

            a) If the default collation for the character repertoire is
              the order of characters in the repertoire, then the val-
              ues of DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG and DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA
              are the values of CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG and CHARACTER_SET_
              SCHEMA, respectively, and the value of DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME
              is implementation-dependent.

            b) Otherwise, the values of DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG, DEFAULT_
              COLLATE_SCHEMA, and DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME are catalog name,
              unqualified schema name, and qualified identifier, respec-
              tively, of the default collation.

         5) There is a row in this table for the character set INFORMATION_
            SCHEMA.SQL_TEXT. In that row:

            a) CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_
              SET_NAME are the name of the catalog, 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
              and 'SQL_TEXT', respectively.

            b) FORM_OF_USE is implementation-defined.

            c) NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS is implementation-defined.

            d) DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG, DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA, and DEFAULT_
              COLLATE_NAME are the name of the catalog, 'INFORMATION_
              SCHEMA', and 'SQL_TEXT', respectively.












                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   607

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.24  COLLATIONS base table

         Function

         The COLLATIONS table has one row for each character collation de-
         scriptor.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE COLLATIONS
              (
              COLLATION_CATALOG       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLLATION_SCHEMA        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              COLLATION_NAME          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER,
              CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG   INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              CHARACTER_SET_NAME      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_CHARACTER_SET_NAME_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,

              PAD_ATTRIBUTE           INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_DATA
                  CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_PAD_ATTRIBUTE_CHECK
                    CHECK ( PAD_ATTRIBUTE IN ( 'NO PAD', 'PAD SPACE' ) ),

              CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLATION_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA )
                  REFERENCES SCHEMATA,

              CONSTRAINT COLLATIONS_CHECK_REFERENCES_CHARACTER_SETS
                CHECK ( COLLATION_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT  CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                      OR
                        ( CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHARACTER_
              SET_NAME )
                            IN
                              ( SELECT CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_
              SET_SCHEMA,
                                       CHARACTER_SET_NAME
                                FROM CHARACTER_SETS ) )
              )







         608  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


         Description

         1) The values of COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, and COLLATION_
            NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name, and quali-
            fied identifier, respectively, of the collation being defined.

         2) The values of CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and
            CHARACTER_SET_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema
            name, and qualified identifier, respectively, of the character
            set on which the collation is defined.

         3) The values of PAD_ATTRIBUTE have the following meanings:

            NO PAD     The collation being described has the NO PAD at-
                       tribute.

            PAD SPACE  The collation being described has the PAD SPACE
                       attribute.

         4) A row always exists in this table for the collation SQL_TEXT.
            That row contains the definition of the collation corresponding
            to the default collation for the characters in the character set
            SQL_TEXT. In that row:

            a) COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_SCHEMA, and COLLATION_NAME are
              the name of the catalog, 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA', and 'SQL_
              TEXT', respectively.

            b) CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_
              SET_NAME are the name of the catalog, 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
              and 'SQL_TEXT', respectively.

            c) PAD_ATTRIBUTE is implementation-defined.





















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   609

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.25  TRANSLATIONS base table

         Function

         The TRANSLATIONS table has one row for each character translation
         descriptor.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE TRANSLATIONS
              (
              TRANSLATION_CATALOG              INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              TRANSLATION_SCHEMA               INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              TRANSLATION_NAME                 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER,
              SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_NAME_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG     INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA      INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,
              TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_NAME        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_
              IDENTIFIER
                CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_NAME_NOT_
              NULL NOT NULL,

              CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_PRIMARY_KEY
                PRIMARY KEY ( TRANSLATION_CATALOG, TRANSLATION_SCHEMA, TRANSLATION_
              NAME ),

              CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                FOREIGN KEY ( TRANSLATION_CATALOG, TRANSLATION_SCHEMA )
                  REFERENCES SCHEMATA,

              CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_CHECK_REFERENCES_SOURCE
                CHECK ( SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )

         610  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


                      OR
                        ( SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, SOURCE_CHARACTER_
              SET_SCHEMA,
                          SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_NAME ) IN
                            ( SELECT CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_
              SCHEMA,
                                     CHARACTER_SET_NAME
                              FROM CHARACTER_SETS ) ),

              CONSTRAINT TRANSLATIONS_CHECK_REFERENCES_TARGET
                CHECK ( TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
                        <> ANY ( SELECT CATALOG_NAME FROM SCHEMATA )
                      OR
                        ( TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, TARGET_CHARACTER_
              SET_SCHEMA,
                          TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_NAME ) IN
                            ( SELECT CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_
              SCHEMA,
                                     CHARACTER_SET_NAME
                              FROM CHARACTER_SETS ) )
              )


         Description

         1) The values of TRANSLATION_CATALOG, TRANSLATION_SCHEMA, and
            TRANSLATION_NAME are the catalog name, unqualified schema name,
            and qualified identifier, respectively, of the translation being
            described.

         2) The values of SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, SOURCE_CHARACTER_
            SET_SCHEMA, and SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_NAME are the catalog name,
            unqualified schema name, and qualified identifier, respectively,
            of the character set specified as the source for the transla-
            tion.

         3) The values of TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, TARGET_CHARACTER_
            SET_SCHEMA, and TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_NAME are the catalog name,
            unqualified schema name, and qualified identifier, respectively,
            of the character set specified as the target for the transla-
            tion.













                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   611

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         21.3.26  SQL_LANGUAGES base table

         Function

         The SQL_LANGUAGES table has one row for each ISO and implementation-
         defined SQL language binding and programming language for which
         conformance is claimed.

         Definition

         CREATE TABLE SQL_LANGUAGES
              (
                SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE               INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA
                  CONSTRAINT SQL_LANGUAGES_SOURCE_NOT_NULL NOT NULL,
                SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR                 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA,
                SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE          INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA,
                SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY            INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA,
                SQL_LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION       INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA,
                SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA,
                SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_
              DATA,

              CONSTRAINT SQL_LANGUAGES_STANDARD_VALID_CHECK
                CHECK ( ( SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE = 'ISO 9075' AND
                          SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR IS NOT NULL AND
                          SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE IS NOT NULL AND
                          SQL_LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION IS NULL AND
                          ( ( SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR = '1987' AND
                              SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE IN ( '1', '2' ) AND
                              SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY IS NULL AND
                              ( ( SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE = 'DIRECT' AND

                                  SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE
              IS NULL )
                                OR
                                ( SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE IN ( 'EMBEDDED', 'MODULE' )

                                  AND
                                  SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE IN
                                    ( 'COBOL', 'FORTRAN', 'PASCAL', 'PLI' ) ) ) )

                            OR
                            ( SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR = '1989' AND AND
                              SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE IN ( '1', '2' ) AND
                              SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY IN ( 'NO', 'YES' ) AND



         612  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


                              ( ( SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE = 'DIRECT' AND

                                  SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE
              IS NULL )
                                OR
                                ( SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE IN ( 'EMBEDDED', 'MODULE' )

                                  AND
                                  SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE IN
                                    ( 'COBOL', 'FORTRAN', 'PASCAL', 'PLI' ) ) ) )

                            OR
                            ( SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR = '1992' AND
                              SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE IN
                                  ( 'ENTRY', 'INTERMEDIATE', 'FULL' ) AND
                              SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY IS NULL AND
                              ( ( SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING  = 'DIRECT' AND
                                  SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUGE
              IS NULL )
                                OR
                                ( SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING  IN ( 'EMBEDDED', 'MODULE' )

                                  AND
                                  SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE IN
                                      ( 'ADA', 'C', 'COBOL',
                                        'FORTRAN', 'MUMPS', 'PASCAL', 'PLI' ) ) ) ) ) )

                        OR
                        ( SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE <> 'ISO 9075' )
                      )
              )


         Description

         1) Each row represents one binding of an ISO or implementation-
            defined SQL language to a standard module language, direct
            invocation, or an embedded programming language.

         2) The value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is the name of the source of
            the language definition. The source of standard SQL language
            is the value 'ISO 9075', while the source of an implementation-
            defined version of SQL is implementation-defined.

         3) If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is 'ISO 9075', then the
            value of SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR is the year that the ISO standard
            was approved. Otherwise, the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR is
            implementation-defined.

            Note: As each new ISO SQL standard revision is approved, a new
            valid value of SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR must be added to the CHECK
            constraint for this column.


                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   613

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.3 Definition Schema


         4) If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is 'ISO 9075', then the
            value of SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE is the conformance level to
            which conformance is claimed for the ISO standard. Otherwise,
            the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE is implementation-defined.

         5) If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is 'ISO 9075' and that
            language contains an optional integrity enhancement feature,
            then the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY is 'YES' if confor-
            mance is claimed to the integrity enhancement feature, and 'NO'
            otherwise. Otherwise, the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY is
            implementation-defined.

         6) If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is 'ISO 9075', then the
            value of SQL_LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION is null. Otherwise, the
            value of SQL_LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION is an implementation-
            defined character string value.

         7) If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is 'ISO 9075', then the
            value of SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is the style of binding of
            the SQL language. If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is
            'MODULE', then the binding style of <module> is supported. If
            the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is 'EMBEDDED', then the
            binding style of <embedded SQL host program> is supported. If
            the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is 'DIRECT', then the
            binding style of <direct SQL statement> is supported. Otherwise,
            the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is implementation-
            defined.

         8) If the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is 'ISO 9075', then the
            value of SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is the program-
            ming language supported by the binding style indicated by
            the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE. If the value of
            SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is 'DIRECT', then SQL_LANGUAGE_
            PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is the null value. If the value of SQL_
            LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE is 'MODULE' or 'EMBEDDED', then SQL_
            LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE has the value 'ADA', 'C', 'COBOL',
            'FORTRAN', 'MUMPS', 'PASCAL', or 'PLI'.

            Case:

            a) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'ADA', then Ada is
              supported with the given binding style.

            b) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'C', then C is sup-
              ported with the given binding style.

            c) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'COBOL', then COBOL
              is supported with the given binding style.

            d) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'FORTRAN', then
              Fortran is supported with the given binding style.

            e) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'MUMPS', then MUMPS
              is supported with the given binding style.

         614  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                      21.3 Definition Schema


            f) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'PASCAL', then Pascal
              is supported with the given binding style.

            g) If SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is 'PLI', then PL/I is
              supported with the given binding style.

            Otherwise, the value of SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE is
            implementation-defined.














































                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   615

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.4 Assertions on the base tables


         21.4  Assertions on the base tables

         The following clauses specify assertions that apply to the base
         tables specified in Subclause 21.3, "Definition Schema".

         The paramount criterion in formulating these assertions (after cor-
         rectness) is ease of understanding for the human reader. There may
         well be formulations of the same assertions that are more effi-
         cient for some SQL-implementation, and quite possibly for all such
         implementations.


         21.4.1  UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME assertion

         Function

         The UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME assertion ensures that the same combi-
         nation of <schema name> and <constraint name> is not used by more
         than one constraint.

         Note: The UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME assertion avoids the need for
         separate checks on DOMAINS, TABLE_CONSTRAINTS, and ASSERTIONS.

         Definition

         CREATE ASSERTION UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME
              CHECK ( 1 =
                ( SELECT MAX ( OCCURRENCES ) FROM
                  ( SELECT COUNT (*) AS OCCURRENCES FROM
                      ( SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                        FROM DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS
                      UNION ALL
                      SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                        FROM TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                      UNION ALL
                      SELECT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                        FROM ASSERTIONS )
                    GROUP BY CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                  )
                ) )

         Description

         1) The UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME assertion checks that no combination
            of (CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME)
            appears more than once in the tables DOMAINS, TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
            and ASSERTIONS.



         616  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                          21.4 Assertions on the base tables


         21.4.2  EQUAL_KEY_DEGREES assertion

         Function

         The assertion EQUAL_KEY_DEGREES ensures that every foreign key is
         of the same degree as the corresponding unique constraint.

         Definition

         CREATE ASSERTION EQUAL_KEY_DEGREES
              CHECK
                ( NOT EXISTS
                  ( SELECT * FROM       ( SELECT
                          COUNT ( DISTINCT FK.COLUMN_NAME ),
                          COUNT ( DISTINCT PK.COLUMN_NAME )
                        FROM KEY_COLUMN_USAGE AS FK,
                             REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS AS RF,
                             KEY_COLUMN_USAGE AS PK
                        WHERE ( FK.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, FK.CONSTRAINT_
              SCHEMA,
                                  FK.CONSTRAINT_NAME )
                            = ( RF.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, RF.CONSTRAINT_
              SCHEMA,
                                  RF.CONSTRAINT_NAME )
                          AND
                              ( PK.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, PK.CONSTRAINT_
              SCHEMA,
                                  PK.CONSTRAINT_NAME )
                            = ( RF.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, RF.UNIQUE_
              CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
                                  RF.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME )
                        GROUP BY
                          RF.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, RF.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, RF.CONSTRAINT_
              NAME
                    ) AS REF ( FK_DEGREE, PK_DEGREE )
                      WHERE FK_DEGREE <> PK_DEGREE ) )


















                              Information Schema and Definition Schema   617

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         21.4 Assertions on the base tables


         21.4.3  KEY_DEGREE_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO_1 assertion

         Function

         The assertion KEY_DEGREE_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO_1 ensures that
         every unique or primary key constraint has at least one unique
         column and that every referential constraint has at least one ref-
         erencing column.

         Definition

         CREATE ASSERTION KEY_DEGREE_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO_1
              CHECK
                ( NOT EXISTS
                  ( SELECT * FROM
                      TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                      FULL OUTER JOIN
                        KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
                          USING ( CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_
              NAME )
                      WHERE COLUMN_NAME IS NULL
                          AND CONSTRAINT_TYPE IN
                                  ( 'UNIQUE', 'PRIMARY KEY', 'FOREIGN KEY' ) ) )































         618  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         22  Status codes



         22.1  SQLSTATE

         The character string value returned in an SQLSTATE parameter com-
         prises a 2-character class value followed by a 3-character subclass
         value, each with an implementation-defined character set that has a
         one-octet form-of-use and is restricted to <digit>s and <simple
         Latin upper case letter>s. Table 23, "SQLSTATE class and sub-
         class values", specifies the class value for each condition and
         the subclass value or values for each class value.

         Class values that begin with one of the <digit>s '0', '1', '2',
         '3', or '4' or one of the <simple Latin upper case letter>s 'A',
         'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', or 'H' are returned only for con-
         ditions defined in this International Standard or in any other
         International Standard. The class value 'HZ' is reserved for con-
         ditions defined in ISO/IEC DIS 9579-2. Subclass values associated
         with such classes that also begin with one of those 13 characters
         are returned only for conditions defined in this International
         Standard; subclass values associated with such classes that begin
         with one of the <digit>s '5', '6', '7', '8', or '9' or one of the
         <simple Latin upper case letter>s 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N',
         'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', or 'Z' are
         reserved for implementation-specified conditions and are called
         implementation-defined subclasses.

         Class values that begin with one of the <digit>s '5', '6', '7',
         '8', or '9' or one of the <simple Latin upper case letter>s 'I',
         'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V',
         'W', 'X', 'Y', or 'Z' are reserved for implementation-specified
         conditions and are called implementation-defined classes. All sub-
         class values except '000', which means no subclass, associated with
         such classes are reserved for implementation-specified conditions
         and are called implementation-defined subclasses.

         If a subclass value is not specified for a condition, then either
         subclass '000' or an implementation-defined subclass is returned.

         An implementation-specified condition may duplicate a condition de-
         fined in this International Standard; however, if such a condition
         occurs as a result of executing a statement, then the corresponding
         implementation-defined SQLSTATE value shall not be returned in the
         SQLSTATE parameter but may be returned in the diagnostics area.

         ____________Table_23-SQLSTATE_class_and_subclass_values____________

         _Condition__________________Class_Subcondition_______________Subclass

        | ambiguous cursor name    | 3C  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
                                                          Status codes   619

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         22.1 SQLSTATE


         ________Table_23-SQLSTATE_class_and_subclass_values_(Cont.)________

         _Condition__________________Class_Subcondition_______________Subclass

        | cardinality violation    | 21  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | connection exception     | 08  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | connection does not      | 003  |
                                           exist

        |                          |     | connection failure       | 006  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | connection name in use   | 002  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | SQL-client unable to     | 001  |
                                           establish SQL-connection

        |                          |     | SQL-server rejected      | 004  |
        |                          |     | establishment of SQL-    |      |
                                           connection

        |                          |     | transaction resolution   | 007  |
        |                          |     | unknown                  |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | data exception           | 22  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | character not in reper-  | 021  |
                                           toire

        |                          |     | datetime field overflow  | 008  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | division by zero         | 012  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | error in assignment      | 005  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | indicator overflow       | 022  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | interval field overflow  | 015  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | invalid character value  | 018  |
                                           for cast

        |                          |     | invalid datetime format  | 007  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | invalid escape character | 019  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | invalid escape sequence  | 025  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | invalid parameter value  | 023  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | invalid time zone dis-   | 009  |
                                           placement value

        |                          |     | null value, no indicator | 002  |
        |                          |     | parameter                |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | numeric value out of     | 003  |
        |                          |     | range                    |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | string data, length      | 026  |
        |                          |     | mismatch                 |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
         620  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               22.1 SQLSTATE


         ________Table_23-SQLSTATE_class_and_subclass_values_(Cont.)________

         _Condition__________________Class_Subcondition_______________Subclass

        |                          |     | string data, right       | 001  |
                                           truncation

        |                          |     | substring error          | 011  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | trim error               | 027  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | unterminated C string    | 024  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | dependent privilege      | 2B  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
          descriptors still exist

        | dynamic SQL error        | 07  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | cursor specification     | 003  |
                                           cannot be executed

        |                          |     | invalid descriptor count | 008  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | invalid descriptor index | 009  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | prepared statement not a | 005  |
                                           cursor specification

        |                          |     | restricted data type     | 006  |
        |                          |     | attribute violation      |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | using clause does not    | 001  |
        |                          |     | match dynamic parameter  |      |
                                           specifications

        |                          |     | using clause does not    | 002  |
        |                          |     | match target specifica-  |      |
        |                          |     | tions                    |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | using clause required    | 004  |
        |                          |     | for dynamic parameters   |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | using clause required    | 007  |
        |                          |     | for result fields        |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | feature not supported    | 0A  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | multiple server transac- | 001  |
                                           tions

        | integrity constraint     | 23  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | violation                |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid authorization    | 28  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | specification            |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid catalog name     | 3D  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid character set    | 2C  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
          name

        | invalid condition number | 35  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
                                                          Status codes   621

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         22.1 SQLSTATE


         ________Table_23-SQLSTATE_class_and_subclass_values_(Cont.)________

         _Condition__________________Class_Subcondition_______________Subclass

        | invalid connection name  | 2E  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid cursor name      | 34  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid cursor state     | 24  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid schema name      | 3F  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid SQL descriptor   | 33  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
          name

        | invalid SQL statement    | 26  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | name                     |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid transaction      | 25  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | state                    |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | invalid transaction      | 2D  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | termination              |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | no data                  | 02  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | Remote Database Access   | HZ  | (See ISO/IEC 9579-2 for  |      |
                                           the definition of pro-
                                           tocol subconditions and
                                           subclass code values)

        | successful completion    | 00  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | syntax error or access   | 42  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | rule violation           |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | syntax error or access   | 2A  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | rule violation in direct |     |                          |      |
          SQL statement

        | syntax error or ac-      | 37  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | cess rule violation in   |     |                          |      |
        | dynamic SQL statement    |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | transaction rollback     | 40  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | integrity constraint     | 002  |
        |                          |     | violation                |      |

        |                          |     | serialization failure    | 001  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | statement completion     | 003  |
                                           unknown

        | triggered data change    | 27  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        | violation                |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | warning                  | 01  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | cursor operation con-    | 001  |
                                           flict

         622  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                               22.1 SQLSTATE


         ________Table_23-SQLSTATE_class_and_subclass_values_(Cont.)________

         _Condition__________________Class_Subcondition_______________Subclass

        |                          |     | disconnect error         | 002  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | implicit zero-bit        | 008  |
                                           padding

        |                          |     | insufficient item de-    | 005  |
        |                          |     | scriptor areas           |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | null value eliminated in | 003  |
        |                          |     | set function             |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | privilege not granted    | 007  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | privilege not revoked    | 006  |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | query expression too     | 00A  |
                                           long for information
                                           schema

        |                          |     | search condition too     | 009  |
        |                          |     | long for information     |      |
        |                          |     | schema                   |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     | string data, right       | 004  |
        |                          |     | truncation               |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        | with check option viola- | 44  | (no subclass)            | 000  |
        |_tion_____________________|_____|__________________________|______|
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |
        |                          |     |                          |      |



















                                                          Status codes   623

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         22.2 SQLCODE


         22.2  SQLCODE

         Table 24, "SQLCODE values", specifies the integer value returned in
         an SQLCODE parameter for each condition. The negative values that
         indicate exception conditions are implementation-defined.


         ______________________Table_24-SQLCODE_values______________________

         _Value__Condition__________________________________________________

        | 0    | successful completion                                     |
        |      |                                                           |
        | +100 | no data                                                   |
        |      |                                                           |
        |_-n___|_exception_________________________________________________|
        |      |                                                           |
         Note: SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter. The SQLCODE sta-
         tus parameter is a deprecated feature that is supported for compat-
         ibility with earlier versions of this International Standard. See
         Annex D, "Deprecated features".

































         624  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002






         23  Conformance



         23.1  Introduction

         This International Standard specifies conforming SQL language and
         conforming SQL-implementations.

         Conforming SQL language shall abide by the BNF Format, associated
         Syntax Rules and Access Rules, definitions, and descriptions.

         A conforming SQL-implementation shall process conforming SQL lan-
         guage according to the associated General Rules, definitions, and
         descriptions.

         The object identifier for Database Language SQL is specified in
         Subclause 3.4, "Object identifier for Database Language SQL".

         23.2  Claims of conformance

         Claims of conformance to this International Standard shall state:

         1) Which level of conformance is claimed:

            a) Full SQL (The complete database language specified in this
              International Standard.)

            b) Intermediate SQL (Intermediate SQL is a subset of Full SQL as
              specified in the Leveling Rules.)

            c) Entry SQL (Entry SQL is a subset of Intermediate SQL as spec-
              ified in the Leveling Rules.)

         2) Which of the following binding styles are supported:

            a) Module (<module>)

            b) Embedded syntax (<embedded SQL host program>)

            c) Direct invocation and processing of SQL language (<direct SQL
              statement>)

         3) For the binding styles module or embedded syntax, which of the
            following programming languages are supported:

            a) Ada

            b) C

            c) COBOL

            d) Fortran

                                                           Conformance   625

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         23.2 Claims of conformance


            e) MUMPS

            f) Pascal

            g) PL/I

         4) The definitions for all elements and actions that this Standard
            specifies as implementation-defined.

         23.3  Extensions and options

         A conforming implementation may provide additional facilities or
         options not specified by this International Standard. This may im-
         ply an implementation-defined extension of the list of reserved
         words (<reserved word>) and thereby may prevent proper process-
         ing of some programs that otherwise meet the requirements of this
         International Standard.

         An implementation remains conforming even if it provides user op-
         tions to process nonconforming SQL language or to process conform-
         ing SQL language in a nonconforming manner.

         23.4  Flagger requirements


         Implementations that claim conformance only to Entry SQL may, but
         are not required to, provide an SQL Flagger (see Subclause 4.34,
         "SQL Flagger").

         Implementations that claim conformance to Intermediate SQL shall
         provide an SQL Flagger (see Subclause 4.34, "SQL Flagger") that
         supports the following "level of flagging" options:

         -  Entry SQL Flagging

         -  Intermediate SQL Flagging

         and the following "extent of checking" option:

         -  Syntax Only

         Implementations that claim conformance to Full SQL shall provide an
         SQL Flagger (see Subclause 4.34, "SQL Flagger") that supports the
         following "level of flagging" options:

         -  Entry SQL Flagging

         -  Intermediate SQL Flagging

         -  Full SQL Flagging

         and the following "extent of checking" options:

         -  Syntax Only

         626  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                   23.4 Flagger requirements


         -  Catalog Lookup

         23.5  Processing methods


         This International Standard does not define the method by which an
         <embedded SQL host program> is processed. Although the processing
         of <embedded SQL host program> is defined in terms of derivation
         of a program compliant with a programming language standard and a
         <module>, implementations of SQL are not constrained to follow that
         method, provided that effect is achieved.

         Although the processing of <direct SQL statement> is defined in
         terms of calls to <procedure>s in a <module>, implementations of
         Direct Invocation are not constrained to follow that method, so
         long as the same effect is achieved.






































                                                           Conformance   627

 































































         628  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002









                                       Annex A

                                    (informative)

                              Leveling the SQL Language



         This Annex describes the restrictions placed on conforming
         Intermediate SQL and Entry SQL language.


         A.1  Intermediate SQL Specifications


         1) Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>":

            a) In conforming Intermediate SQL language, a <regular iden-
              tifier> or a <delimited identifier body> shall not comprise
              more than 18 <character representation>s.

            b) A <delimiter token> shall not be a <bit string literal> or a
              <hex string literal>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <iden-
              tifier body> that ends in an <underscore>.

         2) Subclause 5.3, "<literal>":

            a) An <unsigned integer> that is a <seconds fraction> shall not
              contain more than 6 <digit>s.

            b) A <literal> or <unsigned literal> shall not be a <bit string
              literal> or a <hex string literal>.

            c) A <character string literal> shall not specify a <character
              set specification>.

         3) Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <extended statement name> or <extended cursor name>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collation name>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              explicit <catalog name>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  629

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


            d) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <translation name> or <form-of-use conversion name>.

            e) An <identifier> shall not specify a <character set specifica-
              tion>.

         4) Subclause 6.1, "<data type>":

            a) A <datetime type> shall not specify a <time precision> or
              <timestamp precision>.

            b) A <data type> shall not be a <bit string type>.

         5) Subclause 6.2, "<value specification> and <target specifica-
            tion>":

            a) In Intermediate SQL, the specific data type of <indicator
              parameter>s and <indicator variable>s shall be the same
              implementation-defined data type.

         6) Subclause 6.3, "<table reference>":

            a) A <table reference> shall not be a <derived table>.

         7) Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>":

            a) If a <general set function> specifies DISTINCT, then the
              <value expression> shall be a <column reference>.

         8) Subclause 6.6, "<numeric value function>":

            a) A <numeric value function> shall not be a <position expres-
              sion>.

            b) A <numeric value function> shall not contain a <length ex-
              pression> that is a <bit length expression>.

         9) Subclause 6.7, "<string value function>":

            a) A <character value function> shall not be a <fold>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <char-
              acter translation>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <form-
              of-use conversion>.

            d) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <bit
              value function>.

         10)Subclause 6.8, "<datetime value function>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <time
              precision> or <timestamp precision>.

         630  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         11)Subclause 6.13, "<string value expression>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <bit
              value expression>.

         12)Subclause 7.1, "<row value constructor>":

            a) A <row value constructor> that is not simply contained in
              a <table value constructor> shall not contain more than one
              <row value constructor element>.

         13)Subclause 7.2, "<table value constructor>":

            a) A <table value constructor> shall contain exactly one <row
              value constructor> that shall be of the form "(<value expres-
              sion list>)".

            b) A <table value constructor> shall be the <query expression>
              of an <insert statement>.

         14)Subclause 7.3, "<table expression>":

            a) If the table identified in the <from clause> is a grouped
              view, then the <table expression> shall not contain a <where
              clause>, <group by clause>, or <having clause>.

         15)Subclause 7.4, "<from clause>":

            a) A <table reference> shall not be a <derived table>.

            b) If the table identified by <table name> is a grouped view,
              then the <from clause> shall contain exactly one <table ref-
              erence>.

         16)Subclause 7.5, "<joined table>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <cross
              join>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not specify UNION
              JOIN.

         17)Subclause 7.7, "<group by clause>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         18)Subclause 7.9, "<query specification>":

            a) The <key word> DISTINCT shall not be specified more than once
              in a <query specification>, excluding any <subquery> of that
              <query specification>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  631

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


            b) If the <table expression> of the <query specification> is a
              grouped view, then the <select list> shall not contain a <set
              function specification>.

         19)Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>":

            a) A <simple table> shall not be a <table value constructor>
              except in an <insert statement>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL shall contain no <explicit ta-
              ble>.

         20)Subclause 7.11, "<scalar subquery>, <row subquery>, and <table
            subquery>":

            a) The <query expression> contained in a <subquery> shall be a
              <query specification>.

         21)Subclause 8.1, "<predicate>":

            a) A <predicate> shall not be a <match predicate>.

         22)Subclause 8.4, "<in predicate>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain a
              <value expression> in an <in value list> that is not a <value
              specification>.

         23)Subclause 8.10, "<match predicate>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <match predicate>.

         24)Subclause 8.12, "<search condition>":

            a) A <boolean test> shall not specify a <truth value>.

         25)Subclause 10.3, "<privileges>":

            a) An <action> that specifies INSERT shall not contain a <privi-
              lege column list>.

         26)Subclause 10.5, "<collate clause>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         27)Subclause 11.1, "<schema definition>":

            a) A <schema element> shall not be an <assertion definition>.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collation definition>.

            c) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <translation definition>.

         632  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         28)Subclause 11.3, "<table definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not specify GLOBAL
              TEMPORARY and shall not reference any global temporary table.

         29)Subclause 11.4, "<column definition>":

            a) A <constraint attributes> shall not be specified, but
              INITIALLY IMMEDIATE and NOT DEFERRABLE are implicit.

            b) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         30)Subclause 11.6, "<table constraint definition>":

            a) A <constraint attributes> shall not be specified, but
              INITIALLY IMMEDIATE and NOT DEFERRABLE are implicit.

         31)Subclause 11.8, "<referential constraint definition>":

            a) A <references specification> shall not specify MATCH.

            b) A <referential triggered action> shall not contain an <update
              rule>.

         32)Subclause 11.9, "<check constraint definition>":

            a) The <search condition> contained in a <check constraint defi-
              nition> shall not contain a <subquery>.

            b) The REFERENCES privilege is not required for <check con-
              straint definition> access.

         33)Subclause 11.19, "<view definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL shall not contain any <levels
              clause>, but the effect shall be that defined for a <levels
              clause> of CASCADED.

         34)Subclause 11.21, "<domain definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collate clause>.

         35)Subclause 11.22, "<alter domain statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <alter
              domain statement>.

         36)Subclause 11.23, "<set domain default clause>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <set
              domain default clause>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  633

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         37)Subclause 11.24, "<drop domain default clause>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <drop
              domain default clause>.

         38)Subclause 11.25, "<add domain constraint definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <add
              domain constraint definition>.

         39)Subclause 11.26, "<drop domain constraint definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <drop
              domain constraint definition>.

         40)Subclause 11.30, "<collation definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <collation definition>.

         41)Subclause 11.31, "<drop collation statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <drop collation statement>.

         42)Subclause 11.32, "<translation definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <trans-
              lation definition>.

         43)Subclause 11.33, "<drop translation statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <drop
              translation statement>.

         44)Subclause 11.34, "<assertion definition>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <assertion definition>.

         45)Subclause 11.35, "<drop assertion statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <drop assertion statement>.

         46)Subclause 11.36, "<grant statement>":

            a) In Conforming Intermediate SQL language, an <object name>
              shall not specify COLLATION or TRANSLATION.

         47)Subclause 12.1, "<module>":

            a) A <module> shall not contain a <temporary table declaration>.

         634  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         48)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>":

            a) A <parameter declaration> shall not specify a <data type>
              that is BIT or BIT VARYING.

         49)Subclause 12.5, "<SQL procedure statement>":

            a) An <SQL transaction statement> shall not be a <set con-
              straints mode statement>.

            b) An <SQL schema statement> shall not be an <assertion defini-
              tion>.

            c) An <SQL schema statement> shall not be a <drop assertion
              statement>.

            d) An <SQL dynamic statement> shall not be an <allocate cursor
              statement> statement.

            e) An <SQL session statement> shall not be a <set schema state-
              ment>, a <set catalog statement>, or a <set names statement>.

            f) An <SQL schema statement> shall not be a <collation defini-
              tion>, a <drop collation statement>, a <translation defini-
              tion>, or a <drop translation statement>.

            g) An <SQL dynamic statement shall not be a <deallocate prepared
              statement>, or a <describe input statement>.

            h) An <SQL procedure statement> shall not be an <SQL connection
              statement>.

         50)Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not specify
              INSENSITIVE.

            b) If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE with or without
              a <column name list> is specified, then neither SCROLL nor
              ORDER BY shall be specified.

         51)Subclause 13.3, "<fetch statement>":

            a) A <fetch statement> shall not contain a <fetch orientation>.

         52)Subclause 13.5, "<select statement: single row>":

            a) The <table expression> shall not include a <group by clause>
              or a <having clause> and shall not identify a grouped view.

         53)Subclause 13.6, "<delete statement: positioned>":

            a) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall
              not be a table that is identified in the <from clause> of any
              <subquery> contained in the <cursor specification> referenced
              by the <cursor name>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  635

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         54)Subclause 13.7, "<delete statement: searched>":

            a) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall
              not be a table that is identified in the <from clause> of any
              <subquery> contained in the <search condition>.

         55)Subclause 13.8, "<insert statement>":

            a) The base table that would be changed as a result of executing
              the <insert statement> shall not be identified in any <from
              clause> generally contained in the <query expression>.

         56)Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: positioned>":

            a) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall
              not be a table that is identified in the <from clause> of any
              <subquery> contained in the <cursor specification> referenced
              by the <cursor name>.

         57)Subclause 13.10, "<update statement: searched>":

            a) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall
              not be a table that is identified in the <from clause> of any
              <subquery> contained in the <search condition> or contained
              in the <value expression> of the <set clause>.

         58)Subclause 13.11, "<temporary table declaration>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <temporary table declaration>.

         59)Subclause 14.2, "<set constraints mode statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set constraints mode statement>.

         60)Subclause 15.1, "<connect statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <connect statement>.

         61)Subclause 15.2, "<set connection statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set connection statement>.

         62)Subclause 15.3, "<disconnect statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <disconnect statement>.

         63)Subclause 16.1, "<set catalog statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set catalog statement>.

         636  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         64)Subclause 16.2, "<set schema statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set schema statement>.

         65)Subclause 16.3, "<set names statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set names statement>.

         66)Subclause 17.2, "<allocate descriptor statement>":

            a) An <occurrences> and a <descriptor name> shall be a <lit-
              eral>.

         67)Subclause 17.3, "<deallocate descriptor statement>":

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         68)Subclause 17.4, "<get descriptor statement>":

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         69)Subclause 17.5, "<set descriptor statement>":

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         70)Subclause 17.6, "<prepare statement>":

            a) A <preparable SQL schema statement> shall not be an <asser-
              tion definition> or a <drop assertion statement>.

            b) A <preparable SQL schema statement> shall not be a <collation
              definition>, a <drop collation statement>, a <translation
              definition>, or a <drop translation statement>.

            c) A <preparable SQL session statement> shall not be a <set
              schema statement>.

            d) A <preparable SQL session statement> shall not be a <set
              catalog statement>.

            e) A <preparable SQL session statement> shall not be a <set
              names statement>.

            f) A <preparable SQL transaction statement> shall not be a <set
              constraints mode statement>.

            g) A <preparable SQL data statement> shall not be a <dynamic
              single row select statement>.

         71)Subclause 17.7, "<deallocate prepared statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <deal-
              locate prepared statement>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  637

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         72)Subclause 17.8, "<describe statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <describe input statement>.

         73)Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>":

            a) A <descriptor name> shall be a <literal>.

         74)Subclause 17.10, "<execute statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <result
              using clause>.

         75)Subclause 17.12, "<dynamic declare cursor>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no <dy-
              namic declare cursor> that specifies INSENSITIVE.

            b) If an <updatability clause> of FOR UPDATE with or without
              a <column name list> is specified, then neither SCROLL nor
              ORDER BY shall be specified.

         76)Subclause 17.13, "<allocate cursor statement>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <allocate cursor statement>.

         77)Subclause 17.15, "<dynamic fetch statement>":

            a) A <dynamic fetch statement> shall not contain a <fetch orien-
              tation>.

         78)Subclause 17.17, "<dynamic delete statement: positioned>":

            a) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall
              not be a table that is identified in the <from clause> of any
              <subquery> contained in the <cursor specification> referenced
              by the <dynamic cursor name>.

         79)Subclause 17.18, "<dynamic update statement: positioned>":

            a) Let T be the table identified by the <table name>. T shall
              not be a table that is identified in the <from clause> of any
              <subquery> contained in the <cursor specification> referenced
              by the <dynamic cursor name>.

         80)Subclause 17.19, "<preparable dynamic delete statement: posi-
            tioned>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no
              <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>.


         638  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


         81)Subclause 17.20, "<preparable dynamic update statement: posi-
            tioned>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall contain no
              <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>.

         82)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>":

            a) An <embedded SQL statement> shall not contain a <temporary
              table declaration>.

         83)Subclause 19.3, "<embedded SQL Ada program>":

            a) An <Ada variable definition> shall not specify a bit string
              variable.

         84)Subclause 19.4, "<embedded SQL C program>":

            a) A <C derived variable> shall not be a <C bit variable>.

         85)Subclause 19.5, "<embedded SQL COBOL program>":

            a) A <COBOL type specification> shall not be a <COBOL bit type>.

         86)Subclause 19.6, "<embedded SQL Fortran program>":

            a) A <Fortran type specification> shall not specify BIT.

         87)Subclause 19.8, "<embedded SQL Pascal program>":

            a) A <Pascal type specification> shall not specify BIT or PACKED
              ARRAY [1..<length>] OF BIT.

         88)Subclause 19.9, "<embedded SQL PL/I program>":

            a) A <PL/I type specification> shall not specify BIT or BIT
              VARYING.

         89)Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>":

            a) A <direct SQL data statement> shall not be a <temporary table
              declaration>.

            b) An <SQL session statement> shall not be a <set schema state-
              ment>, a <set catalog statement>, or a <set names statement>.

            c) An <SQL transaction statement> shall not be a <set con-
              straints mode statement>.

            d) An <SQL schema statement> shall not be an <assertion defini-
              tion> or a <drop assertion statement>.

            e) An <SQL schema statement> shall not be a <collation defini-
              tion>, a <drop collation statement>, a <translation defini-
              tion> or a <drop translation statement>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  639

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.1 Intermediate SQL Specifications


            f) A <direct SQL statement> shall not be an <SQL connection
              statement>.

         90)Subclause 21.2, "Information Schema":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall reference only
              the following Information Schema tables: SCHEMATA, DOMAINS,
              TABLES, VIEWS, COLUMNS, TABLE_PRIVILEGES, COLUMN_PRIVILEGES,
              USAGE_PRIVILEGES, REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS, CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,
              KEY_COLUMN_USAGE, ASSERTIONS, CHARACTER_SETS, COLLATIONS,
              VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE, CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE, CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_
              USAGE, SQL_LANGUAGES, COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE, and VIEW_TABLE_
              USAGE.

         A.2  Entry SQL Specifications


         1) All Intermediate SQL specifications are included as Entry SQL
            specifications.

         2) Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>":

            a) A <delimiter token> shall not be a <national character string
              literal>.

            b) An <identifier body> shall contain no <simple Latin lower
              case letter>.

         3) Subclause 5.3, "<literal>":

            a) A <literal> or <unsigned literal> shall not be a <national
              character string literal>.

            b) A <literal> or <unsigned literal> shall not be a <datetime
              literal> or an <interval literal>.

         4) Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <do-
              main name>, <SQL statement name>, <dynamic cursor name>, or
              <constraint name>.

         5) Subclause 6.1, "<data type>":

            a) A <character string type> shall not specify VARYING or
              VARCHAR.

            b) A <data type> shall not be a <datetime type> or an <interval
              type>.

            c) A <data type> shall not be a <national character string type>
              nor specify CHARACTER SET.


         640  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         6) Subclause 6.2, "<value specification> and <target specifica-
            tion>":

            a) A <general value specification> shall not be a <dynamic pa-
              rameter specification>.

            b) A <general value specification> shall not specify VALUE.

            c) A <general value specification> shall not specify SESSION_
              USER, SYSTEM_USER, or CURRENT_USER.

         7) Subclause 6.3, "<table reference>":

            a) A <table reference> shall not be a <joined table>.

            b) The optional <key word> AS shall not be specified.

            c) <derived column list> shall not be specified.

         8) Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>":

            a) If a <general set function> specifies or implies ALL, then
              COUNT shall not be specified.

            b) If a <general set function> specifies or implies ALL, then
              the <value expression> shall include a <column reference>
              that references a column of T.

            c) If the <value expression> contains a <column reference> that
              is an outer reference, then the <value expression> shall be a
              <column reference>.

            d) No <column reference> contained in a <set function specifica-
              tion> shall reference a column derived from a <value expres-
              sion> that generally contains a <set function specification>.

         9) Subclause 6.6, "<numeric value function>":

            a) A <numeric value function> shall not be a <length expres-
              sion>.

            b) A <numeric value function> shall not be an <extract expres-
              sion>.

         10)Subclause 6.7, "<string value function>":

            a) A <character value function> shall not be a <character sub-
              string function>.

            b) A <character value function> shall not be a <trim function>.

         11)Subclause 6.8, "<datetime value function>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <datetime
              value function>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  641

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         12)Subclause 6.9, "<case expression>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <case
              expression>.

         13)Subclause 6.10, "<cast specification>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <cast
              specification>.

         14)Subclause 6.11, "<value expression>":

            a) A <value expression> shall not be a <datetime value expres-
              sion>.

            b) A <value expression> shall not be an <interval value expres-
              sion>.

            c) A <value expression primary> shall not be a <case expres-
              sion>.

            d) A <value expression primary> shall not be a <cast specifica-
              tion>.

            e) A <value expression primary> shall not be a <scalar subquery>
              except when the <value expression primary> is simply con-
              tained in a <value expression> that is simply contained in
              the second <row value constructor> of a <comparison predi-
              cate>.

         15)Subclause 6.13, "<string value expression>":

            a) A <character value expression> shall not be a <concatena-
              tion>.

         16)Subclause 6.14, "<datetime value expression>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <datetime
              value expression>.

         17)Subclause 6.15, "<interval value expression>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <interval
              value expression>.

         18)Subclause 7.1, "<row value constructor>":

            a) A <value expression> that is contained in the <row value con-
              structor> that is contained in the <table value constructor>
              that is contained in the <query expression> of an <insert
              statement> shall be a <value specification>.

            b) A <row value constructor element> shall not specify DEFAULT.

         642  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         19)Subclause 7.5, "<joined table>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <joined
              table>.

         20)Subclause 7.6, "<where clause>":

            a) A <value expression> directly contained in the <search condi-
              tion> shall not include a reference to a column derived from
              a function.

         21)Subclause 7.9, "<query specification>":

            a) A <query specification> is not updatable if the <where
              clause> of the <table expression> contains a <subquery>.

            b) A <select sublist> shall not specify "<qualifier>.*".

         22)Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>":

            a) A <query expression> shall not specify EXCEPT.

            b) A <query term> shall not specify INTERSECT.

            c) A <query primary> shall not contain a <joined table>.

            d) A <query expression> shall not specify CORRESPONDING.

            e) If UNION is specified, then except for column names, the
              descriptions of the first and second operands shall be iden-
              tical and the description of the result is identical to the
              description of the operands.

         23)Subclause 7.11, "<scalar subquery>, <row subquery>, and <table
            subquery>":

            a) If a <subquery> is contained in a <comparison predicate>,
              then the <table expression> in the <query specification>
              shall not contain a <group by clause> or a <having clause>
              and shall not identify a grouped view.

         24)Subclause 8.1, "<predicate>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <overlaps
              predicate>.

            b) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <unique
              predicate>.

         25)Subclause 8.5, "<like predicate>":

            a) The <match value> shall be a <column reference>.

            b) A <pattern> shall be a <value specification>.

            c) An <escape character> shall be a <value specification>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  643

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         26)Subclause 8.6, "<null predicate>":

            a) A <row value constructor> shall be a <column reference>.

         27)Subclause 8.9, "<unique predicate>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <unique
              predicate>.

         28)Subclause 8.11, "<overlaps predicate>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <overlaps
              predicate>.

         29)Subclause 10.1, "<interval qualifier>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <interval
              qualifier>.

         30)Subclause 10.2, "<language clause>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <language
              clause> that specifies MUMPS.

         31)Subclause 10.4, "<character set specification>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <character
              set specification>.

         32)Subclause 11.1, "<schema definition>":

            a) A <schema element> shall not be a <domain definition>.

            b) A <schema name clause> shall specify AUTHORIZATION and shall
              not specify a <schema name>.

            c) A <schema character set specification> shall not be speci-
              fied.

            d) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <character set definition>.

         33)Subclause 11.2, "<drop schema statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop
              schema statement>.

         34)Subclause 11.18, "<drop table statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <drop
              table statement>.

         35)Subclause 11.4, "<column definition>":

            a) A <column definition> shall not contain a <domain name>.

         644  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


            b) A <column constraint> shall not contain a <referential trig-
              gered action>.

            c) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <con-
              straint name definition>.

         36)Subclause 11.5, "<default clause>":

            a) A <default option> shall not specify CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_
              TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, SYSTEM_USER, SESSION_USER, or
              CURRENT_USER.

         37)Subclause 11.6, "<table constraint definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <con-
              straint name definition>.

         38)Subclause 11.7, "<unique constraint definition>":

            a) If PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE is specified, then the <column defi-
              nition> for each column whose <column name> is in the <unique
              column list> shall specify NOT NULL.

         39)Subclause 11.8, "<referential constraint definition>":

            a) A <referential constraint definition> shall not contain a
              <referential triggered action>.

         40)Subclause 11.10, "<alter table statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <alter
              table statement>.

         41)Subclause 11.11, "<add column definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <add col-
              umn definition>.

         42)Subclause 11.12, "<alter column definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <alter
              column definition>.

         43)Subclause 11.13, "<set column default clause>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <set column
              default clause>.

         44)Subclause 11.14, "<drop column default clause>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop col-
              umn default clause>.

         45)Subclause 11.15, "<drop column definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop col-
              umn definition>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  645

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         46)Subclause 11.16, "<add table constraint definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain an <add table
              constraint definition>.

         47)Subclause 11.17, "<drop table constraint definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop table
              constraint definition>.

         48)Subclause 11.19, "<view definition>":

            a) The <query expression> in a <view definition> shall be a
              <query specification>.

         49)Subclause 11.20, "<drop view statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop view
              statement>.

         50)Subclause 11.36, "<grant statement>":

            a) An <object name> shall not specify TABLE.

            b) In Conforming Entry SQL language, an <object name> shall not
              specify CHARACTER SET or DOMAIN.

         51)Subclause 11.37, "<revoke statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <revoke
              statement>.

         52)Subclause 11.21, "<domain definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <domain
              definition>.

         53)Subclause 11.27, "<drop domain statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain a <drop do-
              main statement>.

         54)Subclause 11.28, "<character set definition>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not specify any <charac-
              ter set definition>.

         55)Subclause 11.29, "<drop character set statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall contain no <drop charac-
              ter set statement>.

         56)Subclause 12.1, "<module>":

            a) A <module> shall be associated with an SQL-agent during its
              execution. An SQL-agent shall be associated with at most one
              <module>.

         646  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


            b) A <module contents> shall not be a <dynamic declare cursor>.

         57)Subclause 12.2, "<module name clause>":

            a) A <module character set specification> shall not be speci-
              fied.

         58)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>":

            a) A <parameter declaration> shall not specify a <data type>
              that is CHARACTER VARYING.

         59)Subclause 12.5, "<SQL procedure statement>":

            a) An <SQL procedure statement> shall not be an <SQL schema
              statement>.

            b) An <SQL procedure statement> shall not be an <SQL dynamic
              statement>.

            c) An <SQL session statement> shall not be a <set session au-
              thorization identifier statement> or a <set time zone state-
              ment>.

            d) An <SQL transaction statement> shall not be a <set transac-
              tion statement>.

            e) An <SQL procedure statement> shall not be an <SQL diagnostics
              statement>.

         60)Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>":

            a) A <declare cursor> shall not specify SCROLL.

            b) A <cursor specification> shall not contain an <updatability
              clause>.

         61)Subclause 13.3, "<fetch statement>":

            a) A <fetch statement> shall not specify FROM.

            b) If the data type of the target identified by the i-th <target
              specification> in the <fetch target list> is an exact numeric
              type, then the data type of the i-th column of the table T
              shall be an exact numeric type.

         62)Subclause 13.5, "<select statement: single row>":

            a) If the data type of the target identified by the i-th <target
              specification> in the <fetch target list> is an exact numeric
              type, then the data type of the i-th column of the table T
              shall be an exact numeric type.


                                              Leveling the SQL Language  647

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         63)Subclause 13.8, "<insert statement>":

            a) The <query expression> that is contained in an <insert state-
              ment> shall be a <table value constructor> that specifies
              VALUES and contains exactly one <row value constructor> or it
              shall be a <query specification>.

            b) If the data type of the target identified by the i-th <column
              name> is an exact numeric type, then the data type of the i-
              th item of the <insert statement> shall be an exact numeric
              type.

            c) If the data type of the target C identified by the i-th <col-
              umn name> is character string, then the length in characters
              of the i-th item of the <insert statement> shall be less than
              or equal to the length of C.

            d) The <insert columns and source> shall immediately contain a
              <query expression>.

         64)Subclause 13.9, "<update statement: positioned>":

            a) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> is an exact numeric type, then the data type of the
              i-th <value expression> in the <update statement: positioned>
              shall be an exact numeric type.

            b) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> C is character string, then the length in characters
              of the i-th <value expression> in the <update statement:
              positioned> shall be less than or equal to the length of C.

            c) An <update source> shall not specify DEFAULT.

         65)Subclause 13.10, "<update statement: searched>":

            a) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> is an exact numeric type, then the data type of the
              i-th <value expression> in the <update statement: searched>
              shall be an exact numeric type.

            b) If the data type of the column identified by the i-th <object
              column> C is character string, then the length in characters
              of the i-th <value expression> in the <update statement:
              searched> shall be less than or equal to the length of C.

         66)Subclause 14.1, "<set transaction statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <set
              transaction statement>.

         67)Subclause 14.3, "<commit statement>":

            a) In conforming Entry SQL language, WORK shall be specified.

         648  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         68)Subclause 14.4, "<rollback statement>":

            a) In conforming Entry SQL language, WORK shall be specified.

         69)Subclause 16.4, "<set session authorization identifier state-
            ment>":

            a) Conforming Intermediate SQL language shall not contain any
              <set session authorization identifier statement>.

         70)Subclause 16.5, "<set local time zone statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <set
              local time zone statement>.

         71)Subclause 17.2, "<allocate descriptor statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         72)Subclause 17.3, "<deallocate descriptor statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         73)Subclause 17.4, "<get descriptor statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         74)Subclause 17.5, "<set descriptor statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         75)Subclause 17.6, "<prepare statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         76)Subclause 17.7, "<deallocate prepared statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         77)Subclause 17.8, "<describe statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         78)Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  649

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         79)Subclause 17.10, "<execute statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         80)Subclause 17.11, "<execute immediate statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         81)Subclause 17.12, "<dynamic declare cursor>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         82)Subclause 17.13, "<allocate cursor statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         83)Subclause 17.14, "<dynamic open statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         84)Subclause 17.15, "<dynamic fetch statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         85)Subclause 17.16, "<dynamic close statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         86)Subclause 17.17, "<dynamic delete statement: positioned>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         87)Subclause 17.18, "<dynamic update statement: positioned>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         88)Subclause 17.19, "<preparable dynamic delete statement: posi-
            tioned>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         89)Subclause 17.20, "<preparable dynamic update statement: posi-
            tioned>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any Dynamic
              SQL language.

         650  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
                                                A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


         90)Subclause 18.1, "<get diagnostics statement>":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not contain any <get
              diagnostics statement>.

         91)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>":

            a) An <embedded SQL statement> shall not contain a <dynamic
              declare cursor>.

            b) An <embedded SQL statement> shall not contain an <embedded
              character set declaration>.

         92)Subclause 19.3, "<embedded SQL Ada program>":

            a) An <Ada qualified type specification> shall not specify a
              <character set specification>.

         93)Subclause 19.4, "<embedded SQL C program>":

            a) A <C derived variable> shall not be a <C VARCHAR variable> or
              a <C extended char variable>.

         94)Subclause 19.5, "<embedded SQL COBOL program>":

            a) A <COBOL character type> shall not specify a <character set
              specification>.

            b) A <COBOL integer type> shall not be a <COBOL binary integer>.

         95)Subclause 19.6, "<embedded SQL Fortran program>":

            a) A <Fortran type specification> shall not specify a <character
              set specification>.

         96)Subclause 19.8, "<embedded SQL Pascal program>":

            a) A <Pascal type specification> shall not specify a <character
              set specification>.

         97)Subclause 19.9, "<embedded SQL PL/I program>":

            a) A <PL/I type specification> shall not specify CHARACTER
              VARYING.

            b) A <PL/I type specification> shall not specify a <character
              set specification>.

         98)Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>":

            a) A <direct SQL statement> shall not be an <SQL schema state-
              ment>.

            b) An <SQL session statement> shall not be a <set session au-
              thorization identifier statement> or a <set local time zone
              statement>.

                                              Leveling the SQL Language  651

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002
         A.2 Entry SQL Specifications


            c) A <direct SQL data statement> shall not be a <temporary table
              declaration>.

         99)Subclause 21.2, "Information Schema":

            a) Conforming Entry SQL language shall not reference any views
              from the Information Schema.















































         652  Database Language SQL

 















                                       Annex B

                                    (informative)

                           Implementation-defined elements



         This Annex references those features that are identified in the
         body of this International Standard as implementation-defined.

         The term implementation-defined is used to identify characteristics
         that may differ between implementations, but that shall be defined
         for each particular implementation.

         1) Subclause 4.2.1, "Character strings and collating sequences":
            The specific character set associated with the subtype of char-
            acter string represented by the <key word>s NATIONAL CHARACTER
            is implementation-defined.

         2) Subclause 4.4.1, "Characteristics of numbers": Whether trunca-
            tion or rounding is performed when trailing digits are removed
            from a numeric value is implementation-defined.

         3) Subclause 4.4.1, "Characteristics of numbers": When an approxi-
            mation is obtained by truncation or rounding and there are more
            than one approximation, then it is implementation-defined which
            approximation is chosen.

         4) Subclause 4.4.1, "Characteristics of numbers": It is implementation-
            defined which numerical values have approximations obtained by
            rounding or truncation for a given approximate numeric type.

         5) Subclause 4.4.1, "Characteristics of numbers": The bound-
            aries within which the normal rules of arithmetic apply are
            implementation-defined.

         6) Subclause 4.6, "Type conversions and mixing of data types": When
            converting between numeric data types, if least significant dig-
            its are lost, then it is implementation-defined whether rounding
            or truncation occurs.

         7) Subclause 4.11, "SQL-schemas": The default schema for <prepara-
            ble statement>s that are dynamically prepared in the current
            SQL-session through the execution of <prepare statement>s and
            <execute immediate statement>s is initially implementation-
            defined but may be changed by the use of <set schema state-
            ment>s.

                                        Implementation-defined elements  653

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         8) Subclause 4.12, "Catalogs": The creation and destruction of
            catalogs is accomplished by implementation-defined means.

         9) Subclause 4.12, "Catalogs": The set of catalogs that can
            be referenced in any SQL-statement, during any particular
            SQL-transaction, or during the course of an SQL-session is
            implementation-defined.

         10)Subclause 4.12, "Catalogs": The default catalog for <module>s
            whose <module authorization clause> does not specify an explicit
            <catalog name> to qualify <schema name> and the default catalog
            name substitution value for execution of <preparable statement>s
            that are dynamically prepared in the current SQL-session through
            the execution of <prepare statement>s and <execute immediate
            statement>s are implementation-defined.

         11)Subclause 4.13, "Clusters of catalogs": A cluster is an
            implementation-defined collection of catalogs.

         12)Subclause 4.13, "Clusters of catalogs": Whether or not any
            catalog can occur simultaneously in more than one cluster is
            implementation-defined.

         13)Subclause 4.15, "SQL-environment": The constituents of an SQL-
            environment beyond those specified in Subclause 4.15, "SQL-
            environment", are implementation-defined.

         14)Subclause 4.15, "SQL-environment": The rules determining whether
            a <module> is within the environment are implementation-defined.

         15)Subclause 4.16, "Modules": The mechanisms by which <module>s are
            created or destroyed are implementation-defined.

         16)Subclause 4.16, "Modules": The manner in which an associ-
            ation between a <module> and an SQL-agent is defined is
            implementation-defined.

         17)Subclause 4.16, "Modules": Whether a compilation unit may invoke
            or transfer control to other compilation units, written in the
            same or a different programming language is implementation-
            defined.

         18)Subclause 4.18.1, "Status parameters": The negative (exception)
            values for the SQLCODE status parameter are implementation-
            defined.

         19)Subclause 4.22.1, "Classes of SQL-statements": This International
            Standard permits implementations to provide additional,
            implementation-defined, statements that may fall into any of
            these categories; the classification of such statements is also
            implementation-defined.



         654  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         20)Subclause 4.23, "Embedded syntax": Whether a portion of the
            name space is reserved by an implementation for the names of
            procedures, subroutines, program variables, branch labels, <mod-
            ule>s, or <procedure>s is implementation-defined; if a portion
            of the name space is so reserved, the portion reserved is also
            implementation-defined.

         21)Subclause 4.25, "Direct invocation of SQL": The method of in-
            voking <direct SQL statement>s, the method of raising conditions
            as a result of <direct SQL statement>s, the method of accessing
            diagnostic information, and the method of returning the results
            are all implementation-defined.

         22)Subclause 4.28, "SQL-transactions": It is implementation-defined
            whether or not the non-dynamic or dynamic execution of an SQL-
            data statement or the execution of an <SQL dynamic data state-
            ment> is permitted to occur within the same SQL-transaction as
            the non-dynamic or dynamic execution of an SQL-schema state-
            ment. If it does occur, then the effect on any open cursor,
            prepared dynamic statement, or deferred constraint is also
            implementation-defined.

         23)Subclause 4.28, "SQL-transactions": If an implementation detects
            unrecoverable errors and implicitly initiates the execution
            of a <rollback statement>, an exception condition is raised:
            transaction rollback with an implementation-defined subclass
            code.

         24)Subclause 4.29, "SQL-connections": It is implementation-defined
            how an implementation uses <SQL-server name> to determine the
            location, identity, and communication protocol required to ac-
            cess the SQL-environment and create an SQL-session.

         25)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": When an SQL-session is initiated
            other than through the use of an explicit <connect statement>,
            then an SQL-session associated with an implementation-defined
            SQL-environment is initiated. The default SQL-environment is
            implementation-defined.

         26)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": The mechanism and rules by which
            an environment determines whether a call to a <procedure> is
            the last call within the last active <module> is implementation-
            defined.

         27)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": An SQL-session uses one or more
            implementation-defined schemas that contain the instances of
            any global temporary tables, created local temporary tables, or
            declared local temporary tables within the SQL-session.

         28)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": When an SQL-session is initiated
            other than through the use of an explicit <connect statement>,
            there is an implementation-defined default <authorization iden-
            tifier> that is used to for privilege checking for the execution

                                        Implementation-defined elements  655

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            of <SQL procedure statement>s contained in <module>s not having
            an explicit <module authorization identifier>.

         29)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": When an SQL-session is initi-
            ated, there is an implementation-defined default catalog whose
            name is used to effectively qualify all unqualified <schema
            name>s contained in <preparable statement>s that are dynamically
            prepared in the current SQL-session through the execution of
            <prepare statement>s and <execute immediate statement>s or are
            contained in <direct SQL statement>s when those statements are
            invoked directly.

         30)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": When an SQL-session is initi-
            ated, there is an implementation-defined default schema whose
            name is used to effectively qualify all unqualified <qualified
            name>s contained in <preparable statement>s that are dynamically
            prepared in the current SQL-session through the execution of
            <prepare statement>s and <execute immediate statement>s or are
            contained in <direct SQL statement>s when those statements are
            invoked directly.

         31)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": When an SQL-session is initi-
            ated, there is an implementation-defined default character set
            that is used to identify the character set implicit for <iden-
            tifier>s and <character string literal>s that are contained in
            <preparable statement>s when those statements are prepared in
            the current SQL-session by either an <execute immediate state-
            ment> or a <prepare statement> or are contained in <direct SQL
            statement>s when those statements are invoked directly.

         32)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": When an SQL-session is ini-
            tiated, there is an implementation-defined default time zone
            displacement that is used as the current default time zone dis-
            placement of the SQL-session.

         33)Subclause 4.31, "Client-server operation": When an SQL-agent is
            active, it is bound in some implementation-defined manner to a
            single SQL-client.

         34)Subclause 4.34, "SQL Flagger": If an SQL-implementation provides
            user options to process conforming SQL language in a noncon-
            forming manner, then it is required that the implementation also
            provide a flagger option, or some other implementation-defined
            means, to detect SQL conforming language that may be processed
            differently under the various user options.

         35)Subclause 5.2, "<token> and <separator>": The end-of-line indi-
            cator (<newline>) is implementation-defined.

         36)Subclause 5.3, "<literal>": The <character set name> character
            set used to represent national characters is implementation-
            defined.


         656  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         37)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": If a <schema name> con-
            tained in a <schema name clause> but not contained in a <module>
            does not contain a <catalog name>, then an implementation-
            defined <catalog name> is implicit.

         38)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": If a <schema name> con-
            tained in a <module authorization clause> does not contain a
            <catalog name>, then an implementation-defined <catalog name> is
            implicit.

         39)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": The data type of the
            <simple value specification> of <extended statement name> shall
            be character string with an implementation-defined character
            set.

         40)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": The data type of the
            <simple value specification> of <extended cursor name> shall be
            character string with an implementation-defined character set.

         41)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": Those <identifier>s
            that are valid <authorization identifier>s are implementation-
            defined.

         42)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": Those <identifier>s that
            are valid <catalog name>s are implementation-defined.

         43)Subclause 5.4, "Names and identifiers": All <form-of-use conver-
            sion name>s are implementation-defined.

         44)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The <character set name> associ-
            ated with NATIONAL CHARACTER is implementation-defined.

         45)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": If a <precision> is omitted, then
            an implementation-defined <precision> is implicit.

         46)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The decimal precision of a data
            type defined as DECIMAL for each value specified by <precision>
            is implementation-defined.

         47)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The precision of a data type de-
            fined as INTEGER is implementation-defined, but has the same
            radix as that for SMALLINT.

         48)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The precision of a data type de-
            fined as SMALLINT is implementation-defined, but has the same
            radix as that for INTEGER.

         49)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The binary precision of a data
            type defined as FLOAT for each value specified by <precision> is
            implementation-defined.

         50)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The precision of a data type de-
            fined as REAL is implementation-defined.

                                        Implementation-defined elements  657

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         51)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The precision of a data type de-
            fined as DOUBLE PRECISION is implementation-defined, but greater
            than that for REAL.

         52)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": For every <data type>, the limits
            of the <data type> are implementation-defined.

         53)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The maximum lengths for character
            string types, variable-length character string types, bit string
            types, and variable-length bit string types are implementation-
            defined.

         54)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": If CHARACTER SET is not speci-
            fied for <character string type>, then the character set is
            implementation-defined.

         55)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The character set named SQL_TEXT
            is an implementation-defined character set that contains every
            character that is in <SQL language character> and all characters
            that are in other character sets supported by the implementa-
            tion.

         56)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": For the <exact numeric type>s
            DECIMAL and NUMERIC, the maximum values of <precision> and of
            <scale> are implementation-defined.

         57)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": For the <approximate numeric
            type> FLOAT, the maximum value of <precision> is implementation-
            defined.

         58)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": For the <approximate numeric
            type>s FLOAT, REAL, and DOUBLE PRECISION, the maximum and mini-
            mum values of the exponent are implementation-defined.

         59)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": The maximum value of <time frac-
            tional seconds precision> is implementation-defined, but shall
            not be less than 6.

         60)Subclause 6.1, "<data type>": Interval arithmetic that in-
            volves leap seconds or discontinuities in calendars will produce
            implementation-defined results.

         61)Subclause 6.2, "<value specification> and <target specifi-
            cation>": Whether the character string of the <value spec-
            ification>s CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, and SYSTEM_USER is
            variable-length or fixed-length, and its maximum length if it
            is variable-length or its length if it is fixed-length, are
            implementation-defined.

         62)Subclause 6.2, "<value specification> and <target specifica-
            tion>": The value specified by SYSTEM_USER is an implementation-
            defined string that represents the operating system user who
            executed the <module> that contains the SQL-statement whose ex-
            ecution caused the SYSTEM_USER <general value specification> to
            be evaluated.

         658  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         63)Subclause 6.2, "<value specification> and <target specifica-
            tion>": In Intermediate SQL, the specific data type of <indi-
            cator parameter>s and <indicator variable>s shall be the same
            implementation-defined data type.

         64)Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>": The precision
            of the value derived from application of the COUNT function is
            implementation-defined.

         65)Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>": The precision of
            the value derived from application of the SUM function to a data
            type of exact numeric is implementation-defined.

         66)Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>": The precision and
            scale of the value derived from application of the AVG function
            to a data type of exact numeric is implementation-defined.

         67)Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>": The preci-
            sion of the value derived from application of the SUM func-
            tion or AVG function to a data type of approximate numeric is
            implementation-defined.

         68)Subclause 6.6, "<numeric value function>": The precision of
            <position expression> is implementation-defined.

         69)Subclause 6.6, "<numeric value function>": The precision of
            <extract expression> is implementation-defined. If <datetime
            field> specifies SECOND, then the scale is also implementation-
            defined.

         70)Subclause 6.6, "<numeric value function>": The precision of
            <length expression> is implementation-defined.

         71)Subclause 6.7, "<string value function>": The maximum length
            of <character translation> or <form-of-use conversion> is
            implementation-defined.

         72)Subclause 6.10, "<cast specification>": Whether to round or
            truncate when casting to exact or approximate numeric data types
            is implementation-defined.

         73)Subclause 6.12, "<numeric value expression>": When the data type
            of both operands of the addition. subtraction, multiplication,
            or division operator is exact numeric, the precision of the
            result is implementation-defined.

         74)Subclause 6.12, "<numeric value expression>": When the data type
            of both operands of the division operator is exact numeric, the
            scale of the result is implementation-defined.

         75)Subclause 6.12, "<numeric value expression>": When the data
            type of either operand of an arithmetic operator is approximate
            numeric, the precision of the result is implementation-defined.

                                        Implementation-defined elements  659

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         76)Subclause 6.12, "<numeric value expression>": Whether to round
            or truncate when performing division is implementation-defined.

         77)Subclause 6.15, "<interval value expression>": When an interval
            is produced from the difference of two datetimes, the choice of
            whether to round or truncate is implementation-defined.

         78)Subclause 9.1, "Retrieval assignment": If a value V is approxi-
            mate numeric and a target T is exact numeric, then whether the
            approximation of V retrieved into T is obtained by rounding or
            by truncation is implementation-defined.

         79)Subclause 9.2, "Store assignment": If a value V is approximate
            numeric and a target T is exact numeric, then whether the ap-
            proximation of V stored into T is obtained by rounding or by
            truncation is implementation-defined.

         80)Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types": If all of the
            data types in DTS are exact numeric, then the result data type
            is exact numeric with implementation-defined precision.

         81)Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types": If any data
            type in DTS is approximate numeric, then each data type in DTS
            shall be numeric and the result data type is approximate numeric
            with implementation-defined precision.

         82)Subclause 10.1, "<interval qualifier>": The maximum value of
            <interval leading field precision> is implementation-defined,
            but shall not be less than 2.

         83)Subclause 10.1, "<interval qualifier>": The maximum value of
            <interval fractional seconds precision> is implementation-
            defined, but shall not be less than 6.

         84)Subclause 10.4, "<character set specification>": The <standard
            character repertoire name>s, <implementation-defined character
            repertoire name>s, <standard universal character form-of-use
            name>s, and <implementation-defined universal character form-
            of-use name>s that are supported are implementation-defined.

         85)Subclause 10.4, "<character set specification>": The default
            collating sequence of the character repertoire specified by
            an <implementation-defined character repertoire name> or an
            <implementation-defined universal character for-of-use name> and
            whether that collating sequence has the NO PAD attribute or the
            PAD SPACE attribute is implementation-defined.

         86)Subclause 11.1, "<schema definition>": If <schema character set
            specification> is not specified, then a <schema character set
            specification> containing an implementation-defined <character
            set specification> is implicit.

         87)Subclause 11.1, "<schema definition>": The privileges necessary
            to execute the <schema definition> are implementation-defined.

         660  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         88)Subclause 11.30, "<collation definition>": The <standard col-
            lation name>s and <implementation-defined collation name>s that
            are supported are implementation-defined.

         89)Subclause 11.30, "<collation definition>": The collating se-
            quence resulting from the specification of EXTERNAL in a <colla-
            tion definition> is implementation-defined.

         90)Subclause 11.32, "<translation definition>": The <standard
            translation name>s and <implementation-defined translation
            name>s that are supported are implementation-defined.

         91)Subclause 12.1, "<module>": If the explicit or implicit <schema
            name> does not specify a <catalog name>, then an implementation-
            defined <catalog name> is implicit.

         92)Subclause 12.2, "<module name clause>": If a <module character
            set specification> is not specified, then a <module character
            set specification> that specifies the implementation-defined
            character set that contains every character that is in <SQL
            language character> is implicit.

         93)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": Whether or not SAI can invoke
            <procedure>s in a <module> with explicit <module authorization
            identifier> MAI is implementation-defined, as are any restric-
            tions pertaining to such invocation.

         94)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": If the value of any input param-
            eter provided by the SQL-agent falls outside the set of allowed
            values of the data type of the parameter, or if the value of any
            output parameter resulting from the execution of the <procedure>
            falls outside the set of values supported by the SQL-agent for
            that parameter, then the effect is implementation-defined.

         95)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": If the <module> that contains the
            <procedure> is associated with an SQL-agent that is associated
            with another <module> that contains a <procedure> with the same
            <procedure name>, then the effect is implementation-defined.

         96)Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": There is an implementation-
            defined package and character type for use in Ada bindings.
            The precisions and scales of the Ada types for SQL data types
            and the <exact numeric type> of indicator parameters are
            implementation-defined.

         97)Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The null character
            that defines the end of a C character string is implementation-
            defined.

         98)Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The number of bits in
            a C character is implementation-defined.

         99)Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The precision of
            an SQLCODE parameter in an <embedded COBOL program> is an
            implementation-defined value between 4 and 18, inclusive.

                                        Implementation-defined elements  661

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         100Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The number of bits
            contained in a COBOL character is implementation-defined.

         101Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The precision of a
            COBOL data type corresponding to SQL INTEGER or SMALLINT is
            implementation-defined.

         102Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The number of bits
            contained in a Fortran character is implementation-defined.

         103Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The number of bits
            contained in a Pascal character is implementation-defined.

         104Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": The precision of an SQLCODE pa-
            rameter in an <embedded PL/I program> is implementation-defined.

         105Subclause 12.4, "Calls to a <procedure>": The precision of
            a PL/I data type corresponding to SQL INTEGER or SMALLINT is
            implementation-defined.

         106Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>": Whether null values shall
            be considered greater than or less than all non-null values
            in determining the order of rows in a table associated with a
            <declare cursor> is implementation-defined.

         107Subclause 14.1, "<set transaction statement>": The isolation
            level that is set for a transaction is an implementation-defined
            isolation level that will not exhibit any of the phenomena that
            the explicit or implicit <level of isolation> would not exhibit,
            as specified in Table 9, "SQL-transaction isolation levels and
            the three phenomena".

         108Subclause 14.3, "<commit statement>": If any error other than
            those specified in the General Rules preventing commitment
            of the SQL-transaction has occurred, then any changes to SQL-
            data or schemas that were made by the current SQL-transaction
            are canceled and an exception condition is raised: transaction
            rollback with an implementation-defined subclass value.

         109Subclause 15.1, "<connect statement>": It is implementation-
            defined whether or not an SQL-implementation may support trans-
            actions that affect more than one SQL-server. If it does so,
            then the effects are implementation-defined.

         110Subclause 15.1, "<connect statement>": If <user name> is not
            specified, then an implementation-defined <user name> for the
            SQL-connection is implicit.

         111Subclause 15.1, "<connect statement>": The restrictions on
            whether or not the <user name> shall be identical to the <mod-
            ule authorization identifier> for the <module> that contains
            the <procedure> that contains the <connect statement> are
            implementation-defined.

         662  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         112Subclause 15.1, "<connect statement>": If DEFAULT is speci-
            fied, then the method by which the default SQL-environment is
            determined is implementation-defined.

         113Subclause 15.1, "<connect statement>": The method by which
            <SQL-server name> is used to determine the appropriate SQL-
            environment is implementation-defined.

         114Subclause 16.4, "<set session authorization identifier state-
            ment>": Whether or not the <authorization identifier> for the
            SQL-session can be set to an <authorization identifier> other
            than the <authorization identifier> of the SQL-session when the
            SQL-session is started is implementation-defined, as are any
            restrictions pertaining to such changes.

         115Subclause 17.2, "<allocate descriptor statement>": If WITH MAX
            <occurrences> is not specified, then an implementation-defined
            default value for <occurrences> that is greater than 0 is im-
            plicit.

         116Subclause 17.2, "<allocate descriptor statement>": The max-
            imum number of SQL descriptor areas and the maximum number
            of item descriptor areas for a single SQL descriptor area are
            implementation-defined.

         117Subclause 17.5, "<set descriptor statement>": Restrictions
            on changing TYPE, LENGTH, PRECISION, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE,
            DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION, SCALE, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG,
            CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, and CHARACTER_SET_NAME values resulting
            from the execution of a <describe statement> before execution
            of a <execute statement>, <dynamic open statement>, or <dynamic
            fetch statement> are implementation-defined, except as specified
            in the General Rules of Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>".

         118Subclause 17.6, "<prepare statement>": The Format and Syntax
            Rules for a <preparable implementation-defined statement> are
            implementation-defined.

         119Subclause 18.1, "<get diagnostics statement>": The actual length
            of variable-length character items in the diagnostics area is
            implementation-defined but not less than 128.

         120Subclause 18.1, "<get diagnostics statement>": The charac-
            ter string value set for CLASS_ORIGIN and SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
            for an implementation-defined class code or subclass code is
            implementation-defined, but shall not be 'ISO 9075'.

         121Subclause 18.1, "<get diagnostics statement>": The value of
            MESSAGE_TEXT is an implementation-defined character string.

         122Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": If an <embedded
            character set declaration> is not specified, then an <embedded
            character set declaration> containing an implementation-defined
            <character set specification> is implicit.

                                        Implementation-defined elements  663

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         123Subclause 19.3, "<embedded SQL Ada program>": If <character
            set specification> is not specified when CHAR is specified,
            then an implementation-defined <character set specification> is
            implicit.

         124Subclause 19.3, "<embedded SQL Ada program>": SQLCODE_TYPE
            describes an exact numeric variable whose precision is the
            implementation-defined precision defined for the SQLCODE pa-
            rameter.

         125Subclause 19.4, "<embedded SQL C program>": If <character set
            specification> is not specified when <C character variable>
            or <C VARCHAR variable> is specified, then an implementation-
            defined <character set specification> is implicit.

         126Subclause 19.5, "<embedded SQL COBOL program>": The COBOL data
            description clauses, in addition to the PICTURE, SIGN, USAGE and
            VALUE clauses, that may appear in a <COBOL variable definition>
            are implementation-defined.

         127Subclause 19.5, "<embedded SQL COBOL program>": If <character
            set specification> is not specified when <COBOL character type>
            is specified, then an implementation-defined <character set
            specification> is implicit.

         128Subclause 19.5, "<embedded SQL COBOL program>": The precision
            of the <COBOL type specification> that corresponds to SQLCODE is
            implementation-defined.

         129Subclause 19.6, "<embedded SQL Fortran program>": If <character
            set specification> is not specified when CHARACTER is specified,
            then an implementation-defined <character set specification> is
            implicit.

         130Subclause 19.7, "<embedded SQL MUMPS program>": In a <MUMPS
            character variable>, an implementation-defined <character set
            specification> is implicit.

         131Subclause 19.8, "<embedded SQL Pascal program>": If <character
            set specification> is not specified when PACKED ARRAY OF CHAR
            is specified, then an implementation-defined <character set
            specification> is implicit.

         132Subclause 19.9, "<embedded SQL PL/I program>": The PL/I data de-
            scription clauses, in addition to the <PL/I type specification>
            and the INITIAL clause, that may appear in a <PL/I variable
            definition> are implementation-defined.

         133Subclause 19.9, "<embedded SQL PL/I program>": If <character
            set specification> is not specified when CHARACTER is specified,
            then an implementation-defined <character set specification> is
            implicit.


         664  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         134Subclause 19.9, "<embedded SQL PL/I program>": The precision
            of the <PL/I type specification> that corresponds to SQLCODE is
            implementation-defined.

         135Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>": The <value specifica-
            tion> that represents the null value is implementation-defined.

         136Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>": The Format, Syntax
            Rules, and Access Rules for <direct implementation-defined
            statement> are implementation-defined.

         137Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>": Whether a <direct
            implementation-defined statement> may be associated with an
            active transaction is implementation-defined.

         138Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>": Whether a <direct
            implementation-defined statement> initiates a transaction is
            implementation-defined.

         139Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>": The methods of rais-
            ing a condition and of accessing diagnostics information are
            implementation-defined.

         140Subclause 20.2, "<direct select statement: multiple rows>":
            Whether null values shall be considered greater than or less
            than all non-null values in determining the order of rows in
            a table associated with a <declare cursor> is implementation-
            defined.

         141Subclause 20.2, "<direct select statement: multiple rows>": The
            method of returning the results is implementation-defined.

         142Subclause 21.3.13, "TABLE_CONSTRAINTS base table": If the con-
            taining <add table constraint definition> does not specify a
            <constraint name definition>, then the values of CONSTRAINT_
            CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, and CONSTRAINT_NAME are implementation-
            defined.

         143Subclause 21.3.23, "CHARACTER_SETS base table": The values of
            FORM_OF_USE and NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS, in the row for the charac-
            ter set INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SQL_TEXT, are implementation-defined.

         144Subclause 21.3.24, "COLLATIONS base table": The value of PAD_
            ATTRIBUTE for the collation SQL_TEXT is implementation-defined.

         145Subclause 21.3.26, "SQL_LANGUAGES base table": The value of SQL_
            LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION is implementation-defined. If the value
            of SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE is not 'ISO 9075', then the value of all
            other columns is implementation-defined.

         146Subclause 22.1, "SQLSTATE": The character set associated with
            the class value and subclass value of the SQLSTATE parameter is
            implementation-defined.

                                        Implementation-defined elements  665

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         147Subclause 22.1, "SQLSTATE": The values and meanings for classes
            and subclasses that begin with one of the <digit>s '5', '6',
            '7', '8', or '9' or one of the <simple Latin upper case letter>s
            'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T',
            'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', or 'Z' are implementation-defined. The
            values and meanings for all subclasses that are associated with
            implementation-defined class values are implementation-defined.

         148Subclause 22.2, "SQLCODE": The negative values returned in
            an SQLCODE parameter to indicate exception conditions are
            implementation-defined.

         149Clause 23, "Conformance": The method of flagging nonconform-
            ing SQL language or processing of conforming SQL language is
            implementation-defined, as is the list of additional <key word>s
            that may be required by the implementation.






































         666  Database Language SQL

 















                                       Annex C

                                    (informative)

                          Implementation-dependent elements



         This Annex references those places where this International
         Standard states explicitly that the actions of a conforming im-
         plementation are implementation-dependent.

         The term implementation-dependent is used to identify character-
         istics that may differ between implementations, but that are not
         necessarily specified for any particular implementation.

         1) Subclause 3.3.3, "Specification of the Information Schema" The
            actual objects on which the Information Schema views are based
            are implementation-dependent.

         2) Subclause 3.3.4.1, "Exceptions": The effect on <target specifi-
            cation>s and SQL descriptor areas of an SQL-statement that ter-
            minates with an exception condition, unless explicitly defined
            by this International Standard, is implementation-dependent.

         3) Subclause 3.3.4.1, "Exceptions": If more than one condition
            could have occurred as a result of execution of a statement,
            then it is implementation-dependent whether diagnostic informa-
            tion pertaining to more than one condition is made available.

         4) Subclause 3.3.4.3, "Terms denoting rule requirements": The
            treatment of language that does not conform to the SQL Formats
            and Syntax Rules is implementation-dependent.

         5) Subclause 3.3.4.4, "Rule evaluation order": It is implementation-
            dependent whether expressions are actually evaluated left-to-
            right when the precedence is not otherwise determined by the
            Formats or by parentheses.

         6) Subclause 3.3.4.4, "Rule evaluation order": If evaluation
            of the inessential parts of an expression or search condi-
            tion would cause an exception condition to be raised, then it
            is implementation-dependent whether or not that condition is
            raised.

         7) Subclause 4.1, "Data types": The physical representation of a
            value of a data type is implementation-dependent.

                                      Implementation-dependent elements  667

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         8) Subclause 4.1, "Data types": The null value for each data type
            is implementation-dependent.

         9) Subclause 4.9, "Tables": Because global temporary table contents
            are distinct within SQL-sessions, and created local temporary
            tables are distinct within <module>s within SQL-sessions, the
            effective <schema name> of the schema in which the global tempo-
            rary table or the created local temporary table is instantiated
            is an implementation-dependent <schema name> that may be thought
            of as having been effectively derived from the <schema name> of
            the schema in which the global temporary table or created lo-
            cal temporary table is defined and the implementation-dependent
            SQL-session identifier associated with the SQL-session.

         10)Subclause 4.9, "Tables": The effective <schema name> of the
            schema in which the created local temporary table is instanti-
            ated may be thought of as being further qualified by a unique
            implementation-dependent name associated with the <module> in
            which the created local temporary table is referenced.

         11)Subclause 4.9, "Tables": Whether a temporary viewed table is
            materialized is implementation-dependent.

         12)Subclause 4.19, "Diagnostics area": The actual size of the diag-
            nostics area is implementation-dependent when the SQL-agent does
            not specify the size.

         13)Subclause 4.19, "Diagnostics area": The ordering of the the
            information about conditions placed into the diagnostics area
            is implementation-dependent, except that the first condition
            in the diagnostics area always corresponds to the condition
            corresponding to the SQLSTATE or SQLCODE value.

         14)Subclause 4.21, "Cursors": If the <declare cursor> does not
            include an <order by clause>, or includes an <order by clause>
            that does not specify the order of the rows completely, then
            the rows of the table have an order that is defined only to
            the extent that the <order by clause> specifies an order and is
            otherwise implementation-dependent.

         15)Subclause 4.21, "Cursors": When the ordering of a cursor is not
            defined by an <order by clause>, the relative position of two
            rows is implementation-dependent.

         16)Subclause 4.21, "Cursors": The effect on the position and state
            of an open cursor when an error occurs during the execution of
            an SQL-statement that identifies the cursor is implementation-
            dependent.

         17)Subclause 4.21, "Cursors": If a cursor is open and a change is
            made to SQL-data from within the same SQL-transaction other than
            through that cursor, then whether that change will be visible
            through that cursor before it is closed is implementation-
            dependent.

         668  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         18)Subclause 4.26, "Privileges": The mapping of <authorization
            identifier>s to operating system users is implementation-
            dependent.

         19)Subclause 4.26, "Privileges": When an SQL-session is initiated,
            the current <authorization identifier> for the SQL-session is
            determined in an implementation-dependent manner, unless the
            session is initiated using a <connect statement>.

         20)Subclause 4.27, "SQL-agents": An SQL-agent is an implementation-
            dependent entity that causes the execution of SQL-statements.

         21)Subclause 4.28, "SQL-transactions": The schema definitions that
            are implicitly read on behalf of executing an SQL-statement are
            implementation-dependent.

         22)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": The SQL-session <module>
            contains a <module authorization clause> that specifies
            SCHEMA <schema name>, where the value of <schema name> is
            implementation-dependent.

         23)Subclause 4.30, "SQL-sessions": A unique implementation-
            dependent SQL-session identifier is associated with each SQL-
            session.

         24)Subclause 4.31, "Client-server operation": The <module name> of
            the <module> that is effectively materialized on an SQL-server
            is implementation-dependent.

         25)Subclause 4.31, "Client-server operation": Diagnostic infor-
            mation is passed to the diagnostics area in the SQL-client is
            passed in an implementation-dependent manner.

         26)Subclause 4.31, "Client-server operation": The effect on diag-
            nostic information of incompatibilities between the character
            repertoires supported by the SQL-client and SQL-server environ-
            ments is implementation-dependent.

         27)Subclause 6.4, "<column reference>": The implicit qualifier of
            a <column reference> for which there is more than one possible
            qualifier with most local scope is implementation-dependent.

         28)Subclause 6.8, "<datetime value function>": The time of
            evaluation of the CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, and CURRENT_
            TIMESTAMP functions during the execution of an SQL-statement
            is implementation-dependent.

         29)Subclause 6.15, "<interval value expression>": The start date-
            time used for converting intervals to scalars for subtraction
            purposes is implementation-dependent.

         30)Subclause 7.1, "<row value constructor>": The names of the
            columns of a <row value constructor> that specifies a <row value
            constructor list> are implementation-dependent.

                                      Implementation-dependent elements  669

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         31)Subclause 7.9, "<query specification>": When a column is not
            named by an <as clause> and is not derived from a single <col-
            umn reference>, then the name of the column is implementation-
            dependent.

         32)Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>": If a <simple table> is
            not a <query specification>, then the name of each column of the
            <simple table> is implementation-dependent.

         33)Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>": If a <non-join query term>
            is not a <non-join query primary> and the <column name> of the
            corresponding columns of both tables participating in the <non-
            join query term> are not the same, then the result column has an
            implementation-dependent <column name>.

         34)Subclause 7.10, "<query expression>": If a <non-join query ex-
            pression > is not a <non-join query term> and the <column name>
            of the corresponding columns of both tables participating in the
            <non-join query expression > are not the same, then the result
            column has an implementation-dependent <column name>.

         35)Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>": If CS has the NO PAD
            attribute, then the pad character is an implementation-dependent
            character different from any character in the character set of X
            and Y that collates less than any string under CS.

         36)Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>": When the operations
            MAX, MIN, DISTINCT, references to a grouping column, and the
            UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT operators refer to character
            strings, the specific value selected by these operations from
            a set of such equal values is implementation-dependent.

         37)Subclause 9.3, "Set operation result data types": The specific
            character set chosen for the result is implementation-dependent,
            but shall be the character set of one of the data types in DTS.

         38)Subclause 11.6, "<table constraint definition>": The <constraint
            name> of a constraint that does not specify a <constraint name
            definition> is implementation-dependent.

         39)Subclause 11.8, "<referential constraint definition>": The spe-
            cific value to use for cascading among various values that are
            not distinct is implementation-dependent.

         40)Subclause 11.21, "<domain definition>": The <constraint name>
            of a constraint that does not specify a <constraint name defini-
            tion> is implementation-dependent.

         41)Subclause 12.1, "<module>": If the SQL-agent that performs a
            call of a <procedure> in a <module> is not a standard program in
            the language specified in the <language clause> of the <module>,
            then the results are implementation-dependent.


         670  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         42)Subclause 12.1, "<module>": If the SQL-agent that performs
            a call of a <procedure> in a <module> is not a program that
            conforms to the programming language standard specified by
            the <language clause> of that <module>, then the effect is
            implementation-dependent.

         43)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": The <procedure name> should be a
            standard-conforming procedure, function, or routine name of the
            language specified by the subject <language clause>. Failure to
            observe this recommendation will have implementation-dependent
            effects.

         44)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": After the execution of the last
            <procedure>, if an unrecoverable error has not occurred, and
            the SQL-agent did not terminate unexpectedly, and no constraint
            is not satisfied, then the choice of whether to perform a <com-
            mit statement> or a <rollback statement> is implementation-
            dependent. The determination of whether an SQL-agent has termi-
            nated unexpectedly is implementation-dependent.

         45)Subclause 12.3, "<procedure>": If there are more than one status
            parameter, then the order in which values are assigned to these
            status parameters is implementation-dependent.

         46)Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>": If a <declare cursor>
            does not contain an <order by clause>, then the ordering of
            rows in the table associated with that <declare cursor> is
            implementation-dependent.

         47)Subclause 13.1, "<declare cursor>": If a <declare cursor> con-
            tains an <order by clause> and a group of two or more rows in
            the table associated with that <declare cursor> contain val-
            ues that are the null value or compare equal according to
            Subclause 8.2, "<comparison predicate>", in all columns spec-
            ified in the <order by clause>, then the order in which rows in
            that group are returned is implementation-dependent.

         48)Subclause 13.3, "<fetch statement>": The order of assign-
            ment to targets in the <fetch target list> of values returned
            by a <fetch statement>, other than status parameters, is
            implementation-dependent.

         49)Subclause 13.3, "<fetch statement>": If an error occurs during
            assignment of a value to a target during the execution of a
            <fetch statement>, then the values of targets other than status
            parameters are implementation-dependent.

         50)Subclause 13.5, "<select statement: single row>": If the cardi-
            nality of the <query expression> is greater than 1, then it is
            implementation-dependent whether or not values are assigned to
            the targets identified by the <select target list>.



                                      Implementation-dependent elements  671

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         51)Subclause 13.5, "<select statement: single row>": The order
            of assignment to targets in the <select target list> of values
            returned by a <select statement: single row>, other than status
            parameters, is implementation-dependent.

         52)Subclause 13.5, "<select statement: single row>": If an error
            occurs during assignment of a value to a target during the ex-
            ecution of a <select statement: single row>, then the values
            of targets other than status parameters are implementation-
            dependent.

         53)Subclause 14.1, "<set transaction statement>": If <number of
            conditions> is not specified, then an implementation-dependent
            value not less than 1 is implicit.

         54)Subclause 15.3, "<disconnect statement>": If ALL is specified,
            then L is a list representing every active SQL-connection that
            has been established by a <connect statement> by the current
            SQL-agent and that has not yet been disconnected by a <discon-
            nect statement>, in an implementation-dependent order.

         55)Subclause 17.4, "<get descriptor statement>": If an exception
            condition is raised in a <get descriptor statement>, then the
            values of all targets specified by <simple target specifica-
            tion 1> and <simple target specification 2> are implementation-
            dependent.

         56)Subclause 17.4, "<get descriptor statement>": For a <select
            list> column, if the column name is implementation-dependent,
            then NAME is the implementation-dependent name for the column
            and UNNAMED is set to 1.

         57)Subclause 17.4, "<get descriptor statement>": For a <dynamic
            parameter specification>, the values of NAME and UNNAMED are
            implementation-dependent.

         58)Subclause 17.5, "<set descriptor statement>": Item descriptor
            area fields not relevant to the data type of the item being de-
            scribed according to the General Rules of Subclause 17.5, "<set
            descriptor statement>", are set to implementation-dependent
            values.

         59)Subclause 17.5, "<set descriptor statement>": If an exception
            condition is raised in a <set descriptor statement>, then the
            values of all elements of the descriptor specified in the <set
            descriptor statement> are implementation-dependent.

         60)Subclause 17.6, "<prepare statement>": The validity of an <ex-
            tended statement name> value or a <statement name> in an SQL-
            transaction different from the one in which the statement was
            prepared is implementation-dependent.



         672  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         61)Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>": When a <describe output state-
            ment> is executed, the values of DATA and INDICATOR, as well
            as the value of other fields not relevant to the data type of
            the described item, are implementation-dependent. If the col-
            umn name is implementation-dependent, then NAME is set to that
            implementation-dependent name.

         62)Subclause 17.9, "<using clause>": When a <describe input state-
            ment> is used, the values for NAME, DATA, and INDICATOR, as well
            as the value of other fields not relevant to the data type of
            the described item, in the SQL dynamic descriptor area structure
            are implementation-dependent.

         63)Subclause 18.1, "<get diagnostics statement>": The value of
            ROW_COUNT following the execution of an SQL-statement that
            does not directly result in the execution of a <delete state-
            ment: searched>, an <insert statement>, or an <update statement:
            searched> is implementation-dependent.

         64)Subclause 18.1, "<get diagnostics statement>": If <condition
            number> has a value other than 1, then the association between
            <condition number> values and specific conditions raised dur-
            ing evaluation of the General Rules for that SQL-statement is
            implementation-dependent.

         65)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": The <module name>
            of the implied <module> derived from an <embedded SQL host pro-
            gram> is implementation-dependent.

         66)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": The <module au-
            thorization identifier> of the implied <module> derived from an
            <embedded SQL host program> is implementation-dependent.

         67)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": In each <de-
            clare cursor> in the implied <module> derived from an <embedded
            SQL host program>, each <embedded variable name> has been re-
            placed consistently with a distinct <parameter name> that is
            implementation-dependent.

         68)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": The <procedure
            name> of each <procedure> in the implied <module> derived from
            an <embedded SQL host program> is implementation-dependent.

         69)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": In each <pro-
            cedure> in the implied <module> derived from an <embedded
            SQL host program>, each <embedded variable name> has been re-
            placed consistently with a distinct <parameter name> that is
            implementation-dependent.

         70)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": For <SQL pro-
            cedure statement>s other than <open statement>s, whether one
            <procedure> in the implied <module> derived from an <embedded
            SQL host program> can correspond to more than one <SQL procedure

                                      Implementation-dependent elements  673

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            statement> in the <embedded SQL host program> is implementation-
            dependent.

         71)Subclause 19.1, "<embedded SQL host program>": In each <proce-
            dure> in the implied <module> derived from an <embedded SQL host
            program>, the order of the instances of <parameter declaration>
            is implementation-dependent.

         72)Subclause 20.1, "<direct SQL statement>": If an unrecoverable
            error has occurred, or if the direct invocation of SQL termi-
            nated unexpectedly, or if any constraint is not satisfied, then
            a <rollback statement> is performed. Otherwise, the choice of
            which of these SQL-statements to perform is implementation-
            dependent. The determination of whether a direct invocation of
            SQL has terminated unexpectedly is implementation-dependent.

         73)Subclause 20.2, "<direct select statement: multiple rows>":
            If an <order by clause> is not specified, then the ordering
            of rows in the table associated with that <declare cursor> is
            implementation-dependent.

         74)Subclause 20.2, "<direct select statement: multiple rows>": If
            an <order by clause> is specified and a group of two or more
            rows in the resulting table contain values that are the null
            value or compare equal according to Subclause 8.2, "<compar-
            ison predicate>", in all columns specified in the <order by
            clause>, then the order in which rows in that group are returned
            is implementation-dependent.

         75)Subclause 21.3.23, "CHARACTER_SETS base table": The values of
            DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA, DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG, and DEFAULT_
            COLLATE_NAME for default collations specifying the order of
            characters in a repertoire are implementation-dependent.





















         674  Database Language SQL

 















                                       Annex D

                                    (informative)

                                 Deprecated features



         It is intended that the following features will be removed at a
         later date from a revised version of this International Standard:

         1) SQLCODE

         2) <COBOL computational integer>s in <embedded SQL COBOL program>s.

         3) The <unsigned integer> option of <sort specification> of <de-
            clare cursor>.

         4) The <parameter declaration>s in a <procedure> without enclosing
            parentheses and without commas separating multiple <parameter
            declaration>s.



























                                                    Deprecated features  675

 































































         676  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002









                                       Annex E

                                    (informative)

                       Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989



         This International Standard introduces some incompatibilities
         with the earlier version of Database Language SQL as specified
         in ISO/IEC 9075:1989. Unless specified in this Annex, features
         and capabilities of Database Language SQL are compatible with the
         earlier version of this International Standard.

         1) In Subclause 4.12, "Cursors", and Subclause 8.3, "<declare cur-
            sor>", General Rule 3)a)iii) of ISO/IEC 9075:1989, a requirement
            was made that multiple openings of an unordered cursor within a
            single SQL-transaction return the rows in the same order every
            time. In this International Standard, the order of rows returned
            for an unordered cursor is always implementation-dependent.

         2) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, <parameter name>s were simple <identi-
            fier>s. In this International Standard, colons are now required
            to delimit <parameter name>s.

         3) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, the specification of the enforcement of
            WITH CHECK OPTION for a view was ambiguous. This International
            Standard clarifies the intent of WITH CHECK OPTION.

         4) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, the <unique constraint definition> had no
            rule to prevent defining two unique constraints with identical
            unique column lists on a table. This International Standard
            adds a Syntax Rule to require that all unique column lists be
            distinct.

         5) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, there were no requirements that users have
            SELECT privileges on tables that were referenced in contexts
            other than <select statement: single row> or <fetch statement>.
            This International Standard adds Access Rules to require that
            users have SELECT privilege on tables referenced in various
            <query expression>s, <table expression>s, <search condition>s,
            and <value expression>s.

         6) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, the specification of a view did not
            preclude the possibility of defining a view in terms of it-
            self. This International Standard adds a Syntax Rule in


                               Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989  677

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            Subclause 11.19, "<view definition>" to preclude that possi-
            bility.

         7) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, the specification did not preclude the
            possibility of using outer references in <set function specifi-
            cation>s in <subquery>s contained in the <search condition> of
            a <having clause>, but did not define the semantics of such a
            construction. This International Standard adds a Syntax Rule in
            Subclause 6.5, "<set function specification>", and a Syntax Rule
            in Subclause 7.6, "<where clause>", to preclude that possibil-
            ity.

         8) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, the <module> derived from an <embedded SQL
            host program> had an implementor-defined <module authorization
            identifier>. As the time of binding was not specified, this
            meant that the authorization identifier for privilege checking
            could be determined at either compile-time or run-time. In this
            International Standard, the derived <module> has no <module
            authorization identifier> and the authorization identifier for
            privilege checking is determined at run-time.

         9) In ISO/IEC 9075:1989, if a cursor is on or before a row and that
            row is deleted, then the cursor is positioned before the row
            that is immediately after the position of the deleted row. In
            this International Standard, if the deletion is not made through
            that cursor, then the effect of the deletion is implementation-
            dependent.

         10)A number of additional <reserved word>s have been added to the
            language. These <reserved word>s are:

            - ABSOLUTE

            - ACTION

            - ADD

            - ALLOCATE

            - ALTER

            - ARE

            - ASSERTION

            - AT

            - BETWEEN

            - BIT

            - BIT_LENGTH

            - BOTH

            - CASCADE

         678  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            - CASCADED

            - CASE

            - CAST

            - CATALOG

            - CHAR_LENGTH

            - CHARACTER_LENGTH

            - COALESCE

            - COLLATE

            - COLLATION

            - COLUMN

            - CONNECT

            - CONNECTION

            - CONSTRAINT

            - CONSTRAINTS

            - CONVERT

            - CORRESPONDING

            - CROSS

            - CURRENT_DATE

            - CURRENT_TIME

            - CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

            - CURRENT_USER

            - DATE

            - DAY

            - DEALLOCATE

            - DEFERRABLE

            - DEFERRED

            - DESCRIBE

            - DESCRIPTOR

            - DIAGNOSTICS

            - DISCONNECT

                               Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989  679

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            - DOMAIN

            - DROP

            - ELSE

            - END-EXEC

            - EXCEPT

            - EXCEPTION

            - EXECUTE

            - EXTERNAL

            - EXTRACT

            - FALSE

            - FIRST

            - FULL

            - GET

            - GLOBAL

            - HOUR

            - IDENTITY

            - IMMEDIATE

            - INITIALLY

            - INNER

            - INPUT

            - INSENSITIVE

            - INTERSECT

            - INTERVAL

            - ISOLATION

            - JOIN

            - LAST

            - LEADING

            - LEFT

            - LEVEL

            - LOCAL

         680  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            - LOWER

            - MATCH

            - MINUTE

            - MONTH

            - NAMES

            - NATIONAL

            - NATURAL

            - NCHAR

            - NEXT

            - NO

            - NULLIF

            - OCTET_LENGTH

            - ONLY

            - OUTER

            - OUTPUT

            - OVERLAPS

            - PAD

            - PARTIAL

            - POSITION

            - PREPARE

            - PRESERVE

            - PRIOR

            - READ

            - RELATIVE

            - RESTRICT

            - REVOKE

            - RIGHT

            - ROWS

            - SCROLL

            - SECOND

                               Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989  681

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            - SESSION

            - SESSION_USER

            - SIZE

            - SPACE

            - SQLSTATE

            - SUBSTRING

            - SYSTEM_USER

            - TEMPORARY

            - THEN

            - TIME

            - TIMESTAMP

            - TIMEZONE_HOUR

            - TIMEZONE_MINUTE

            - TRAILING

            - TRANSACTION

            - TRANSLATE

            - TRANSLATION

            - TRIM

            - TRUE

            - UNKNOWN

            - UPPER

            - USAGE

            - USING

            - VALUE

            - VARCHAR

            - VARYING

            - WHEN

            - WRITE

            - YEAR

         682  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



            - ZONE





















































                               Incompatibilities with ISO/IEC 9075:1989  683

 































































         684  Database Language SQL

 





                                                    X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002









                                       Annex F

                                    (informative)

                        Maintenance and interpretation of SQL



         ISO/IEC JTC1 provides formal procedures for revision, maintenance,
         and interpretation of JTC1 Standards. Section 6.13 of the JTC1
         Directives, "Maintenance/correction of defects in JTC1 Standards",
         specifies procedures for creating and processing "defect reports".
         Defect reports may result in technical corrigendum, amendments,
         interpretations, or other commentary on an existing International
         Standard. In addition, SC21, the JTC1 subcommittee that devel-
         oped this International Standard, provides procedures for raising
         new "questions" about topics related to existing SC21 projects.
         Questions may result in interpretations, new project proposals, or
         possibly new defect reports.

         Since publication of ISO/IEC 9075:1989, the following SC21 ques-
         tions have resulted in formal interpretations of Database Language
         SQL. The first number in parentheses identifies the SC21 document
         in which the question was first raised, and the second number iden-
         tifies the SC21 document in which the proposed interpretation was
         formally adopted.

         1) Expression Evaluation (SC21 N5142, SC21 N5468)

         2) Read-Only Cursors (SC21 N5143, SC21 N5469)

         3) Working Viewed Tables (SC21 N5144, SC21 N5470)

         4) Authorization Id (SC21 N5145, SC21 N5471)

         Since publication of ISO/IEC 9075:1989, several new defects have
         been discovered in the SQL language, leading to creation of the
         following defect reports.

         1) General Clarifications, Defect Report 9075/5 (WG3 N1150, N1160)

         2) General Clarifications, Defect Report 9075/6 (WG3 N1161)

         The SQL language corrections proposed in each defect report were
         accepted by SC21/WG3 in May 1991 (see SC21 N6249, Arles WG3
         Resolutions). Further processing within SC21 was superseded by
         adoption of ISO/IEC 9075:1992 as a replacement standard for ISO/IEC

                                  Maintenance and interpretation of SQL  685

 





          X3H2-92-154/DBL CBR-002



         9075:1989. All corrections to SQL proposed by these defect reports
         are included in this International Standard.

         Potential new questions or new defect reports addressing the spec-
         ifications of this International Standard should be communicated
         to:

            Secretariat, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG3
            Standards Council of Canada
            Ottawa, Ontario
            Canada.











































         686  Database Language SQL

 
















                                    Index



          . . . , 8                     a completion condition is
         !!, 8                             raised, 10
         |, 22, 27                      ACTION, 84, 274, 276, 590,
         ::=, 7                            591, 592, 678
         <1987>, 16                     <action>, 64, 245, 246,
         <1989>, 16                        329, 330, 332, 333, 338,
         <1992>, 16, 17                    632
         < >, 7                         <action list>, 245
         [ ], 8                         <actual identifier>, 98
         { }, 8                         Ada, 3, 49, 61, 342, 344,
         |, 8                              352, 356, 357, 489, 490,

                    - A -                  491, 493, 495, 498, 500,
         abandoned, 336, 337, 338          501, 502, 503, 614, 625,
         ABSOLUTE, 84, 377, 378,           639, 651, 661
            379, 678                    ADA, 83, 243, 344, 352,
         access mode, 67, 74, 350,         362, 493, 613, 614
            384, 386, 389, 392, 394,    <Ada assignment operator>,
            400, 528                       500
         Access Rules, 9, 10, 12,       <Ada host identifier>, 490,
            13, 15, 38, 64, 77, 289,       500, 501
            290, 292, 294, 300, 310,    <Ada initial value>, 500,
            313, 318, 323, 330, 331,       501
            332, 338, 375, 398, 443,    <Ada qualified type
            462, 467, 472, 475, 476,       specification>, 500,
            477, 525, 526, 625, 665,       501, 503, 651
            677                         <Ada type specification>,

                                           500, 502

                                                           Index  1

 






          <Ada unqualified type          <alter column definition>,
             specification>, 500            266, 283, 286, 287, 288,
          <Ada variable definition>,        645
             490, 500, 501, 502, 639     <alter domain action>, 304
          ADD, 84, 284, 291, 307,        <alter domain statement>,
             310, 678                       52, 281, 304, 305, 306,
          <add column definition>,          307, 308, 338, 368, 482,
             283, 284, 285, 645             633
          <add domain constraint         <alter table action>, 283
             definition>, 304, 307,      <alter table statement>,
             634                            52, 262, 263, 265, 272,
          Additional common elements,       274, 281, 283, 284, 286,
             239                            289, 291, 292, 338, 368,
          <add table constraint             482, 645
             definition>, 272, 283,      ambiguous cursor name, 443,
             291, 310, 586, 646, 665        462, 619
          AFTER, 85                      <ampersand>, 79, 80, 489,
          ALIAS, 85                         491
          ALL, 84, 124, 126, 176,        AND, 84, 211, 228, 229,
             183, 184, 196, 197, 200,       230, 272, 538, 539, 542,
             201, 202, 220, 245, 246,       543, 544, 545, 546, 547,
             294, 300, 332, 338, 401,       548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
             402, 403, 412, 586, 616,       553, 554, 555, 556, 557,
             641, 672                       558, 559, 561, 562, 570,
          <all>, 220                        571, 580, 581, 612, 613,
          ALLOCATE, 84, 431, 465,           617, 618
             482, 678                    an exception condition is
          <allocate cursor statement>       raised, 10
             , 49, 53, 55, 57, 58,       ANSI/IEEE 770/X3.160, 517
             59, 62, 104, 369, 447,      ANSI/IEEE 770/X3.97, 517
             449, 465, 466, 469, 476,    ANSI/MDC X11.1, 515
             477, 482, 635, 638          ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A, 3, 501
          <allocate descriptor           ANSI X3.135, xiii, xvi, 75,
             statement>, 54, 60,            76, 85, 677, 678
             62, 104, 369, 431, 482      ANSI X3.159, 505
          ALTER, 84, 283, 286, 292,      ANSI X3.198, 512
             304, 310, 338, 482, 678     ANSI X3.23, 3, 509
          <alter column action>, 286     ANSI X3.53, 3, 521
                                         ANSI X3.9, 512

          2  Database Language SQL

 






          ANY, 84, 212, 220, 571,        AS, 84, 118, 120, 122, 144,
             573, 580, 583, 584, 585,       146, 147, 169, 170, 182,
             586, 591, 595, 596, 606,       191, 202, 209, 296, 298,
             608, 610, 611                  301, 311, 362, 363, 364,
          applicable, 66, 119, 122,         365, 366, 407, 446, 456,
             135, 145, 246, 249, 251,       457, 458, 538, 539, 541,
             264, 276, 282, 298, 302,       542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
             304, 310, 312, 316, 321,       547, 548, 549, 550, 551,
             326, 329, 337, 373, 384,       552, 553, 554, 555, 556,
             386, 389, 392, 394, 452,       557, 558, 559, 561, 562,
             453, 454, 455, 493, 531,       563, 564, 565, 586, 616,
             572                            617, 641
          applicable privileges, 66,     ASC, 84, 371, 531
             119, 122, 135, 145, 246,    <as clause>, 191, 192, 670
             249, 251, 264, 276, 282,    assertion, 43
             298, 302, 310, 312, 316,    ASSERTION, 84, 259, 325,
             321, 326, 329, 337, 384,       328, 338, 482, 537, 617,
             386, 389, 392, 394             618, 678
          application program, 2, 77     <assertion check>, 325
          <approximate numeric           <assertion definition>, 52,
             literal>, 90, 94, 95,          255, 257, 325, 326, 368,
             148, 150                       482, 593, 594, 632, 634,
          <approximate numeric type>,       635, 637, 639
             29, 107, 108, 110, 453,     assertion descriptor, 40,
             454, 658                       43, 44, 300, 326, 337,
          approximate numeric value,        338, 598
             28                          Assertions, 43
          <arc1>, 16                     ASSERTIONS, 553, 593, 598,
          <arc2>, 16                        616, 640
          <arc3>, 16                     ASSERTIONS base table, 598
          ARE, 84, 344, 490, 678         Assertions on the base
          <argument>, 451, 455, 456,        tables, 616
             457, 460                    ASSERTIONS view, 553
                                         ASSERTIONS_DEFERRED_CHECK,
                                            598
                                         ASSERTIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_
                                            CHECK_CONSTRAINTS, 598



                                                             Index  3

 






          ASSERTIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_        BETWEEN, 84, 211, 678
             SCHEMATA, 598               <between predicate>, 205,
          ASSERTIONS_INITIALLY_             211, 444, 446
             DEFERRED_NOT_NULL, 598      BIT, 19, 35, 84, 107, 109,
          ASSERTIONS_IS_DEFERRABLE_         351, 352, 356, 357, 358,
             NOT_NULL, 598                  359, 360, 361, 362, 363,
          ASSERTIONS_PRIMARY_KEY, 598       364, 366, 425, 429, 440,
          assignable, 5, 34, 35, 231        445, 500, 502, 505, 506,
          <asterisk>, 79, 80, 124,          507, 510, 512, 513, 514,
             157, 158, 168, 191, 512        517, 518, 519, 520, 522,
          ASYNC, 85
          AT, 84, 165, 166, 678             523, 570, 635, 639, 678
          AUTHORIZATION, 84, 255,        <bit>, 89, 90, 92
             257, 341, 343, 420, 484,    <bit concatenation>, 27,
             535, 567, 644                  160, 162, 163
          <authorization identifier>,    <bit factor>, 160, 162, 163
             44, 46, 64, 65, 66, 72,     <bit length expression>,
             73, 98, 102, 103, 116,         128, 131, 630
             245, 246, 255, 256, 258,    <bit primary>, 160, 161,
             260, 261, 283, 289, 290,       163
             294, 297, 298, 300, 302,    bit string, 26
                                         Bit string comparison and
             304, 309, 310, 312, 313,       assignment, 27
             316, 318, 321, 323, 326,    bit string data type
             328, 329, 330, 331, 332,       descriptor, 26
             333, 336, 341, 342, 348,    <bit string literal>, 82,
             397, 398, 407, 409, 420,       86, 89, 92, 93, 95, 97,
             421, 487, 526, 568, 600,       266, 267, 629
             601, 603, 605, 655, 657,    Bit strings, 26
             663, 669                    <bit string type>, 107,
          AVG, 84, 124, 125, 126, 659       109, 113, 453, 454, 630
                                         bit string variable, 27
                      - B -              <bit substring function>,
          Backus Naur Form, 7               27, 133, 134, 137
          Backus Normal Form, 7          <bit value expression>,
          <1989 base>, 16                   133, 134, 137, 160, 162,
          base table, 45                    163, 631
          base table descriptor, 39      <bit value function>, 132,
          BEFORE, 85                        137, 630
          BEGIN, 84, 490

          4  Database Language SQL

 






          BIT_LENGTH, 84, 128, 131,      CARDINAL_NUMBER_DOMAIN_
             148, 151, 152, 445, 507,       CHECK, 565
             678                         <C array specification>,
          BNF, 7                            504, 505, 506, 507
          BOOLEAN, 85                    CASCADE, 84, 258, 274, 277,
          <boolean factor>, 36, 229         278, 279, 289, 290, 292,
          <boolean primary>, 229            294, 300, 310, 313, 318,
          <boolean term>, 229               323, 337, 338, 590, 591,
          <boolean test>, 229, 230,         592, 678
             632                         CASCADED, 40, 84, 296, 297,
          BOTH, 84, 132, 134, 136,          299, 578, 579, 633, 679
             152, 153, 154, 407, 408,    CASE, 76, 84, 141, 142,
             415, 417, 419, 420, 431,       543, 544, 679
             447, 465, 678               <case abbreviation>, 141
          BREADTH, 85                    <case expression>, 26, 141,
          BY, 84, 187, 196, 371, 372,       143, 155, 156, 237, 642
             374, 464, 530, 616, 617,    <case operand>, 141, 142
             635, 638                    <case specification>, 141,

                      - C -                 142, 143, 444, 446
          C, 3, 49, 61, 83, 243, 357,    CAST, 35, 84, 144, 146,
             358, 362, 363, 452, 454,       147, 169, 170, 192, 202,
             489, 490, 491, 493, 495,       209, 353, 362, 363, 364,
             498, 504, 505, 506, 507,       365, 366, 446, 456, 457,
             613, 614, 625, 639, 651,       458, 679
             661, 664                    <cast operand>, 144, 145
          calendar, 5                    <cast specification>, 43,
          CALL, 85                          49, 144, 145, 146, 147,
          Calls to a <procedure>, 352       154, 155, 156, 456, 457,
          cardinality, 5, 37, 125,          458, 642
             126, 174, 178, 191, 194,    <cast target>, 144
             203, 222, 382, 485, 537,    catalog, 45, 46
             589, 671                    CATALOG, 84, 415, 417, 484,
          cardinality violation, 203,       679
             382, 620                    <catalog name>, 15, 44, 45,
          CARDINAL_NUMBER, 565, 570,        64, 98, 101, 102, 104,
             580, 588, 606                  256, 258, 341, 415, 417,
          CARDINAL_NUMBER domain, 565       486, 487, 629, 654, 657,

                                            661

                                                             Index  5

 






          Catalogs, 45                   <character factor>, 160,
          CATALOG_NAME, 83, 480, 481,       161, 162
             486, 487, 536, 538, 539,    Characteristics of numbers,
             541, 542, 543, 544, 545,       28
             546, 547, 548, 549, 550,    character not in repertoire
             551, 552, 553, 554, 555,       , 111, 620
             556, 557, 558, 559, 561,    <character primary>, 160,
             562, 569, 571, 573, 580,       162
             583, 584, 585, 586, 591,    character repertoire, 5, 7,
             595, 596, 606, 608, 610,       20, 21, 23, 24, 35, 46,
             611                            74, 85, 86, 92, 93, 100,
          <C bit variable>, 504, 505,       109, 111, 129, 133, 134,
             507, 639                       136, 145, 160, 208, 237,
          <C character variable>,           248, 249, 250, 266, 312,
             504, 505, 506, 507, 664        315, 316, 506, 607, 660,
          <C class modifier>, 504           669
          <C derived variable>, 504,     <character representation>,
             507, 639, 651                  88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 97,
          CHAR, 84, 107, 108, 356,          216, 500, 501, 505, 506,
             360, 361, 500, 501, 502,       508, 509, 520, 521, 629
             517, 518, 519, 520, 522,    <character set definition>,
             664                            52, 255, 257, 311, 312,
          character, 5                      323, 368, 482, 644, 646
          CHARACTER, 19, 20, 21, 35,     character set descriptor,
             49, 84, 107, 108, 109,         21, 44, 250, 311, 312,
             113, 248, 255, 259, 263,       318, 606
             301, 311, 313, 329, 332,    <character set name>, 44,
             351, 352, 356, 357, 358,       93, 99, 103, 104, 105,
             359, 360, 361, 362, 363,       108, 248, 249, 259, 302,
             364, 365, 366, 367, 426,       311, 312, 313, 316, 321,
             429, 440, 445, 447, 482,       329, 331, 333, 419, 452,
             483, 500, 501, 504, 505,       454, 656, 657
             506, 508, 509, 510, 512,    <character set source>, 311

             513, 516, 517, 518, 520,
             521, 522, 523, 564, 570,
             604, 605, 640, 646, 647,
             651, 653, 657, 658, 664


          6  Database Language SQL

 






          <character set specifica-      <character value
             tion>, 85, 86, 87, 89,         expression>, 23, 24,
             92, 93, 97, 98, 100,           128, 129, 130, 132, 133,
             105, 107, 109, 248, 249,       135, 136, 160, 161, 162,
             250, 255, 256, 263, 301,       164, 214, 444, 642
             314, 320, 331, 335, 344,    <character value function>,
             426, 490, 500, 501, 503,       132, 137, 138, 630, 641
             504, 506, 507, 508, 510,    CHARACTER_DATA, 564, 570,
             511, 512, 513, 514, 517,       573, 574, 576, 578, 580,
             518, 519, 520, 521, 523,       585, 590, 593, 598, 600,
             629, 630, 644, 651, 660,       602, 604, 608, 612
             663, 664                    CHARACTER_DATA domain, 564
          character string, 20           CHARACTER_LENGTH, 84, 128,
          character string data type        151, 445, 679
             descriptor, 20              CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH,
          <character string literal>,       539, 544, 570, 571, 572
             73, 82, 86, 87, 89, 92,     CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH,
             93, 95, 97, 100, 266,          539, 544, 570, 571, 572
             419, 629, 656               CHARACTER_SETS, 554, 604,
          character strings, 6              606, 608, 611, 640
          Character strings, 20          CHARACTER_SETS base table,
          Character strings and             606
             collating sequences,        CHARACTER_SETS view, 554
             20                          CHARACTER_SETS_CHECK_
          <character string type>,          REFERENCES_COLLATIONS,
             107, 108, 109, 113, 263,       606
             301, 452, 454, 640, 658     CHARACTER_SETS_DEFAULT_
          <character substring              COLLATE_CATALOG_NOT_
             function>, 22, 27, 132,        NULL, 606
             133, 135, 137, 444, 641     CHARACTER_SETS_DEFAULT_
          <character translation>,          COLLATE_NAME_NOT_NULL,
             22, 132, 134, 136, 137,        606
             444, 630, 659               CHARACTER_SETS_DEFAULT_
                                            COLLATE_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL,
                                            606
                                         CHARACTER_SETS_FOREIGN_KEY_
                                            SCHEMATA, 606



                                                             Index  7

 






          CHARACTER_SETS_PRIMARY_KEY,    <check constraint
             606                            definition>, 262, 264,
          CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, 83,        270, 271, 281, 282, 301,
             426, 427, 428, 434, 436,       309, 593, 594, 633
             439, 440, 441, 452, 454,    Checking of constraints, 41
             456, 457, 538, 539, 544,    CHECK_CLAUSE, 551, 593, 594
             554, 555, 556, 569, 604,    CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE, 559,
             606, 607, 608, 609, 610,       561, 596
             611, 663                    CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE base
          CHARACTER_SET_NAME, 83,           table, 596
             354, 426, 427, 428, 434,    CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE_CHECK_
             436, 439, 440, 441, 452,       REFERENCES_COLUMNS, 596
             454, 456, 457, 538, 539,    CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE_FOREIGN_
             544, 554, 555, 556, 569,       KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,
             604, 606, 607, 608, 609,       596
                                         CHECK_COLUMN_USAGE_PRIMARY_
             610, 611, 663                  KEY, 596
          CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, 83,      CHECK_CONSTRAINTS, 551,
             426, 427, 428, 434, 436,       574, 586, 593, 594, 595,
             439, 440, 441, 452, 454,       596, 598, 640
             456, 457, 538, 539, 544,    CHECK_CONSTRAINTS base
             554, 555, 556, 569, 604,       table, 593
             606, 607, 608, 609, 610,    CHECK_CONSTRAINTS view, 551
             611, 663                    CHECK_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_
          <char length expression>,         KEY, 593
             128, 130                    CHECK_CONSTRAINTS_SOURCE_
          CHAR_LENGTH, 84, 128, 679         CHECK, 593
          CHECK, 40, 75, 84, 264,        CHECK_OPTION, 356, 543,
             281, 296, 297, 299, 325,       578, 579
             389, 393, 395, 487, 537,    CHECK_OPTION_CHECK, 578
             565, 570, 571, 572, 573,    CHECK_OPTION_NOT_NULL, 578
             574, 576, 578, 579, 580,    CHECK_TABLE_IN_COLUMNS, 576
                                         CHECK_TABLE_USAGE, 595
             583, 584, 585, 586, 587,    CHECK_TABLE_USAGE base
             588, 590, 591, 593, 595,       table, 595
             596, 598, 600, 602, 604,    CHECK_TABLE_USAGE_CHECK_
             606, 608, 610, 611, 612,       REFERENCES_TABLES, 595

             613, 616, 617, 618, 677

          8  Database Language SQL

 






          CHECK_TABLE_USAGE_FOREIGN_     <COBOL character type>,
             KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,         508, 509, 510, 511, 651,
             595                            664
          CHECK_TABLE_USAGE_PRIMARY_     <COBOL computational
             KEY, 595                       integer>, 508, 510,
          <C host identifier>, 490,         675
             504, 505, 506, 507          <COBOL host identifier>,
          <C initial value>, 504,           490, 508, 509
             505, 506                    <COBOL integer type>, 508,
          Claims of conformance, 625        651
          Classes of SQL-statements,     <COBOL nines>, 508
             51                          <COBOL nines specification>
          CLASS_ORIGIN, 83, 84, 479,        , 508
             481, 485, 663               <COBOL numeric type>, 508,
          Client-server operation, 74       510
          CLOSE, 84, 381, 403, 405,      <COBOL type specification>,
             471, 482, 483                  508, 510, 511, 639, 664
          <close statement>, 50, 53,     <COBOL variable definition>
             55, 57, 58, 59, 368,           , 490, 508, 509, 510,
             381, 482                       664
          cluster, 45, 566, 654          Codes associated with
          Clusters of catalogs, 45          datetime data types
          <C numeric variable>, 504,        in Dynamic SQL, 429
             507                         Codes used for <interval
          COALESCE, 6, 84, 141, 142,        qualifier>s in Dynamic
             182, 444, 446, 544, 679        SQL, 429
          COBOL, 3, 49, 61, 83, 243,     Codes used for SQL data
             358, 359, 363, 364, 489,       types in Dynamic SQL,
             490, 491, 493, 495, 498,       428
             508, 509, 510, 511, 612,    coercibility, 5, 21, 23,
             613, 614, 625, 639, 651,       24, 25, 35, 115, 122,
             661, 662, 664, 675             125, 133, 134, 145, 155,
          <COBOL binary integer>,           161, 187, 208, 214, 237,
             508, 510, 651                  264, 297, 372
          <COBOL bit type>, 508, 509,    Coercible, 23, 24, 25, 26,
             510, 511, 639                  115, 145, 208, 264

                                         COLLATE, 84, 251, 318, 444,
                                            679

                                                             Index  9

 






          <collate clause>, 21, 23,      <collation definition>, 53,
             24, 36, 37, 160, 161,          255, 257, 314, 315, 316,
             163, 187, 188, 251, 262,       317, 331, 335, 368, 482,
             263, 264, 265, 301, 302,       632, 634, 635, 637, 639,
             303, 311, 331, 337, 372,       661
             631, 632, 633               collation descriptor, 21,
          Collating coercibility            44, 313, 315, 317, 318,
             rules for dyadic               323, 608
             operators, 24               <collation name>, 36, 37,
          Collating coercibility            99, 103, 104, 251, 259,
             rules for monadic              265, 302, 310, 314, 315,
             operators, 24                  316, 318, 329, 331, 333,
          collating sequence, 6             335, 444, 452, 454, 629
          <collating sequence            COLLATIONS, 539, 545, 555,
             definition>, 314, 315          572, 604, 606, 608, 640
          Collating sequence usage       COLLATIONS base table, 608
             for comparisons, 25         <collation source>, 311,
          collation, 6, 20, 21, 24,         312, 314, 315, 316
             35, 36, 37, 44, 53, 64,     COLLATIONS view, 555
             65, 66, 87, 99, 103,        COLLATIONS_CHARACTER_SET_
             104, 251, 255, 256, 257,       CATALOG_NOT_NULL, 608
             258, 259, 263, 265, 301,    COLLATIONS_CHARACTER_SET_
             302, 310, 311, 312, 314,       NAME_NOT_NULL, 608
             315, 316, 317, 318, 319,    COLLATIONS_CHARACTER_SET_
             323, 329, 330, 331, 333,       SCHEMA_NOT_NULL, 608
             334, 335, 336, 337, 368,    COLLATIONS_CHECK_
             436, 444, 452, 454, 482,       REFERENCES_CHARACTER_
             483, 555, 572, 605, 607,       SETS, 608
                                         COLLATIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_
             608, 609, 629, 632, 634,       SCHEMATA, 608
             635, 637, 639, 661, 665,    COLLATIONS_PAD_ATTRIBUTE_
             674                            CHECK, 608
          COLLATION, 84, 259, 311,       COLLATIONS_PRIMARY_KEY, 608
             314, 315, 316, 318, 329,    COLLATION_CATALOG, 83, 427,
             331, 332, 482, 679             434, 436, 438, 452, 454,
                                            539, 544, 545, 555, 570,
                                            571, 572, 604, 606, 608,
                                            609


          10  Database Language SQL

 






          COLLATION_NAME, 83, 428,       column, 14, 15, 21, 23, 24,
             434, 436, 438, 452, 454,       35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41,
             539, 544, 545, 555, 570,       42, 43, 50, 61, 62, 63,
             571, 572, 604, 606, 608,       64, 65, 66, 75, 98, 103,
             609                            109, 118, 119, 120, 121,
          COLLATION_SCHEMA, 83, 427,        122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
             434, 436, 438, 452, 454,       127, 155, 156, 174, 176,
             539, 544, 545, 555, 570,       177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
             571, 572, 604, 606, 608,       182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
             609                            187, 189, 190, 191, 192,
          collection, 5, 6, 14              193, 194, 195, 196, 197,
          <colon>, 80, 91, 99, 242,         198, 199, 200, 201, 202,
             490, 500, 517                  203, 208, 217, 219, 220,

                                            223, 224, 227, 228, 230,
                                            234, 236, 245, 246, 256,
                                            260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
                                            265, 266, 267, 268, 270,
                                            271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
                                            276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
                                            282, 283, 284, 285, 286,
                                            287, 288, 289, 290, 292,
                                            296, 297, 298, 299, 301,
                                            302, 304, 306, 309, 318,
                                            325, 326, 329, 330, 331,
                                            333, 334, 335, 336, 337,
                                            371, 372, 373, 374, 377,
                                            379, 380, 383, 386, 388,
                                            389, 390, 391, 392, 393,
                                            394, 395, 396, 397, 398,
                                            420, 436, 446, 447, 450,
                                            451, 452, 457, 464, 469,
                                            474, 475, 487, 530, 533,
                                            544, 547, 552, 558, 561,
                                            562, 569, 570, 572, 579,
                                            580, 581, 582, 584, 588,
                                            589, 591, 594, 596, 597,
                                            601, 602, 603, 613, 618,
                                            641, 643, 644, 645, 647,
                                            648, 665, 669, 670, 671,
                                            672, 673, 674, 677
                                                            Index  11

 






          COLUMN, 84, 284, 286, 289,     <column reference>, 21,
             679                            121, 122, 123, 124, 125,
          <column constraint>, 262,         126, 127, 155, 156, 177,
             264, 265, 645                  181, 185, 187, 189, 190,
          <column constraint                191, 192, 193, 217, 219,
             definition>, 262, 263,         230, 264, 284, 302, 390,
             264                            579, 594, 630, 641, 643,
          <column definition>, 109,         644, 669, 670
             256, 260, 261, 262, 263,    Columns, 36
             264, 265, 266, 273, 284,    COLUMNS, 539, 544, 545,
             325, 397, 398, 644, 645        562, 572, 576, 580, 584,
          column descriptor, 37, 39,        588, 596, 602, 640
             187, 192, 197, 198, 199,    COLUMNS base table, 580
             200, 265, 267, 268, 286,    COLUMNS view, 544
             287, 288, 297, 302, 306,    COLUMNS_CHECK_DATA_TYPE,
             309, 318, 372, 393, 397,       580
             451, 580, 581               COLUMNS_CHECK_REFERENCES_
          <column name>, 36, 98, 103,       DOMAIN, 580
             118, 119, 121, 174, 181,    COLUMNS_FOREIGN_KEY_TABLES,
             182, 191, 192, 197, 198,       580
             199, 200, 245, 246, 262,    COLUMNS_PRIMARY_KEY, 580
             265, 272, 273, 276, 282,    COLUMNS_UNIQUE, 580
                                         COLUMN_DEFAULT, 544, 580,
             284, 286, 287, 288, 289,       581
             296, 297, 298, 309, 326,    COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE, 562,
             331, 334, 335, 371, 372,       640
             373, 388, 389, 390, 391,    COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE view,
             392, 394, 398, 474, 487,       562
             530, 645, 648, 670          COLUMN_NAME, 83, 480, 481,
          <column name list>, 64, 65,       487, 539, 544, 545, 547,
             66, 118, 180, 196, 245,        552, 558, 561, 562, 570,
             272, 274, 296, 371, 372,       571, 572, 573, 580, 581,
             373, 374, 388, 392, 464,       584, 588, 589, 596, 597,
             474, 635, 638                  602, 603, 617, 618
          column privilege descriptor    COLUMN_POSITION_NOT_NULL,
             , 66                           580
                                         COLUMN_PRIVILEGES, 542,
                                            545, 547, 602, 640


          12  Database Language SQL

 






          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES base         COMMITTED, 68, 69, 83, 399
             table, 602                  common column name, 121,
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES view, 547       122, 181
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_FOREIGN_     comparable, 6, 21, 27, 31,
             KEY_COLUMNS, 602               33, 34, 35, 134, 142,
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_GRANTEE_        169, 181, 207, 209, 211,
             FOREIGN_KEY_USERS, 602         214, 220, 224, 227, 231,
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_GRANTOR_        234, 237
             FOREIGN_KEY_USERS, 602      <comparison predicate>,
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_IS_             156, 203, 205, 207, 209,
             GRANTABLE_CHECK, 602           220, 221, 373, 444, 446,
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_IS_             531, 642, 643
             GRANTABLE_NOT_NULL,         compilation unit, 1, 2, 46,
             602                            47, 61, 67, 490, 501,
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_PRIMARY_        505, 509, 512, 515, 517,
             KEY, 602                       521, 654
          COLUMN_PRIVILEGES_TYPE_        COMPLETION, 85
             CHECK, 602                  completion condition, 10
          <comma>, 80, 107, 108, 118,    <comp op>, 207, 208, 209,
             141, 173, 176, 178, 187,       210, 220, 221, 373, 531
             191, 212, 239, 245, 260,    <concatenation>, 160, 161,
             329, 333, 346, 371, 377,       162, 163, 164, 642
             382, 391, 399, 401, 434,    <concatenation operator>,
             438, 451, 474, 479, 500,       22, 83, 160, 445
             504, 505, 512, 515, 517,    Concepts, 19
             520                         <condition>, 497, 499
          COMMAND_FUNCTION, 83, 479,     <condition action>, 497,
             481, 482, 488                  499
          <comment>, 83, 86, 444, 462    Conditional rules, 13
          <comment character>, 83        <condition information>,
          <comment introducer>, 83,         479, 485
             86                          <condition information
          COMMIT, 68, 70, 84, 260,          item>, 479, 480, 485
             275, 281, 397, 403, 482     <condition information item
          <commit statement>, 41, 50,       name>, 479, 480, 481
             52, 54, 67, 69, 71, 253,    <condition number>, 479,
             342, 369, 403, 413, 482,       480, 485, 673

             526, 671

                                                            Index  13

 






          CONDITION_NUMBER, 83, 354,     CONSTRAINT, 84, 292, 308,
             479, 481, 485                  338, 484, 536, 565, 568,
          conformance, 9, 12, 16, 17,       569, 570, 571, 572, 573,
             75, 76, 563, 612, 614,         574, 576, 578, 580, 583,
             625, 626, 627                  584, 585, 586, 588, 590,
          Conformance, 625                  591, 593, 595, 596, 598,
          CONNECT, 84, 349, 407, 483,       600, 602, 604, 605, 606,
             527, 679                       608, 610, 611, 612, 679
          CONNECTION, 84, 349, 410,      <constraint attributes>,
             484, 527, 679                  252, 253, 262, 263, 270,
          connection does not exist,        301, 309, 325, 633
             349, 410, 412, 527, 620     <constraint check time>,
          connection exception, 71,         252, 253
             349, 408, 409, 410, 412,    constraint mode, 40, 41,
             527, 620                       67, 74, 253, 270, 326,
          connection failure, 71,           350, 401, 402, 528
             410, 620                    <constraint name>, 99, 103,
          Connection management, 407        105, 252, 259, 270, 292,
          <connection name>, 71, 99,
             103, 104, 407, 408, 410,       302, 308, 309, 325, 326,
             412, 488                       328, 338, 401, 402, 586,
          connection name in use,           616, 640, 670
             408, 620                    <constraint name
          <connection object>, 410,         definition>, 252, 253,
             411, 412                       262, 263, 265, 270, 271,
          <connection target>, 407          301, 302, 309, 645, 665,
          CONNECTION_NAME, 83, 352,         670
             354, 480, 481, 488          <constraint name
          <connect statement>, 54,          definition> and
             65, 70, 71, 72, 74, 349,       <constraint attributes>,
             369, 407, 408, 409, 483,       252
             488, 527, 636, 655, 662,    <constraint name list>,
             669, 672                       401, 402
          consistent, 673                CONSTRAINTS, 84, 401, 403,
          constraint, 45                    679





          14  Database Language SQL

 






          CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, 83,        Conventions, 9
             480, 481, 486, 487, 541,    CONVERT, 84, 132, 679
             549, 550, 551, 552, 553,    Coordinated Universal Time,
             559, 561, 574, 575, 585,       5
             586, 588, 589, 590, 591,    <correlation name>, 99,
             593, 595, 596, 598, 616,       102, 103, 118, 119, 121,
             617, 618, 665                  122
          CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE,       CORRESPONDING, 84, 196,
             561, 640                       198, 199, 202, 289, 643,
          CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE           679
             view, 561                   <corresponding column list>
          CONSTRAINT_NAME, 83, 480,         , 196, 198
             481, 486, 487, 541, 549,    corresponding join columns,
             550, 551, 552, 553, 559,       181, 182, 183
             561, 574, 575, 585, 586,    <corresponding spec>, 196
             588, 589, 590, 591, 593,    COUNT, 62, 84, 124, 125,
             595, 596, 598, 616, 617,       126, 192, 434, 435, 436,
             618, 665                       438, 439, 452, 453, 455,
          CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, 83, 480,       457, 485, 537, 586, 616,
             481, 486, 487, 541, 549,       617, 641, 659
             550, 551, 552, 553, 559,    CREATE, 84, 255, 260, 296,
             561, 574, 575, 585, 586,       301, 311, 314, 320, 325,
             588, 589, 590, 591, 593,       482, 483, 484, 535, 536,
             595, 596, 598, 616, 617,       537, 538, 539, 541, 542,
             618, 665                       543, 544, 546, 547, 548,
          CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE,           549, 550, 551, 552, 553,
             559, 640                       554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
          CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE            559, 561, 562, 563, 564,
             view, 559                      565, 567, 568, 569, 570,
          CONSTRAINT_TYPE, 549, 585,        573, 574, 576, 578, 580,
             586, 587, 588, 590, 591,       583, 584, 585, 588, 590,
             618                            593, 595, 596, 598, 600,
          CONSTRAINT_TYPE_CHECK, 585,       602, 604, 606, 608, 610,
             588, 590                       612, 616, 617, 618
          CONSTRAINT_TYPE_NOT_NULL,
             585
          CONTINUE, 84, 497, 499



                                                            Index  15

 






          created local temporary        CURRENT_USER, 70, 84, 114,
             table, 37, 38, 39, 72,         115, 116, 117, 266, 267,
             258, 260, 261, 275, 281,       268, 269, 282, 325, 375,
             655, 668                       530, 538, 539, 541, 542,
          CROSS, 84, 180, 182, 679          543, 545, 546, 547, 548,
          <cross join>, 180, 183,           549, 550, 551, 552, 553,
             184, 631                       554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
          <C storage class>, 504            559, 561, 562, 641, 645,
          CURRENT, 84, 384, 391, 412,       658, 679
             472, 474, 476, 477          cursor, 49
          <current date value            CURSOR, 84, 371, 464, 465,
             function>, 139                 482, 483, 484
          current SQL-connection, 71,    <cursor name>, 62, 99, 103,
             72, 408, 409, 410, 411,        341, 342, 371, 375, 377,
             412, 413                       381, 384, 391, 392, 443,
          current SQL-session, 44,          462, 464, 467, 469, 471,
             45, 72, 73, 93, 100,           472, 474, 475, 476, 477,
             101, 103, 104, 115, 309,       492, 635, 636
             401, 408, 409, 410, 411,    cursor operation conflict,
             415, 417, 419, 420, 421,       279, 385, 387, 392, 395,
             422, 487, 526, 653, 654,       486, 622
             656                         Cursors, 49
          <current timestamp value       <cursor specification>, 62,
             function>, 139                 119, 371, 372, 373, 374,
          <current time value               375, 377, 381, 384, 391,
             function>, 139                 442, 448, 449, 464, 465,
          CURRENT_DATE, 70, 84, 139,        467, 469, 472, 474, 476,
             153, 645, 669, 679             477, 635, 636, 638, 647
          CURRENT_TIME, 84, 139, 645,    cursor specification cannot
             669, 679                       be executed, 459, 621
          CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 84, 139,    CURSOR_NAME, 83, 352, 354,
             645, 669, 679                  480, 481, 486, 487

                                         <C VARCHAR variable>, 504,
                                            505, 506, 507, 651, 664
                                         <C variable definition>,
                                            490, 504, 505, 506, 507



          16  Database Language SQL

 






          <C variable specification>,    DATA_TYPE, 354, 539, 544,
             504                            545, 570, 571, 572, 573,
          CYCLE, 85                         580, 581
                      - D -              DATA_TYPE_CHECK_REFERENCES_
          DATA, 83, 85, 427, 434,           COLLATION, 571
             435, 436, 439, 452, 453,    DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR, 539,
             455, 456, 458, 673             545, 570, 571, 572, 573,
          Data assignment rules, 231        581
          database, 1, 2, 7, 14, 45,     DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR base
             61, 63, 70, 625                table, 570
          data exception, 111, 112,      DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_CHECK_
             126, 135, 136, 137, 146,       USED, 572
             147, 148, 149, 150, 151,    DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_
             152, 153, 154, 158, 163,       PRIMARY_KEY, 571
             167, 215, 231, 233, 234,    date, 5
             235, 348, 363, 422, 435,    DATE, 19, 31, 84, 90, 94,
             439, 620                       108, 110, 111, 139, 152,
          Data manipulation, 371            166, 429, 440, 571, 679
          Data parameters, 48            <date literal>, 90, 94
          data type, 19                  <date string>, 82, 90
          <data type>, 47, 63, 93,       datetime data type
             103, 107, 113, 115, 144,       descriptor, 29
             192, 262, 263, 264, 265,    <datetime factor>, 165
                                         <datetime field>, 31, 33,
             301, 346, 350, 351, 352,       94, 96, 111, 112, 128,
             356, 357, 358, 359, 360,       129, 130, 145, 152, 153,
             361, 362, 415, 419, 420,       154, 165, 166, 167, 168,
             422, 446, 492, 494, 630,       169, 170, 209, 227, 238,
             635, 640, 647, 658             239, 240, 241, 267, 659
          data type descriptor, 19,      datetime field overflow,
             20, 26, 27, 29, 30, 36,        167, 620
             37, 192, 265, 290, 302,     <datetime literal>, 89, 90,
             309, 310, 570, 572             95, 96, 97, 267, 640
          Data types, 19                 <datetime primary>, 165,
          Data types of <key word>s         166, 167
             used in SQL item            Datetimes, 30
             descriptor areas, 427       Datetimes and intervals, 29
                                         <datetime term>, 165, 166,
                                            167, 168, 169, 171, 445

                                                            Index  17

 






          <datetime type>, 107, 108,     <deallocate prepared
             111, 113, 426, 453, 454,       statement>, 50, 54,
             630, 640                       60, 61, 63, 369, 449,
          <datetime value>, 91, 92,         483, 635, 637
             95                          DEC, 84, 108, 366, 515,
          <datetime value expression>       516, 520
             , 128, 129, 130, 155,       DECIMAL, 19, 27, 34, 84,
             156, 165, 166, 167, 168,       107, 108, 109, 110, 360,
             169, 170, 642                  361, 425, 426, 429, 440,
          <datetime value function>,        516, 520, 522, 571, 657,
             139, 140, 165, 266, 267,       658
             268, 269, 282, 325, 375,    DECLARE, 84, 371, 397, 464,
             641                            490, 520, 521
          DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE, 83,    <declare cursor>, 46, 49,
             426, 427, 434, 436, 439,       50, 53, 56, 57, 58, 60,
             440, 441, 453, 454, 455,       341, 342, 371, 374, 375,
             456, 457, 663                  377, 381, 384, 391, 464,
          DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION       476, 477, 489, 492, 493,
             , 83, 427, 434, 436,           495, 496, 647, 662, 665,
             439, 440, 441, 453, 455,       668, 671, 673, 674, 675,
             456, 457, 663                  677
          DATETIME_PRECISION, 539,       declared local temporary
             544, 570, 571, 572             table, 37, 39, 72, 101,
          <date value>, 90, 91, 96          103, 245, 275, 281, 283,
          DAY, 30, 31, 32, 33, 84,          294, 397, 398, 459, 486,
             95, 112, 167, 238, 239,        487, 655
             240, 430, 441, 445, 679     DEFAULT, 84, 173, 175, 255,
          <days value>, 91, 94              266, 274, 278, 279, 288,
          <day-time interval>, 91           306, 311, 312, 314, 316,
          <day-time literal>, 91, 95
          DEALLOCATE, 84, 342, 433,         349, 388, 391, 393, 407,
             447, 449, 483, 526, 679        408, 410, 412, 527, 590,
          <deallocate descriptor            591, 592, 642, 648, 663
             statement>, 54, 60, 62,     <default clause>, 35, 262,
             342, 369, 433, 483, 526        266, 267, 268, 287, 301,
                                            302, 305, 309
                                         default collating sequence,
                                            5


          18  Database Language SQL

 






          <default option>, 36, 37,      Definitions, 5
             266, 268, 269, 573, 581,    Definitions, notations, and
             645                            conventions, 5
          <default specification>,       definition schema, 45
             173, 174                    Definition Schema, 75, 77,
          default SQL-connection, 71,       86, 100, 533, 566
             72, 408, 412                Definitions provided in
          default SQL-session, 72,          this International
             349, 408, 527                  Standard, 5
          default time zone, 73, 94,     Definitions taken from
             96, 112, 122, 656              ISO/IEC 10646, 5
          DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_         Definitions taken from ISO
             CATALOG, 538, 569              8601, 5
          DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME,    DEFINITION_SCHEMA, 75, 101,
             538, 569                       538, 539, 541, 542, 543,
          DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_            544, 545, 546, 547, 548,
             SCHEMA, 538, 569               549, 550, 551, 552, 553,
          DEFAULT_COLLATE_CATALOG,          554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
             554, 606, 607, 674             559, 561, 562, 563, 566,
          DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME, 554,        567
             606, 607, 674               DEFINITION_SCHEMA Schema,
          DEFAULT_COLLATE_SCHEMA,           567
             554, 606, 607, 674          degree, 37, 39, 68, 119,
          deferrable, 36, 40, 41,           174, 176, 179, 183, 191,
             253, 270, 275, 326, 575,       199, 203, 207, 211, 218,
             587, 598                       220, 224, 227, 261, 265,
          DEFERRABLE, 84, 252, 253,         284, 290, 297, 372, 377,
             270, 301, 325, 401, 402,       378, 388, 452, 457, 469,
             541, 549, 553, 574, 575,       530, 617, 618
             585, 587, 598, 633, 679     DELETE, 64, 66, 84, 245,
          deferred, 40, 41, 67, 76,         260, 261, 274, 275, 281,
             253, 270, 326, 402, 575,       298, 330, 384, 386, 397,
             587, 599, 655                  398, 403, 472, 476, 483,
          DEFERRED, 84, 252, 253,
             401, 541, 549, 553, 574,       484, 550, 590, 592, 600,
             575, 585, 587, 598, 599,       601
             679                         <delete rule>, 274, 276,
          Definition, 10                    277, 278, 279, 592


                                                            Index  19

 






          <delete statement:             dependent, 10, 13, 14, 15,
             positioned>, 50, 53,           19, 37, 39, 40, 48, 49,
             55, 57, 59, 279, 369,          50, 51, 64, 65, 66, 69,
             384, 385, 387, 392, 395,       72, 74, 122, 140, 171,
             472, 476, 483                  174, 192, 197, 199, 200,
          <delete statement:                208, 237, 270, 279, 289,
             searched>, 53, 55, 56,         292, 296, 300, 302, 304,
             58, 59, 119, 122, 369,         309, 335, 338, 342, 346,
             384, 386, 387, 392, 403,       350, 351, 373, 379, 380,
             442, 483, 484, 485, 525,       382, 383, 397, 400, 412,
             673                            435, 436, 440, 441, 448,
          DELETE_RULE, 550, 590, 592        452, 454, 485, 493, 494,
          <delimited identifier>, 76,       495, 526, 530, 531, 557,
             82, 86, 87, 98, 533            558, 562, 607, 667, 668,
          <delimited identifier body>       669, 670, 671, 672, 673,
             , 82, 86, 87, 88, 100,         674, 677, 678
             533, 629                    dependent privilege
          <delimited identifier part>       descriptors still exist,
             , 82, 86                       338, 621
          <delimiter token>, 82, 86,     deprecated, 47, 75, 346,
             629, 640                       347, 356, 357, 358, 359,
          depend, 12, 35, 41, 44, 59,
             335, 336, 452                  360, 361, 496, 502, 507,
          dependency graph, 335             510, 514, 516, 519, 522,
          dependend on, 292                 624
                                         Deprecated features, 675
                                         DEPTH, 85
                                         <derived column>, 122, 182,
                                            191, 192, 195, 379, 452
                                         <derived column list>, 118,
                                            119, 120, 641
                                         derived table, 37
                                         <derived table>, 118, 119,
                                            120, 178, 193, 200, 630,
                                            631
                                         derived table descriptor,
                                            40



          20  Database Language SQL

 






          DESC, 84, 314, 316, 371,       Diagnostics area, 48
             373                         diagnostics area limit, 67,
          DESCRIBE, 84, 450, 483, 679       74, 400
          <describe input statement>,    Diagnostics management, 479
             54, 60, 61, 450, 453,       <diagnostics size>, 399
             456, 635, 638, 673          DICTIONARY, 85
          <describe output statement>    <digit>, 79, 82, 90, 94,
             , 54, 60, 61, 450, 451,        96, 98, 148, 150, 619,
             457, 673                       629, 666
          <describe statement>, 369,     <direct implementation-
             441, 450, 483, 663             defined statement>, 525,
          Description, 10                   526, 527, 665
          Description of SQL item        Direct invocation of SQL,
             descriptor areas, 425          64, 525
          descriptor, 6, 14              directly, 37, 45, 49, 51,
          DESCRIPTOR, 84, 342, 353,         58, 61, 64, 70, 73, 74,
             354, 355, 431, 433, 434,       93, 100, 101, 121, 125,
             438, 451, 482, 483, 484,       156, 167, 181, 185, 186,
             526, 539, 545, 570, 571,       189, 190, 192, 193, 194,
             572, 573, 581, 679             230, 264, 301, 335, 336,
          <descriptor item name>,           338, 391, 392, 394, 415,
             434, 435, 438, 439             417, 419, 474, 485, 525,
          <descriptor name>, 62, 99,        643, 656, 673
             102, 104, 105, 342, 431,    directly contain, 11, 121,
             432, 433, 434, 435, 436,       125, 156, 167, 181, 185,
             437, 438, 439, 441, 451,       186, 189, 190, 192, 193,
             453, 455, 457, 458, 526,       230, 264, 301, 392, 394,
             637, 638                       474, 485, 643
          Descriptors, 14                directly dependent on, 335
          deterministic, 40, 189,        Directly executable SQL-
             193, 200, 282, 325             statements, 58
          DIAGNOSTICS, 84, 399, 479,     <directly executable
             484, 679                       statement>, 525
          diagnostics area, 41, 48,      <direct select statement:
             49, 67, 74, 348, 350,          multiple rows>, 53, 56,
             351, 400, 479, 482, 485,       57, 58, 59, 119, 483,
             526, 528, 529, 619, 663,       525, 526, 530
             668, 669


                                                            Index  21

 






          <direct SQL data statement>    domain, 15, 35, 36, 37, 40,
             , 525, 528, 639, 652           43, 44, 45, 47, 52, 64,
          <direct SQL statement>, 64,       65, 66, 75, 76, 98, 103,
             67, 71, 73, 74, 93, 100,       105, 109, 115, 144, 145,
             101, 349, 415, 417, 419,       154, 192, 236, 255, 256,
             525, 526, 527, 528, 529,       257, 258, 262, 263, 264,
             614, 625, 627, 640, 651,       265, 266, 267, 268, 281,
             655, 656                       282, 290, 301, 302, 303,
          dirty read, 68                    304, 305, 306, 307, 308,
          DISCONNECT, 84, 355, 412,         309, 310, 318, 329, 330,
             483, 679                       331, 333, 334, 336, 337,
          disconnect error, 413, 623        338, 368, 446, 482, 483,
          <disconnect object>, 412
          <disconnect statement>, 54,       533, 539, 540, 541, 562,
             71, 369, 412, 413, 483,        564, 565, 569, 570, 572,
             636, 672                       573, 574, 575, 581, 593,
          distinct, 5, 6, 7, 19, 20,        595, 596, 605, 633, 634,
             22, 29, 38, 39, 183,           640, 644, 646
             187, 273, 277, 278, 279,    DOMAIN, 84, 258, 301, 304,
             298, 373, 493, 494, 495,       309, 329, 338, 482, 564,
             496, 531, 668, 670, 673,       565, 680
             677                         domain constraint, 40, 43
          DISTINCT, 84, 124, 126,        <domain constraint>, 35,
             193, 194, 195, 208, 539,       115, 154, 301, 302, 307,
             541, 544, 617, 630, 631,       564
             670                         domain constraint
          division by zero, 158, 620        descriptor, 36, 40,
                                            43, 302, 309, 337, 338
                                         Domain constraints, 43
                                         domain definition, 35
                                         <domain definition>, 52,
                                            109, 115, 255, 256, 257,
                                            266, 281, 301, 302, 303,
                                            310, 368, 483, 644, 646






          22  Database Language SQL

 






          domain descriptor, 36, 44,     DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_FOREIGN_
             75, 236, 267, 268, 301,        KEY_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS,
             302, 304, 305, 306, 307,       574
             308, 318, 330, 331, 337,    DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_FOREIGN_
             338, 573                       KEY_DOMAINS, 574
          <domain name>, 35, 98, 103,    DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_FOREIGN_
             105, 144, 145, 154, 192,       KEY_SCHEMATA, 574
             258, 262, 263, 264, 265,    DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_
             301, 302, 304, 305, 306,       INITIALLY_DEFERRED_
             307, 308, 309, 329, 331,       NOT_NULL, 574
             333, 338, 446, 581, 640,    DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_
             644                            KEY, 574
          Domains, 35                    DOMAIN_DEFAULT, 539, 573
          DOMAINS, 539, 562, 572,        DOMAIN_NAME, 539, 541, 544,
             573, 574, 580, 604, 616,       545, 562, 570, 571, 572,
             640                            573, 574, 575, 580, 581,
          DOMAINS base table, 573           604
          DOMAINS view, 539              DOMAIN_NAME_NOT_NULL, 574
          DOMAINS_CHECK_DATA_TYPE,       DOMAIN_SCHEMA, 539, 541,
             573                            544, 545, 562, 570, 571,
          DOMAINS_FOREIGN_KEY_              572, 573, 574, 575, 580,
             SCHEMATA, 573                  581, 604
          DOMAINS_PRIMARY_KEY, 573       DOMAIN_SCHEMA_NOT_NULL, 574
          DOMAIN_CATALOG, 539, 541,      dormant SQL-connection, 71,
             544, 545, 562, 570, 571,       72, 408
             572, 573, 574, 575, 580,    dormant SQL-session, 72,
             581, 604                       408, 411
          DOMAIN_CATALOG_NOT_NULL,       DOUBLE, 19, 27, 34, 84,
             574                            108, 110, 352, 357, 358,
          DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS, 541,          359, 425, 426, 429, 440,
             574, 593, 616                  500, 502, 507, 512, 513,
          DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS base           571, 658
             table, 574                  <double period>, 83, 500,
          DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS view,          517
             541                         <double quote>, 79, 80, 82,
          DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS_CHECK_         86, 87
             DEFERRABLE, 574             <doublequote symbol>, 82,
                                            86, 87


                                                            Index  23

 






          DROP, 84, 258, 259, 288,       <drop translation
             289, 290, 292, 294, 300,       statement>, 53, 259,
             306, 308, 309, 313, 318,       323, 324, 368, 483, 634,
             323, 328, 338, 398, 483,       635, 637, 639
             680                         <drop view statement>, 52,
          <drop assertion statement>,       258, 290, 300, 338, 368,
             52, 259, 328, 338, 368,        483, 646
             483, 634, 635, 637, 639     duplicate, 6, 7, 126, 181,
          <drop behavior>, 258, 289,        194, 195, 201, 202, 223,
             292, 294, 300, 309, 333        332, 619
          <drop character set            dyadic, 24, 157, 158, 161,
             statement>, 52, 259,           443
             313, 368, 483, 646          dyadic operator, 6, 24, 443
          <drop collation statement>,    DYNAMIC, 483
             53, 259, 318, 319, 368,     <dynamic close statement>,
             483, 634, 635, 637, 639        50, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,
          <drop column default              62, 369, 471, 483
             clause>, 286, 288, 645      <dynamic cursor name>, 99,
          <drop column definition>,         104, 105, 467, 469, 471,
             283, 289, 290, 645             472, 474, 475, 638, 640
          <drop domain constraint        <dynamic declare cursor>,
             definition>, 304, 308,         49, 53, 56, 57, 58, 60,
             634                            62, 341, 343, 448, 464,
          <drop domain default              467, 469, 471, 472, 474,
             clause>, 304, 306, 634         476, 477, 489, 492, 494,
          <drop domain statement>,          495, 638, 647, 651
             52, 258, 309, 310, 338,     <dynamic delete statement:
             368, 483, 646                  positioned>, 50, 53,
          <drop schema statement>,          55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 369,
             52, 258, 259, 368, 483,        472, 483
             644                         <dynamic fetch statement>,
          <drop table constraint            50, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,
             definition>, 283, 292,         62, 369, 441, 451, 456,
             293, 646                       457, 469, 470, 483, 638,
          <drop table statement>, 52,       663
             258, 294, 295, 368, 398,
             483, 644



          24  Database Language SQL

 






          <dynamic open statement>,      effective, 12, 13, 19, 23,
             50, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,        26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38,
             62, 369, 441, 455, 464,        39, 41, 49, 51, 72, 73,
             465, 467, 468, 483, 663        74, 87, 94, 96, 112,
          <dynamic parameter                119, 123, 139, 166, 171,
             specification>, 63,            183, 184, 185, 190, 198,
             114, 115, 116, 168, 281,       208, 209, 236, 248, 253,
             296, 325, 436, 439, 443,       256, 258, 259, 273, 276,
             450, 453, 454, 455, 456,       280, 282, 289, 290, 292,
             460, 462, 467, 525, 641,       294, 299, 300, 302, 310,
             672                            313, 315, 317, 318, 321,
          <dynamic select statement>,       323, 326, 330, 331, 332,
             53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,        338, 342, 349, 373, 375,
             61, 62, 350, 442, 452,         376, 385, 386, 387, 389,
             455, 456, 459, 462             393, 395, 397, 398, 403,
          <dynamic single row select        417, 439, 455, 456, 457,
             statement>, 53, 56, 57,        458, 485, 493, 526, 527,
             58, 59, 61, 62, 350,           531, 570, 573, 574, 576,
             442, 452, 456, 459, 460,       578, 580, 585, 598, 600,
             462, 483, 637                  602, 604, 656, 668, 669
          Dynamic SQL, 425               effectively, 12
          dynamic SQL error, 431,        ELSE, 84, 141, 142, 543,
             435, 439, 448, 455, 456,       544, 680
             457, 458, 459, 460, 465,    <else clause>, 141, 142,
             467, 621                       143
          <dynamic update statement:     ELSEIF, 85
             positioned>, 50, 53,        Embeddable SQL-statements,
             55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 299,       55
             369, 474, 475, 483
          DYNAMIC_FUNCTION, 83, 479,
             481, 482, 488

                      - E -
          EACH, 85






                                                            Index  25

 






          embedded, 1, 2, 49, 51,        <embedded SQL declare
             52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60,        section>, 61, 489, 490,
             61, 62, 63, 75, 79, 114,       491, 495, 496, 501, 505,
             115, 116, 489, 490, 491,       509, 512, 515, 517, 521
             492, 493, 494, 495, 496,    <embedded SQL end declare>,
             497, 498, 499, 500, 501,       61, 489, 490, 491, 495,
             502, 504, 505, 506, 507,       517
             508, 509, 510, 512, 513,    <embedded SQL Fortran
             514, 515, 516, 517, 518,       program>, 61, 489, 491,
             519, 520, 521, 522, 613,       493, 495, 496, 498, 512,
             614, 625, 627, 639, 651,       513, 514
             655, 661, 662, 663, 673,    <embedded SQL host program>
             674, 675, 678                  , 61, 63, 489, 490, 491,
          <embedded character set           492, 493, 496, 497, 499,
             declaration>, 489, 490,        614, 625, 627, 673, 674,
             492, 493, 495, 496, 651,       678
             663                         <embedded SQL MUMPS
          <embedded exception               declare>, 489, 490,
             declaration>, 55, 489,         491, 495
             495, 497, 498, 499          <embedded SQL MUMPS
          Embedded SQL, 489                 program>, 61, 489, 491,
          <embedded SQL Ada program>,       493, 498, 515, 516
             61, 489, 491, 493, 495,     <embedded SQL Pascal
             498, 500, 501, 502             program>, 61, 489, 491,
          <embedded SQL begin               493, 495, 498, 517, 518,
             declare>, 61, 489, 490,        519
             491, 495, 517               <embedded SQL PL/I program>
          <embedded SQL COBOL               , 61, 489, 491, 493,
             program>, 61, 489, 491,        495, 498, 520, 521, 522
             493, 495, 498, 508, 509,    <embedded SQL statement>,
             510, 675                       61, 115, 489, 490, 491,
          <embedded SQL C program>,         492, 493, 495, 501, 505,
             61, 489, 491, 493, 495,        509, 512, 515, 517, 521,
             498, 504, 505, 506, 507        639, 651
                                         Embedded syntax, 61





          26  Database Language SQL

 






          <embedded variable name>,      <escape character>, 214,
             114, 115, 116, 490, 493,       215, 217, 447, 643
             494, 673                    <exact numeric literal>,
          END, 84, 141, 142, 490,           90, 94, 95, 147, 149,
             543, 544                       267
          END-EXEC, 84, 489, 491, 680    <exact numeric type>, 28,
          <end field>, 171, 238, 239,       107, 109, 356, 453, 454,
             240, 241, 242                  502, 658, 661
          end-of-line indicator, 83,     exact numeric value, 28
             656                         EXCEPT, 84, 196, 197, 201,
          Entry SQL, 625, 629, 640          202, 576, 643, 680
          Entry SQL Specifications,      exception, 10, 12, 13, 34,
             640                            35, 36, 41, 47, 48, 52,
          environment, 2, 14, 16, 45,       55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 64,
             46, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75,        67, 69, 71, 86, 95, 111,
             77, 246, 344, 654, 655,        112, 126, 135, 136, 137,
             663, 669                       146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
          EQUALS, 85                        151, 152, 153, 154, 158,
          <equals operator>, 80, 207,       163, 167, 203, 215, 231,
             391, 434, 438, 479, 500,       233, 234, 235, 236, 253,
             505                            279, 299, 338, 348, 349,
          EQUAL_KEY_DEGREES, 617
          EQUAL_KEY_DEGREES assertion       350, 363, 375, 378, 379,
             , 617                          380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
          equivalent, 1, 14, 15, 61,        386, 389, 392, 393, 394,
             62, 71, 86, 87, 92, 93,        400, 403, 404, 405, 407,
             94, 100, 108, 121, 142,        408, 409, 410, 412, 413,
             146, 147, 174, 191, 197,       415, 417, 419, 420, 422,
             198, 211, 212, 214, 229,       431, 433, 435, 439, 441,
             241, 245, 246, 263, 264,       443, 447, 448, 449, 450,
             333, 388, 397, 492, 496,       451, 455, 456, 457, 458,
             501, 502, 506, 507, 510,       459, 460, 462, 465, 466,
             513, 516, 518, 519, 521,       467, 479, 482, 485, 486,
             522, 533                       489, 495, 497, 498, 499,
          error in assignment, 435,         526, 527, 528, 624, 654,
             439, 620                       655, 662, 666, 667, 672
          ESCAPE, 84, 214, 215, 353      EXCEPTION, 84, 479, 680

                                         exception condition, 10

                                                            Index  27

 






          Exceptions, 10                 explicit, 8, 10, 15, 20,
          EXEC, 84, 489, 491                23, 31, 35, 41, 44, 45,
          EXECUTE, 84, 354, 459, 462,       50, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
             483, 680                       71, 72, 74, 86, 101,
          <execute immediate                102, 104, 111, 125, 130,
             statement>, 14, 44,            143, 152, 153, 174, 196,
             45, 54, 59, 61, 63, 64,        197, 198, 202, 241, 242,
             73, 93, 100, 101, 115,         253, 256, 258, 260, 270,
             369, 415, 417, 419, 462,       272, 283, 284, 292, 294,
             483, 653, 654, 656             296, 297, 300, 301, 302,
          <execute statement>, 14,          304, 309, 311, 312, 313,
             54, 59, 61, 64, 369,           315, 316, 318, 321, 323,
             441, 447, 448, 455, 456,       325, 326, 328, 329, 333,
             457, 459, 460, 483, 663        334, 335, 341, 348, 377,
          <existing character set           379, 392, 400, 446, 447,
             name>, 311, 312                469, 474, 488, 493, 579,
          EXISTS, 84, 222, 271, 273,
             303, 544, 576, 617, 618        584, 594, 629, 632, 654,
          <exists predicate>, 191,          655, 656, 661, 662, 667
             205, 222                    Explicit, 23, 24, 25, 26,
                                            35, 161, 187, 372
                                         <explicit table>, 196, 197,
                                            202, 632
                                         explicit type conversion,
                                            35
                                         <exponent>, 90, 95
                                         exposed, 118, 119
                                         <extended cursor name>, 62,
                                            99, 102, 104, 443, 462,
                                            465, 466, 467, 629, 657
                                         <extended statement name>,
                                            62, 99, 102, 104, 447,
                                            448, 465, 629, 657, 672
                                         Extensions and options, 626
                                         EXTERNAL, 84, 314, 320,
                                            661, 680
                                         <external collation>, 314,
                                            317


          28  Database Language SQL

 






          <external collation name>,     fixed-length, 93, 94, 115,
             314, 315                       145, 147, 148, 150, 151,
          <external translation>, 320       161, 162, 163, 231, 232,
          <external translation name>       234, 235, 237, 268, 506,
             , 320, 321                     507, 658
          EXTRACT, 84, 128, 130, 444,    fixed-length coding, 5, 6
             680                         flagger, 76, 77, 626, 656
          <extract expression>, 29,      Flagger requirements, 626
             34, 128, 129, 130, 131,     FLOAT, 19, 27, 34, 84, 108,
             641, 659                       110, 361, 425, 426, 429,
          <extract field>, 128, 129,        440, 520, 522, 571, 657,
             130, 444                       658
          <extract source>, 128, 129,    <fold>, 22, 132, 133, 135,
             130                            136, 137, 444, 630
                      - F -              FOR, 84, 132, 133, 149,
          <factor>, 157, 168, 169           151, 314, 320, 333, 335,
          FALSE, 84, 229, 230, 356,         336, 337, 362, 363, 364,
             680                            366, 371, 372, 373, 374,
          feature not supported, 407,       392, 445, 464, 465, 474,
             410, 621                       635, 638
          FETCH, 84, 377, 469, 483       FOREIGN, 84, 264, 274, 569,
          <fetch orientation>, 377,         573, 574, 576, 580, 583,
             378, 379, 380, 469, 635,       584, 585, 587, 588, 590,
             638                            591, 595, 596, 598, 600,
          <fetch statement>, 50, 53,        602, 605, 606, 608, 610,
             55, 57, 58, 59, 350,           618
             368, 377, 380, 483, 635,    Format, 9, 11, 12, 15, 86,
             647, 671, 677                  407, 408, 415, 417, 419,
          <fetch target list>, 377,         420, 431, 443, 447, 459,
             379, 380, 470, 647, 671        462, 465, 525, 526, 625,
          Fields in datetime items,         663, 665, 667
             30                          form-of-use, 6, 20, 21, 22,
          Fields in day-time INTERVAL       99, 103, 104, 132, 133,
             items, 32                      134, 136, 137, 148, 149,
          Fields in year-month
             INTERVAL items, 32             151, 248, 249, 250, 444,
          FIRST, 84, 352, 377, 378,         607, 619, 630, 657, 659,
             379, 680                       660


                                                            Index  29

 






          form-of-use conversion, 6,     FROM, 84, 128, 130, 132,
             20, 22, 103, 104, 133,         133, 134, 149, 151, 152,
             134, 136, 137, 444, 630,       153, 154, 178, 180, 182,
             657, 659                       183, 184, 197, 198, 271,
          <form-of-use conversion>,         272, 273, 276, 289, 294,
             22, 132, 133, 136, 137,        300, 303, 310, 311, 313,
             444, 630, 659                  314, 318, 320, 323, 333,
          <form-of-use conversion           362, 363, 364, 366, 377,
             name>, 99, 103, 104,           380, 384, 386, 403, 407,
             132, 133, 134, 136, 630,       408, 415, 417, 419, 420,
             657                            431, 442, 444, 445, 447,
          FORM_OF_USE, 554, 606, 607,       465, 469, 472, 476, 485,
             665                            537, 538, 539, 541, 542,
          FORTRAN, 83, 243, 359, 364,       543, 544, 545, 546, 547,
             493, 612, 613, 614             548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
          <Fortran host identifier>,
             490, 512, 513                  553, 554, 555, 556, 557,
          <Fortran type specifica-          558, 559, 561, 562, 563,
             tion>, 512, 513, 514,          571, 572, 573, 576, 578,
             639, 651                       580, 581, 583, 584, 585,
          <Fortran variable                 586, 588, 591, 593, 595,
             definition>, 490, 512,         596, 604, 606, 608, 610,
             513                            611, 616, 617, 618, 647
          FOUND, 84, 352, 497, 499       <from clause>, 118, 177,

                                            178, 179, 185, 187, 189,
                                            193, 631, 635, 636, 638
                                         FULL, 42, 84, 180, 182,
                                            184, 224, 225, 274, 276,
                                            277, 278, 590, 591, 613,
                                            618, 680
                                         Full SQL, 625
                                         Function, 9, 10







          30  Database Language SQL

 






                      - G -              <get diagnostics statement>
          GENERAL, 85                       , 54, 369, 479, 481,
          <general literal>, 89, 97         482, 484, 485, 488, 651
          generally contain, 11, 127,    <get item information>, 434
             139, 186, 281, 282, 296,    GLOBAL, 38, 84, 99, 104,
             301, 307, 325, 375, 387,       260, 261, 576, 577, 633,
             390, 392, 396, 474, 636,       680
             641                         global temporary table, 37,
          generally underlying table,       38, 39, 72, 258, 260,
             38, 193, 299, 372, 387,        261, 275, 281, 633, 655,
             389, 390, 392, 396, 474        668
          General Rules, 9, 10, 12,      GO, 84, 497, 499
             13, 14, 15, 40, 44, 69,     GOTO, 84, 497
             70, 76, 146, 187, 202,      <go to>, 497, 498, 499
                                         <goto target>, 497, 498
             205, 253, 258, 261, 278,    GRANT, 65, 75, 84, 248,
             279, 282, 284, 289, 292,       315, 321, 329, 330, 331,
             294, 300, 350, 351, 376,       332, 333, 335, 336, 337,
             379, 383, 389, 393, 395,       484, 533, 601, 603, 605
             403, 413, 441, 443, 456,    grantable privilege, 66
             457, 458, 460, 463, 464,    GRANTEE, 539, 542, 545,
             465, 467, 468, 469, 470,       546, 547, 548, 554, 555,
             471, 472, 475, 476, 477,       556, 600, 601, 602, 603,
             485, 495, 528, 530, 625,       604, 605
             662, 663, 672, 673, 677     <grantee>, 245, 246, 329,
          <general set function>,           330, 331, 332, 333, 338
             124, 126, 630, 641          GRANTOR, 546, 547, 548,
          <general value specifica-         600, 602, 603, 604, 605
             tion>, 114, 116, 117,       <grant statement>, 52, 65,
             302, 362, 641, 658             66, 245, 248, 255, 315,
          GET, 84, 311, 434, 479,           321, 329, 330, 331, 332,
             483, 484, 680                  368, 484
          <get count>, 434               <greater than operator>,
          <get descriptor informa-          80, 207, 373, 531
             tion>, 434                  <greater than or equals
          <get descriptor statement>,       operator>, 83, 207
             54, 60, 62, 369, 434,       GROUP, 84, 187, 616, 617

             435, 436, 483, 672

                                                            Index  31

 






          <group by clause>, 38, 118,               - I -
             177, 187, 189, 193, 203,    identified privilege
             296, 383, 631, 635, 643        descriptor, 335
          grouped table, 38, 124,        <identifier>, 44, 46, 62,
             177, 187, 189, 192, 194        71, 73, 98, 99, 100,
          grouped view, 177, 179,           102, 105, 408, 419, 431,
             195, 203, 296, 383, 631,       447, 451, 465, 481, 533,
             632, 635, 643                  534, 564, 630, 656, 657,
          <grouping column reference>       677
             , 187                       <identifier>s for use
          <grouping column reference        with <get diagnostics
             list>, 187                     statement>, 481

                      - H -              <identifier body>, 82, 86,
          HAVING, 84, 189                   87, 88, 100, 533, 629,
          <having clause>, 38, 118,         640
             125, 177, 181, 185, 189,    <identifier part>, 82, 86
             193, 203, 296, 383, 631,    <identifier start>, 82, 85,
             635, 643, 678                  86
          <hexit>, 89, 90, 92, 94        IDENTITY, 84, 320, 321, 680
          <hex string literal>, 82,      IF, 85
             86, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97,     IGNORE, 85
             266, 267, 629               immediate, 40, 41, 253,
          <high>, 16, 17                    270, 326, 350, 401, 528,
          <host identifier>, 490,           575, 587, 599
             492, 495, 496               IMMEDIATE, 84, 252, 253,
          <host label identifier>,          270, 301, 325, 401, 403,
             497, 498, 499                  462, 483, 633, 680
          <host PL/I label variable>,    immediate base, 299
             497, 498, 499               immediately contain, 11,
          host variable, 23, 24             14, 118, 119, 122, 129,
          <host variable definition>,       155, 157, 166, 167, 173,
             489, 490, 492, 494, 495,       174, 191, 192, 193, 200,
             496                            203, 263, 271, 272, 297,
          HOUR, 30, 31, 32, 33, 73,         302, 311, 315, 320, 335,
             84, 95, 112, 113, 123,         390, 392, 396, 408, 422,
             130, 166, 167, 238, 239,       431, 444, 465, 474, 648
             240, 422, 430, 441, 680
          <hours value>, 91, 94

          32  Database Language SQL

 






          immediately-executable         <implementation-defined
             SQL-statement, 57              collation name>, 314,
          implementation-defined, 6,        315, 661
             20, 21, 28, 29, 34, 44,     Implementation-defined
             45, 46, 47, 51, 56, 61,        elements, 653
             64, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73,     <implementation-defined
             74, 77, 83, 87, 93, 101,       translation name>, 320,
             102, 103, 104, 108, 109,       321, 661
             110, 112, 115, 116, 125,    <implementation-defined
             129, 133, 134, 146, 147,       universal character
             157, 158, 161, 162, 171,       form-of-use name>, 248,
             233, 235, 238, 240, 248,       249, 660
             249, 250, 256, 311, 314,    implementation-dependent,
             315, 317, 320, 321, 341,       6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 37,
             344, 348, 356, 357, 358,       39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51,
             359, 360, 361, 362, 363,       64, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74,
             364, 365, 366, 373, 400,       122, 140, 171, 174, 192,
             404, 407, 408, 420, 422,       197, 199, 200, 208, 237,
             431, 432, 440, 441, 442,       270, 279, 296, 302, 309,
             443, 445, 447, 452, 454,       342, 346, 350, 351, 373,
             481, 485, 486, 488, 492,       379, 380, 382, 383, 397,
             501, 502, 506, 509, 510,       400, 412, 435, 436, 440,
             513, 516, 518, 521, 522,       441, 448, 452, 454, 485,
             525, 526, 527, 528, 529,       493, 494, 495, 526, 530,
             531, 564, 565, 586, 607,       531, 607, 667, 668, 669,
             609, 612, 613, 614, 615,       670, 671, 672, 673, 674,
             619, 624, 626, 630, 653,       677, 678
             654, 655, 656, 657, 658,    Implementation-dependent
             659, 660, 661, 662, 663,       elements, 667

             664, 665, 666
          <implementation-defined
             character repertoire
             name>, 20, 248, 249,
             311, 660





                                                            Index  33

 






          implicit, 13, 20, 31, 41,      IN, 84, 128, 212, 445, 539,
             44, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72,        542, 543, 545, 546, 547,
             73, 74, 101, 102, 103,         548, 554, 555, 556, 570,
             104, 108, 109, 110, 111,       571, 572, 573, 574, 576,
             115, 121, 122, 124, 125,       578, 580, 581, 583, 584,
             130, 134, 142, 143, 149,       585, 586, 588, 590, 591,
             151, 152, 153, 166, 174,       593, 595, 596, 598, 600,
             181, 182, 232, 240, 241,       602, 604, 606, 608, 611,
             242, 252, 253, 255, 256,       612, 613, 618
             258, 260, 263, 266, 268,    include, 6, 13, 14, 15, 19,
             270, 272, 275, 276, 283,       21, 22, 30, 32, 34, 36,
             284, 292, 294, 296, 297,       37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
             300, 301, 302, 304, 309,       44, 48, 50, 75, 76, 86,
             311, 312, 313, 315, 316,       100, 111, 119, 121, 122,
             318, 320, 321, 323, 325,       126, 135, 145, 153, 186,
             326, 328, 329, 333, 334,       192, 193, 194, 236, 246,
             335, 341, 344, 362, 363,       248, 249, 250, 251, 253,
             364, 365, 366, 367, 372,       260, 261, 264, 265, 268,
             377, 379, 388, 392, 397,       270, 271, 273, 275, 276,
             399, 400, 403, 405, 407,       282, 283, 284, 288, 289,
             417, 431, 446, 447, 469,       291, 292, 294, 296, 297,
             474, 476, 477, 488, 492,       299, 300, 301, 302, 304,
             493, 501, 506, 510, 513,       308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
             518, 521, 579, 584, 594,       313, 315, 316, 318, 321,
             633, 655, 656, 657, 660,       323, 325, 326, 328, 329,
             661, 662, 663, 664, 669,       330, 331, 335, 336, 337,
             672                            372, 383, 384, 386, 389,
          Implicit, 23, 24, 25, 26,         392, 394, 397, 452, 454,
             35, 122, 134                   495, 496, 505, 506, 521,
          implicit type conversion,         569, 581, 635, 640, 641,
             35                             643, 668, 686
          implicit zero-bit padding,     Incompatibilities with
             149, 151, 152, 232, 268,       ISO/IEC 9075:1989, 677
             623                         independent, 14, 335, 336
                                         independent node, 335, 336
                                         Index typography, 15
                                         indicator, 231, 656



          34  Database Language SQL

 






          INDICATOR, 84, 114, 352,       INFORMATION_SCHEMA, 20, 45,
             353, 427, 434, 435, 436,       75, 103, 249, 355, 533,
             439, 452, 453, 455, 456,       535, 536, 537, 538, 539,
             458, 500, 502, 673             541, 542, 543, 545, 546,
          indicator overflow, 231,          547, 548, 549, 550, 551,
             620                            552, 553, 554, 555, 556,
          indicator parameter, 48,          557, 558, 559, 561, 562,
             114, 115, 116, 192, 231,       568, 569, 570, 573, 574,
             356, 435, 436, 439, 630,       576, 578, 580, 583, 584,
             659, 661                       585, 588, 590, 593, 595,
          <indicator parameter>, 114,       596, 598, 600, 602, 604,
             115, 116, 192, 436, 439,       606, 607, 608, 609, 610,
             630, 659                       612, 665
          Indicator parameters, 48       INFORMATION_SCHEMA Schema,
          indicator variable, 47, 48,       535
             114, 115, 116               INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_
          <indicator variable>, 114,        NAME, 536, 537, 538,
             115, 116, 192, 630, 659        539, 541, 542, 543, 545,
          Information Schema, 1, 10,
             45, 63, 66, 69, 75, 77,        546, 547, 548, 549, 550,
             282, 299, 326, 398, 533,       551, 552, 553, 554, 555,
             534, 535, 536, 538, 540,       556, 557, 558, 559, 561,
             541, 542, 543, 545, 546,       562
             547, 548, 549, 550, 551,    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_
             552, 553, 554, 557, 558,       NAME base table, 536
             560, 561, 562, 563, 567,    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_
             568, 640, 652, 667             NAME_CARDINALITY, 537
          Information Schema and         INFORMATION_SCHEMA_
             Definition Schema, 533         CATALOG_NAME_CARDINALITY
                                            assertion, 537
                                         INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_
                                            NAME_PRIMARY_KEY, 536
                                         Informative elements, 9
                                         INITIALLY, 84, 252, 253,
                                            270, 301, 325, 541, 549,
                                            553, 574, 575, 585, 587,
                                            598, 599, 633, 680



                                                            Index  35

 






          initially deferred, 575,       insufficient item
             587, 599                       descriptor areas, 452,
          initially immediate, 253,         453, 623
             575, 587, 599               INT, 84, 108, 356, 357,
          INITIALLY_DEFERRED, 541,          366, 500, 502, 515, 516
             549, 553, 574, 575, 585,    INTEGER, 19, 27, 34, 84,
             587, 598, 599                  108, 110, 209, 352, 357,
          INNER, 84, 180, 181, 182,         358, 359, 360, 361, 425,
             183, 680                       426, 429, 440, 502, 507,
          innermost, 8, 11, 118             510, 512, 513, 514, 516,
          <in predicate>, 205, 212,         517, 519, 522, 565, 571,
             444, 446                       657, 662
          <in predicate value>, 212      integrity constraint, 1,
          INPUT, 84, 450, 680               40, 67, 69, 74, 154,
          input parameter, 61, 62,
             347, 348, 350, 357, 362,       236, 253, 270, 325, 385,
             363, 364, 365, 366, 367,       387, 403, 486
             459, 467, 661               Integrity constraints, 40
          INSENSITIVE, 50, 84, 371,      integrity constraint
             372, 374, 376, 464, 465,       violation, 154, 236,
             635, 638, 680                  253, 403, 486, 621, 622
          INSERT, 64, 66, 84, 245,       <integrity no>, 16, 17
             246, 261, 284, 289, 298,    <integrity yes>, 16, 17
             329, 330, 333, 334, 388,    <intermediate>, 16, 17
                                         Intermediate SQL, 625, 629
             389, 398, 484, 600, 601,    Intermediate SQL
             602, 603, 632                  Specifications, 629
          <insert column list>, 174,     INTERSECT, 84, 196, 197,
             388, 389, 446                  200, 201, 202, 208, 643,
          <insert columns and source>       670, 680
             , 388, 390, 648             INTERVAL, 19, 30, 31, 32,
          <insert statement>, 53, 55,       33, 49, 73, 83, 84, 91,
             56, 58, 59, 119, 173,          94, 108, 112, 113, 123,
             174, 176, 202, 299, 369,       166, 167, 169, 170, 209,
             388, 390, 442, 444, 446,       227, 228, 353, 422, 426,
             484, 485, 525, 631, 632,       427, 429, 434, 436, 439,
             636, 642, 648, 673             440, 441, 445, 453, 454,

                                            455, 456, 457, 571, 663,
                                            680

          36  Database Language SQL

 






          interval data type             <interval value expression>
             descriptor, 29, 30             , 128, 129, 130, 155,
          <interval factor>, 168, 169       156, 165, 166, 167, 168,
          interval field overflow,          169, 170, 171, 422, 642
             154, 233, 235, 620          intervening, 11, 36, 118,
          <interval fractional              178, 193, 197, 200
             seconds precision>,         INTO, 84, 377, 382, 388,
             33, 96, 113, 129, 239,         451, 459, 469
             240, 241, 242, 427, 445,    <introducer>, 46, 89, 93,
             453, 455, 660                  98, 100
          <interval leading field        Introduction, 533, 566, 625
             precision>, 32, 112,        in usage by, 301, 307
             170, 209, 239, 240, 241,    invalid authorization
             242, 427, 445, 453, 455,       specification, 348,
             660                            407, 408, 420, 621
          <interval literal>, 89, 91,    invalid catalog name, 415,
             94, 95, 96, 97, 267, 640       621
          <interval primary>, 168,       invalid character set name,
             169                            419, 621
          <interval qualifier>, 30,      invalid character value
             32, 91, 94, 95, 96, 108,       for cast, 146, 147, 148,
             111, 113, 168, 170, 171,       149, 150, 151, 152, 153,
             239, 240, 241, 242, 267,       154, 620
             427, 429, 445, 453, 455,    invalid condition number,
             644                            400, 485, 621
          Intervals, 32                  invalid connection name,
          <interval string>, 82, 86,        408, 622
             91                          invalid cursor name, 443,
          <interval term 1>, 168,           462, 465, 466, 467, 622
             169, 170                    invalid cursor state, 375,
          <interval term 2>, 168, 169       378, 381, 384, 392, 449,
          <interval term>, 165, 166,        487, 622
             167, 168, 169, 445          invalid datetime format,
          <interval type>, 107, 108,        112, 620
             111, 113, 427, 453, 455,    invalid descriptor count,
             640                            455, 457, 621
          <interval value expression     invalid descriptor index,
             1>, 168, 169, 170              431, 435, 439, 621


                                                            Index  37

 






          invalid escape character,      ISO/IEC 9075, xi, xiii,
             215, 620                       xvi, 75, 76, 85, 677,
          invalid escape sequence,          678, 685, 686
             215, 620                    ISO/IEC 9579-2, 3, 619, 622
          invalid parameter value,       ISO/IEC 9899, 3, 243, 505
             348, 620                    ISO/IEC DIS 10032, 1
          invalid schema name, 417,      ISO 1989, 3, 243, 509
             622                         ISO 2022, 3, 249
          invalid SQL descriptor         ISO 6160, 3, 243, 521
             name, 431, 433, 435,        ISO 7185, 3, 243, 517
             439, 451, 622               ISO 8601, 3, 5
          invalid SQL statement name,    ISO 8652, 3, 243, 501
                                         ISO 9075, 612, 613, 614,
             449, 450, 459, 465, 467,       663, 665
             622                         ISOLATION, 84, 399, 680
          invalid time zone              isolation level, 68, 69,
             displacement value,            70, 74, 76, 350, 399,
             167, 422, 620                  400, 528, 662
          invalid transaction state,     <isolation level>, 399
             350, 384, 386, 389, 392,    IS_DEFERRABLE, 541, 549,
             394, 400, 412, 420, 527,       553, 574, 575, 585, 587,
             528, 622                       598
          invalid transaction            IS_GRANTABLE, 546, 547,
             termination, 403, 405,         548, 600, 601, 602, 603,
             622                            604, 605
          <in value list>, 212, 213,     IS_NULLABLE, 544, 580, 582
             444, 446, 632               IS_UPDATABLE, 543, 578, 579
          IS, 36, 84, 142, 218, 229,     IS_UPDATABLE_CHECK, 578
             230, 264, 272, 500, 504,    IS_UPDATABLE_NOT_NULL, 578
             506, 508, 512, 517, 520,    <item number>, 434, 435,
             562, 570, 571, 580, 581,       436, 438, 439

             612, 613, 618                          - J -
          ISO/IEC 10206, 3, 243, 517     JOIN, 84, 180, 182, 184,
          ISO/IEC 10646, 3, 5, 249          539, 541, 545, 549, 550,
          ISO/IEC 11756, 4, 243, 515        551, 552, 553, 557, 558,
          ISO/IEC 1539, 3, 243, 512         559, 561, 562, 631, 680
          ISO/IEC 646, 3                 <join column list>, 180,
          ISO/IEC 8824, 3                   181

                                         join columns, 181, 182, 183

          38  Database Language SQL

 






          <join condition>, 118, 180,    KEY_COLUMN_USAGE view, 552
             181, 183, 200               KEY_COLUMN_USAGE_FOREIGN_
          <joined table>, 45, 118,          KEY_COLUMNS, 588
             120, 121, 178, 180, 181,    KEY_COLUMN_USAGE_PRIMARY_
             182, 184, 191, 196, 198,       KEY, 588
             199, 200, 201, 202, 641,    KEY_COLUMN_USAGE_UNIQUE,
             643                            588
          <join specification>, 180,     KEY_DEGREE_GREATER_THAN_OR_
             181                            EQUAL_TO_1, 618
          <join type>, 180, 181, 183     KEY_DEGREE_GREATER_THAN_
                      - K -                 OR_EQUAL_TO_1 assertion,
          KEY, 36, 41, 42, 84, 264,         618
             270, 272, 273, 274, 275,    known not nullable, 36,
             481, 536, 552, 561, 568,       199, 200, 582

             569, 571, 573, 574, 576,               - L -
             578, 580, 583, 584, 585,    LANGUAGE, 84, 243, 563,
             586, 587, 588, 590, 591,       612, 613, 614, 615, 640,
             593, 595, 596, 598, 600,       665
             602, 604, 605, 606, 608,    <language clause>, 46, 243,
             610, 617, 618, 640, 645        244, 341, 342, 344, 346,
          <key word>, 19, 21, 82, 83,       352, 357, 358, 359, 360,
             85, 87, 101, 120, 427,         361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
             631, 641, 653, 666             366, 367, 452, 454, 493,
          KEY_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT_TYPE_       644, 670, 671
             CHECK, 588                  <language name>, 243
          KEY_COLUMN_ORDINAL_            LAST, 84, 377, 378, 379,
             POSITION_NOT_NULL, 588         680
          KEY_COLUMN_TABLE_CATALOG_      LEADING, 84, 132, 137, 680
             NOT_NULL, 588               leaf generally underlying
          KEY_COLUMN_TABLE_NAME_NOT_        table, 38, 372, 387,
             NULL, 588                      389, 390, 392, 396, 474
          KEY_COLUMN_TABLE_SCHEMA_       leaf underlying table, 38,
             NOT_NULL, 588                  298, 330
          KEY_COLUMN_USAGE, 552, 561,    LEAVE, 85
             588, 617, 618, 640          LEFT, 84, 180, 182, 183,
          KEY_COLUMN_USAGE base table       539, 545, 680
             , 588                       <left bracket>, 79, 80, 83,
                                            504, 517

                                                            Index  39

 






          <left paren>, 16, 79, 80,      levels of conformance, 75
             107, 108, 118, 124, 128,    Lexical elements, 79
             132, 133, 139, 141, 144,    LIKE, 23, 84, 214, 215, 216
             155, 168, 173, 180, 196,    <like predicate>, 23, 205,
             203, 212, 229, 239, 245,       214, 216, 447
             260, 272, 274, 281, 296,    LIMIT, 85
             297, 314, 320, 325, 346,    <limited collation
             388, 390, 489, 491, 500,       definition>, 311
                                         literal, 23, 24
             508, 515, 520               <literal>, 19, 89, 102,
          LENGTH, 83, 356, 425, 426,        114, 116, 146, 147, 149,
             427, 434, 436, 439, 440,       151, 152, 153, 154, 191,
             441, 452, 453, 454, 455,       266, 267, 268, 432, 433,
             456, 457, 663                  437, 441, 443, 458, 530,
          <length>, 63, 93, 107, 108,       629, 637, 638, 640
             109, 356, 357, 358, 359,    LOCAL, 38, 40, 84, 99, 102,
             360, 361, 445, 447, 500,       104, 165, 166, 167, 260,
             501, 502, 504, 505, 506,       261, 296, 299, 397, 422,
             507, 508, 509, 510, 512,       576, 577, 578, 579, 680
             513, 515, 516, 517, 518,    <local table name>, 98,
             519, 520, 521, 522, 639        103, 397, 486, 487
          <length expression>, 23,       local temporary table, 37,
             27, 29, 128, 129, 131,         38, 39, 72, 101, 103,
             630, 641, 659                  245, 258, 260, 261, 275,
          LESS, 85                          281, 283, 294, 397, 398,
          <less than operator>, 80,         459, 486, 487, 577, 655,
             207, 373, 531                  668
          <less than or equals           LOOP, 85
             operator>, 83, 207          <low>, 16, 17
          LEVEL, 84, 399, 680            LOWER, 22, 84, 132, 136,
          Leveling, 75                      681
          Leveling Rules, 9, 12, 15,     lower case, 22, 81, 87, 88,
             625                            135, 136, 506, 534, 640
          Leveling the SQL Language,
             629
          <level of isolation>, 399,
             400, 662
          <levels clause>, 296, 297,
             299, 633

          40  Database Language SQL

 






                      - M -              MINUTE, 30, 31, 32, 33, 73,
          Maintenance and interpreta-       84, 95, 112, 113, 123,
             tion of SQL, 685               130, 166, 238, 239, 240,
          <mantissa>, 90, 94, 95,           422, 430, 441, 681
             148, 150                    <minutes value>, 91, 94
          marked modified privilege      mixing of data types, 34
             descriptor, 336             modified, 335
          MATCH, 42, 43, 84, 224,        modified privilege
             274, 276, 280, 353, 354,       descriptor, 335
             550, 590, 591, 633, 681     MODIFY, 85
          matching rows, 224, 277,       module, 38, 39, 45, 46, 47,
             278, 279                       48, 49, 55, 56, 61, 62,
          <match predicate>, 205,           63, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73,
             206, 224, 225, 226, 276,       74, 76, 85, 86, 92, 93,
             447, 632                       99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
          <match type>, 42, 271, 274,       104, 115, 116, 256, 260,
             276, 277, 278, 591             261, 297, 302, 312, 316,
          <match value>, 214, 217,          321, 326, 341, 342, 343,
             447, 643                       344, 345, 346, 348, 349,
          MATCH_OPTION, 550, 590, 591       350, 352, 371, 375, 377,
          MAX, 84, 124, 125, 126,           381, 384, 391, 397, 403,
             189, 193, 208, 431, 539,       405, 408, 409, 411, 449,
             544, 570, 571, 572, 616,       450, 459, 464, 467, 469,
             663, 670                       471, 472, 474, 490, 493,
          MESSAGE_LENGTH, 83, 480,          495, 496, 613, 614, 625,
             481, 488                       627, 634, 646, 647, 654,
          MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH, 83,         655, 656, 657, 658, 661,
             480, 481, 488                  662, 668, 669, 670, 671,
          MESSAGE_TEXT, 83, 480, 481,
             488, 663                       673, 674, 678
          MIN, 84, 124, 125, 126,        Module, 341
             189, 193, 208, 670          MODULE, 39, 84, 98, 344,
          <minus sign>, 80, 83, 86,         397, 486, 487, 612, 613,
             90, 91, 157, 158, 165,         614

             168, 169, 241, 242




                                                            Index  41

 






          <module>, 38, 39, 45, 46,      <module name clause>, 341,
             47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56,        344, 493
             61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 71,     Modules, 46
             72, 73, 74, 93, 100,        monadic, 24, 95, 133, 134,
             101, 103, 104, 115, 116,       158
             256, 260, 261, 297, 302,    monadic operator, 6, 24,
             312, 316, 321, 326, 341,       133, 134
             342, 343, 344, 346, 348,    MONTH, 30, 31, 32, 33, 84,
             349, 350, 352, 371, 375,       95, 111, 112, 113, 238,
             377, 381, 384, 391, 397,       239, 240, 430, 445, 681
                                         <months value>, 91, 94, 241
             403, 405, 408, 409, 411,    MORE, 83, 479, 481, 482
             449, 450, 459, 464, 467,    multiple server transac-
             469, 471, 472, 474, 493,       tions, 407, 410, 621
             495, 496, 614, 625, 627,    multiset, 6, 7, 36, 37, 38,
             634, 646, 654, 655, 656,       178, 183, 184, 332
             657, 658, 661, 662, 668,    MUMPS, 4, 61, 83, 243, 244,
             669, 670, 671, 673, 674,       359, 360, 365, 489, 490,
             678                            491, 493, 495, 498, 515,
          <module authorization             516, 613, 614, 626, 644,
             clause>, 45, 46, 72,           664
             101, 102, 341, 343, 493,    <MUMPS character variable>,
             654, 657, 669                  515, 516, 664
          <module authorization          <MUMPS host identifier>,
             identifier>, 46, 65,           490, 515
             256, 341, 342, 348, 408,    <MUMPS length specifica-
             656, 661, 662, 673, 678        tion>, 515, 516
          <module character set          <MUMPS numeric variable>,
             specification>, 46,            515, 516
                                         <MUMPS type specification>,
             85, 86, 92, 93, 100,           515
             344, 345, 493, 647, 661     <MUMPS variable definition>
          <module contents>, 341,           , 490, 515, 516
             343, 647
          module language, 46, 75
          <module name>, 46, 61, 74,
             99, 103, 344, 352, 493,
             669, 673


          42  Database Language SQL

 






                      - N -              <nondoublequote character>,
          n-adic operator, 6                82, 86
          NAME, 84, 427, 434, 438,       NONE, 85
             452, 454, 673               <non-join query expression>
          <named columns join>, 180,        , 196, 197, 198, 199,
             181, 183, 184                  200
          NAMES, 84, 344, 419, 484,      <non-join query primary>,
             490, 681                       196, 197, 198, 199, 670
          Names and identifiers, 98      <non-join query term>, 196,
          NATIONAL, 20, 21, 84, 107,        197, 198, 199, 670
             108, 653, 657, 681          non-null, 223, 277
          <national character string     non-null value, 19, 42, 89,
             literal>, 82, 86, 89,          111, 208, 225, 234, 278,
             92, 93, 97, 640                279, 373, 531, 662, 665
          <national character string     <nonquote character>, 83,
             type>, 107, 113, 640           89, 92
          NATURAL, 84, 180, 181, 183,    non-repeatable read, 68
             184, 289, 352, 681          <non-reserved word>, 83
          NCHAR, 84, 107, 108, 681       <non-second datetime field>
          NEW, 85                           , 239, 241
          <newline>, 83, 86, 92, 656     Normative references, 3
          NEXT, 84, 377, 378, 379,       no subclass, 619, 620, 621,
             469, 681                       622, 623
          NO, 21, 35, 84, 208, 249,      NOT, 23, 36, 84, 142, 211,
             250, 274, 276, 314, 315,       212, 214, 218, 228, 229,
             590, 591, 592, 608, 609,       230, 252, 253, 262, 264,
             660, 670, 681                  270, 271, 272, 273, 301,
          No collating sequence, 23,        303, 325, 497, 499, 562,
             24, 25, 26, 297                569, 570, 571, 574, 576,
          no data, 47, 350, 351, 379,       578, 580, 585, 588, 590,
             382, 383, 387, 389, 395,       598, 600, 602, 604, 606,
             435, 499, 528, 530, 622,       608, 610, 612, 617, 618,
             624                            633, 645
          non-deferrable, 36, 41         Notation, 7
          <nondelimiter token>, 82,      <not equals operator>, 83,
             86                             207
          non-deterministic, 40, 189,
             193, 200, 282, 325


                                                            Index  43

 






          null, 6, 7, 19, 36, 42, 43,    <null predicate> semantics,
             48, 116, 126, 129, 130,        218
             131, 135, 136, 137, 142,    <null specification>, 173,
             145, 156, 158, 162, 163,       174, 391
             166, 169, 173, 174, 182,    null value, 6, 7, 19, 36,
             183, 192, 205, 207, 215,       42, 126, 129, 130, 131,
             218, 224, 225, 228, 231,       135, 136, 137, 142, 145,
             234, 267, 268, 278, 279,       156, 158, 162, 163, 166,
             373, 391, 422, 436, 444,       169, 174, 183, 207, 215,
             452, 454, 456, 458, 506,       218, 224, 225, 228, 231,
             525, 531, 573, 579, 581,       234, 267, 268, 278, 279,
             594, 614, 644, 662, 665,       435, 436, 454, 456, 458,
             668, 671, 674                  525, 579, 594, 614, 662,
          NULL, 19, 36, 84, 141, 142,       665, 668, 671, 674
             144, 145, 173, 192, 218,    null value, no indicator
             262, 264, 266, 267, 272,       parameter, 231, 435, 620
             273, 274, 278, 279, 543,    null value eliminated in
             544, 562, 569, 570, 571,       set function, 126, 623
             574, 576, 578, 580, 581,    number, 27
                                         NUMBER, 84, 479, 481, 482
             585, 588, 590, 591, 592,    <number of conditions>,
             598, 600, 602, 604, 606,       399, 400, 672
             608, 610, 612, 613, 618,    Numbers, 27
             645                         NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS, 554,
          nullability, 36, 265              606, 607, 665
          nullability characteristic,    NUMERIC, 19, 27, 34, 84,
             36, 37, 265                    107, 109, 110, 353, 358,
          nullable, 42, 47, 182, 192,       425, 426, 429, 440, 445,
             199, 200, 452, 582             510, 539, 544, 565, 570,
          NULLABLE, 84, 427, 434,           571, 572, 658
             436, 438, 452, 453, 454,    numeric data type
             544, 580, 582                  descriptor, 27
          null character, 363, 506,      <numeric primary>, 157, 158
             661                         <numeric type>, 107
          NULLIF, 84, 141, 142, 444,     <numeric value expression>,
             446, 681                       133, 155, 157, 158
          <null predicate>, 205, 218,    <numeric value function>,
             444                            128, 131, 157, 630, 641


          44  Database Language SQL

 






          numeric value out of range,    octet, 3, 5, 22, 23, 27,
             126, 146, 147, 158, 233,       102, 103, 128, 131, 250,
             235, 620                       356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
          NUMERIC_PRECISION, 539,           361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
             544, 565, 570, 571, 572        366, 367, 436, 452, 453,
          NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX,          454, 458, 488, 501, 506,
             539, 544, 565, 570, 571,       509, 513, 518, 521, 572,
             572                            619
          NUMERIC_SCALE, 539, 544,       <octet length expression>,
             570, 571, 572                  128, 131

                      - O -              OCTET_LENGTH, 83, 84, 128,
          OBJECT, 85                        130, 427, 434, 436, 438,
          <object column>, 391, 392,        445, 452, 453, 454, 458,
             393, 394, 395, 396, 447,       488, 539, 544, 570, 571,
             474, 475, 648                  572, 681
          object identifier, 16, 625     OF, 84, 360, 361, 371, 384,
          Object identifier for             391, 472, 474, 476, 477,
             Database Language SQL,         517, 518, 519, 639
             16                          OFF, 85
          <object name>, 245, 246,       OID, 85
             329, 332, 333, 634, 646     OLD, 85
          OBJECT_CATALOG, 539, 548,      ON, 84, 180, 248, 260, 274,
             554, 555, 556, 604, 605        275, 281, 289, 294, 300,
          OBJECT_NAME, 539, 548, 554,       310, 313, 315, 318, 321,
             555, 556, 604, 605             323, 329, 330, 331, 332,
          OBJECT_SCHEMA, 539, 548,          333, 397, 403, 539, 541,
             554, 555, 556, 604, 605        545, 549, 550, 551, 552,
          OBJECT_TYPE, 539, 548, 554,       553, 557, 558, 559, 561,
             555, 556, 604, 605             562
          <occurrences>, 431, 432,       ONLY, 84, 371, 372, 399,
             435, 439, 451, 453, 455,       400, 681
             457, 637, 663               OPEN, 84, 375, 467, 483,

                                            484





                                                            Index  45

 






          <open statement>, 50, 53,      OPTION, 40, 65, 75, 84,
             55, 57, 58, 59, 342,           248, 296, 297, 299, 329,
             368, 371, 375, 464, 465,       330, 331, 333, 335, 336,
             484, 493, 494, 495, 496,       337, 356, 389, 393, 395,
             673                            487, 533, 543, 550, 578,
          OPERATION, 85                     579, 590, 591, 601, 603,
          Operations involving bit          605, 677
             strings, 27                 OR, 36, 84, 228, 229, 230,
          Operations involving              539, 546, 547, 548, 571,
             character strings, 22          573, 580, 581, 583, 584,
          Operations involving              585, 586, 591, 595, 596,
             datetimes and intervals,       606, 608, 611, 612, 613
             34                          ORDER, 84, 371, 372, 374,
          Operations involving              464, 530, 635, 638
             numbers, 29                 <order by clause>, 50, 371,
          operator, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13,        372, 373, 391, 474, 530,
             22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 34,        531, 668, 671, 674
             35, 80, 83, 95, 133,        <ordering specification>,
             134, 157, 158, 160, 161,       371
             166, 169, 170, 197, 198,    ORDINAL_POSITION, 544, 552,
             200, 201, 202, 207, 208,       580, 581, 588, 589
             229, 237, 373, 391, 434,    Other operators involving
             438, 443, 445, 479, 500,       bit strings, 27
             505, 531, 659, 670          Other operators involving
          OPERATORS, 85                     character strings, 23
          Operators that operate on      OTHERS, 85
             bit strings and return      Other terms, 14
             bit strings, 27             OUTER, 84, 180, 618, 681
          Operators that operate         <outer join type>, 180
             on character strings        outermost, 11, 118
             and return character        outer reference, 122, 124,
             strings, 22                    126, 181, 185, 189, 190,
                                            192, 194, 386, 395, 641,
                                            678
                                         OUTPUT, 84, 450, 681
                                         output parameter, 347, 348,
                                            357, 362, 363, 364, 365,
                                            366, 367, 661


          46  Database Language SQL

 






          OVERLAPS, 34, 84, 227, 681     <parameter declaration
          <overlaps predicate>, 34,         list>, 346
             205, 206, 227, 228, 444,    <parameter name>, 75, 99,
             446, 643, 644                  103, 114, 115, 116, 346,
                      - P -                 347, 350, 371, 494, 673,
          <1989 package>, 16, 17            677
          PAD, 21, 35, 85, 208, 249,     Parameters, 47
             250, 314, 315, 608, 609,    PARAMETERS, 85
             660, 670, 681               <parameter specification>,
          <pad attribute>, 314, 315         114, 115, 116, 525
          PAD_ATTRIBUTE, 555, 608,       <parameter using clause>,
             609, 665                       455, 459, 460
          parameter, 28, 29, 47, 48,     PARTIAL, 42, 43, 85, 224,
             61, 62, 63, 70, 75, 99,        225, 274, 276, 277, 278,
             103, 114, 115, 116, 168,       279, 590, 591, 681
             192, 231, 281, 296, 325,    Pascal, 3, 49, 61, 360,
             346, 347, 348, 350, 351,       361, 366, 489, 490, 491,
             352, 356, 357, 358, 359,       493, 495, 498, 517, 518,
             360, 361, 362, 363, 364,       519, 615, 626, 639, 651,
             365, 366, 367, 371, 435,       662
                                         PASCAL, 84, 243, 360, 366,
             436, 439, 443, 450, 453,       493, 518, 612, 613, 614,
             454, 455, 456, 459, 460,       615
             462, 467, 482, 486, 494,    <Pascal host identifier>,
             495, 496, 502, 507, 510,       490, 517, 518
             514, 516, 519, 522, 525,    <Pascal type specification>
             619, 624, 630, 635, 641,       , 517, 518, 519, 639,
             647, 654, 659, 661, 662,       651
             664, 665, 666, 671, 672,    <Pascal variable
             673, 674, 675, 677             definition>, 490, 517,
          <parameter declaration>,          518, 519
             47, 346, 347, 350, 351,     <pattern>, 214, 217, 447,
             352, 356, 357, 358, 359,       643
             360, 361, 362, 371, 494,    PENDANT, 85
             495, 496, 635, 647, 674,    <percent>, 79, 80, 215
                                         <period>, 80, 90, 91, 94,
             675                            98, 99, 121, 148, 150,

                                            191, 242, 508

                                                            Index  47

 






          persist, 37, 39, 44, 51,       possibly non-deterministic,
             52, 67, 72, 258, 260,          40, 189, 193, 200, 282,
             261, 275, 281, 397, 398,       325
             577                         possibly nullable, 36, 182,
          persistent, 7, 37, 39, 44,        192, 452, 582
             46, 51, 52, 67, 258,        precede, 12, 242, 297, 341,
             260, 261, 275, 281, 397,       363, 373, 403, 492, 493,
             577                            505, 509, 512, 521, 531,
          persistent base table, 37         667
          persistent table, 44           PRECISION, 19, 27, 34, 85,
          phantom, 68                       108, 110, 352, 357, 358,
          <PL/I host identifier>,           359, 425, 426, 427, 429,
             490, 520, 521                  434, 436, 439, 440, 441,
          <PL/I type fixed binary>,         453, 454, 455, 456, 457,
             520                            500, 502, 507, 512, 513,
          <PL/I type fixed decimal>,        539, 544, 565, 570, 571,
             520                            572, 658, 663
          <PL/I type float binary>,      <precision>, 63, 107, 108,
             520                            109, 110, 358, 361, 445,
          <PL/I type specification>,
             520, 521, 522, 523, 639,       515, 516, 520, 522, 657,
             651, 664, 665                  658
          <PL/I variable definition>,    <predicate>, 205, 206, 216,
             490, 520, 521, 522, 664        229, 632
          PLI, 84, 243, 355, 361,        Predicates, 205
             367, 493, 612, 613, 614,    PREORDER, 85
             615                         Preparable and immediately
          <plus sign>, 80, 90, 157,         executable SQL-
             158, 165, 168                  statements, 56
          POSITION, 85, 128, 445,        <preparable dynamic delete
             544, 552, 580, 581, 588,       statement: positioned>,
             589, 681                       53, 56, 59, 60, 62, 442,
          <position expression>, 23,        443, 460, 462, 463, 476,
             27, 29, 128, 129, 130,         484, 638

             131, 444, 630, 659
          possible qualifiers, 121



          48  Database Language SQL

 






          <preparable dynamic update     PRIMARY, 36, 41, 42, 85,
             statement: positioned>,        270, 272, 273, 275, 536,
             54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 299,       568, 569, 571, 573, 574,
             442, 443, 460, 462, 463,       576, 578, 580, 583, 584,
             477, 484, 639                  585, 586, 587, 588, 590,
          <preparable implementation-       591, 593, 595, 596, 598,
             defined statement>, 56,        600, 602, 604, 606, 608,
             442, 443, 663                  610, 618, 645
          <preparable SQL data           PRIOR, 85, 377, 378, 379,
             statement>, 442, 637           681
          <preparable SQL schema         PRIVATE, 85
             statement>, 442, 637        privilege, 44, 64, 65, 66,
          <preparable SQL session           75, 77, 103, 119, 122,
             statement>, 442, 637           135, 145, 234, 245, 246,
          preparable SQL-statement,         248, 249, 251, 256, 261,
             56, 57                         264, 276, 282, 284, 298,
          <preparable SQL transaction       302, 310, 312, 315, 316,
             statement>, 442, 637           321, 326, 329, 330, 331,
          <preparable statement>,           332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
             44, 45, 64, 73, 93, 100,       337, 338, 342, 384, 386,
             101, 115, 415, 417, 419,       389, 392, 394, 398, 420,
             442, 443, 460, 462, 463,       487, 526, 533, 546, 547,
             653, 654, 656                  548, 568, 600, 601, 602,
          PREPARE, 85, 354, 442, 447,
             449, 462, 483, 484, 681        603, 604, 605, 632, 633,
          prepared statement not a          655, 660, 669, 677, 678
             cursor specification,       <privilege column list>,
             465, 621                       245, 246, 333, 632
          <prepare statement>, 14,       privilege dependency graph,
             44, 45, 54, 60, 61, 63,        335
             64, 73, 93, 101, 103,       privilege descriptor, 44,
             104, 115, 369, 415, 417,       65, 66, 246, 248, 261,
             419, 442, 449, 450, 459,       284, 298, 302, 312, 315,
             464, 465, 484, 653, 654,       316, 321, 329, 330, 331,
             656                            332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
          PRESERVE, 85, 260, 281,           337, 338, 398, 420, 600,
             397, 681                       602, 604



                                                            Index  49

 






          privilege not granted, 332,    PUBLIC, 66, 75, 85, 102,
             623                            245, 246, 248, 315, 321,
          privilege not revoked, 338,       334, 533, 539, 542, 545,
             623                            546, 547, 548, 554, 555,
          Privileges, 64                    556, 601, 603, 605
          PRIVILEGES, 85, 245, 246,
             294, 300, 332, 338, 539,               - Q -
             542, 545, 546, 547, 548,    <qualified identifier>, 98,
             554, 555, 556, 600, 602,       102, 119, 252, 325, 486,
             604, 605, 640                  487
          <privileges>, 245, 329,        <qualified join>, 180, 181
             330, 331, 332, 333, 338,    <qualified local table
             389                            name>, 98, 101, 104, 397
          PRIVILEGE_TYPE, 546, 547,      <qualified name>, 39, 44,
             548, 600, 601, 602, 603        73, 98, 99, 101, 102,
          procedure, 47                     417, 656
          PROCEDURE, 85, 346             <qualifier>, 121, 125, 191,
          <procedure>, 14, 39, 46,          390, 643
             47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 61,     <quantified comparison
             63, 65, 67, 71, 72, 74,        predicate>, 205, 220,
             103, 256, 341, 342, 346,       447
             347, 348, 349, 350, 352,    <quantifier>, 220, 221
             371, 397, 408, 409, 411,    <query expression>, 11,
             413, 460, 463, 493, 494,       15, 37, 38, 40, 75, 119,
             495, 496, 527, 528, 627,       173, 176, 193, 196, 197,
             655, 661, 662, 670, 671,       200, 202, 203, 204, 237,
             673, 674, 675                  282, 284, 289, 294, 296,
          <procedure name>, 47, 61,         297, 298, 299, 300, 309,
             99, 103, 346, 348, 352,        313, 318, 323, 325, 330,
             493, 494, 661, 671, 673        331, 334, 335, 336, 371,
          Procedures, 47                    372, 375, 387, 388, 389,
          Processing methods, 627           390, 392, 396, 444, 446,
          programming languages, 49,        467, 474, 530, 579, 581,
             243                            583, 584, 631, 632, 636,
          PROTECTED, 85                     642, 643, 646, 648, 671,

                                            677
                                         Query expressions, 173


          50  Database Language SQL

 






          query expression too long      RECURSIVE, 85
             for information schema,     redundant duplicates, 7
             299, 623                    REF, 85
          <query primary>, 196, 198,     <reference column list>,
             643                            274, 275, 280, 289
          <query specification>, 40,     referenced columns, 42,
             102, 118, 191, 192, 193,       271, 275, 276, 292, 336,
             194, 195, 196, 197, 200,       337
             203, 204, 282, 296, 299,    referenced table, 42, 43,
             325, 382, 384, 390, 391,       271, 274, 275, 276, 277,
             442, 460, 472, 474, 631,       278, 279, 280, 289, 292
             632, 643, 646, 648, 670     <referenced table and
          <query term>, 196, 199,           columns>, 42, 271, 274,
             202, 643                       275, 276, 289
          <question mark>, 63, 80,       Reference Model of Data
             114                            Management, 1
          <quote>, 79, 80, 83, 87,       REFERENCES, 65, 66, 85,
             89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97,        245, 246, 261, 274, 276,
             314, 320                       282, 284, 289, 298, 302,
          <quote symbol>, 87, 89, 93        326, 329, 330, 331, 332,
                      - R -                 333, 336, 337, 398, 569,
          READ, 68, 69, 85, 371, 372,       571, 573, 574, 576, 580,
             399, 400, 681                  583, 584, 585, 588, 591,
          read-only, 38, 40, 50, 67,        595, 596, 598, 600, 601,
             70, 182, 296, 350, 372,        602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
             384, 386, 388, 389, 392,       608, 610, 611, 633
             394, 400, 528               <references specification>,
          READ ONLY, 372, 400               262, 264, 274, 280, 633
          read-write, 67, 70, 350,       REFERENCING, 85
             400, 528                    referencing columns, 42,
          READ WRITE, 399, 400              271, 274, 275, 276, 588
          REAL, 19, 27, 34, 85, 108,     <referencing columns>, 42,
             110, 352, 357, 358, 359,       271, 274, 275, 276
             360, 361, 366, 425, 426,    referencing table, 42, 43,
             429, 440, 500, 502, 507,       274, 275, 276, 277
             512, 513, 515, 516, 517,    <referential action>, 274,
             519, 571, 657, 658             276, 278, 279, 591, 592



                                                            Index  51

 






          referential constraint, 41,    Remote Database Access, 3,
             42                             622
          <referential constraint        REPEATABLE, 68, 69, 84, 399
             definition>, 42, 45,        repertoire, 5, 7, 20, 21,
             270, 271, 274, 276, 280,       23, 24, 35, 46, 74, 76,
             645                            85, 86, 92, 93, 100,
          <referential triggered            109, 111, 129, 133, 134,
             action>, 265, 274, 280,        135, 136, 145, 147, 148,
             633, 645                       149, 150, 151, 160, 208,
          REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS,          237, 248, 249, 250, 266,
             550, 559, 586, 590, 617,       311, 312, 315, 316, 506,
             640                            607, 660, 669, 674
          REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS        REPLACE, 85
             base table, 590             requires, 6, 42, 71, 583
          REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS        reserved, 61, 73, 83, 84,
             view, 550                      85, 87, 100, 408, 411,
          REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS_          448, 466, 619, 626, 655,
             CONSTRAINT_TYPE_CHECK,         678
             590                         <reserved word>, 83, 84,
          REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS_          85, 87, 100, 626, 678
             PRIMARY_KEY, 590            RESIGNAL, 85
          REFERENTIAL_DELETE_RULE_       RESTRICT, 85, 258, 289,
             CHECK, 590                     292, 294, 300, 309, 337,
          REFERENTIAL_DELETE_RULE_          354, 681
             NOT_NULL, 590               restricted data type
          REFERENTIAL_MATCH_OPTION_         attribute violation,
             CHECK, 590                     456, 458, 621
          REFERENTIAL_MATCH_OPTION_      <result>, 141, 142, 143
             NOT_NULL, 590               <result expression>, 141,
          REFERENTIAL_UPDATE_RULE_          142
             CHECK, 590                  <result using clause>, 451,
          REFERENTIAL_UPDATE_RULE_          456, 457, 459, 460, 638
             NOT_NULL, 590               Retrieval assignment, 231
          <regular identifier>, 82,      RETURN, 85
             86, 87, 88, 98, 533,        RETURNED_LENGTH, 84, 427,
             534, 629                       434, 436, 438, 458
          RELATIVE, 85, 377, 378,        RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH, 84,
             379, 681                       427, 434, 436, 438, 458


          52  Database Language SQL

 






          RETURNED_SQLSTATE, 84, 479,    <row value constructor 2>,
             481, 485, 486, 487, 488        227, 228
          RETURNS, 85                    <row value constructor>,
          REVOKE, 85, 289, 294, 300,        36, 156, 173, 174, 175,
             310, 313, 318, 323, 333,       176, 207, 211, 212, 218,
             355, 484, 681                  219, 220, 224, 227, 390,
          <revoke statement>, 52,           444, 446, 447, 631, 642,
             245, 289, 294, 300, 310,       644, 648, 669
             313, 318, 323, 333, 339,    <row value constructor
             368, 484, 646                  element>, 173, 174, 175,
          RIGHT, 85, 180, 182, 184,         390, 444, 446, 631, 642
             353, 356, 681               <row value constructor
          <right bracket>, 79, 81,          list>, 173, 174, 176,
             83, 504, 517                   390, 669
          <right paren>, 16, 79, 80,     ROW_COUNT, 84, 479, 481,
             107, 108, 118, 124, 128,       484, 485, 673
             132, 133, 139, 141, 144,    Rule evaluation order, 12
             155, 168, 173, 180, 196,    Rules determining collating
             203, 212, 229, 239, 245,       sequence usage, 23
             260, 272, 274, 281, 296,               - S -
             297, 314, 320, 325, 346,    SAVEPOINT, 85
             388, 390, 489, 491, 500,    Scalar expressions, 107
             508, 515, 520               <scalar subquery>, 155,
          ROLE, 85                          156, 203, 642
          ROLLBACK, 68, 70, 85, 355,     <scalar subquery>, <row
             405, 484                       subquery>, and <table
          <rollback statement>, 41,         subquery>, 203
             50, 54, 67, 69, 70, 342,    SCALE, 84, 425, 426, 427,
             369, 405, 484, 526, 655,       434, 436, 439, 440, 441,
             671, 674                       453, 454, 455, 456, 457,
          ROUTINE, 85                       539, 544, 570, 571, 572,
          ROW, 85                           663
          ROWS, 85, 260, 275, 281,       <scale>, 63, 107, 108, 109,
             397, 681                       110, 358, 361, 515, 516,
          <row subquery>, 173, 174,         520, 522, 658
             203                         SCHEMA, 85, 255, 258, 341,
          <row value constructor 1>,        417, 483, 484, 535, 567
             227, 228


                                                            Index  53

 






          <schema authorization          SCHEMATA, 538, 541, 543,
             identifier>, 65, 255,          544, 549, 550, 551, 552,
             256                            553, 557, 558, 559, 561,
          <schema character set name>       562, 569, 571, 573, 574,
             , 311                          576, 580, 583, 584, 585,
          <schema character set             586, 591, 595, 596, 598,
             specification>, 93,            606, 608, 610, 611, 640
             100, 255, 256, 257, 263,    SCHEMATA base table, 569
             644, 660                    SCHEMATA view, 538
          <schema collation name>,       SCHEMATA_FOREIGN_KEY, 569
             314, 315                    SCHEMATA_PRIMARY_KEY, 569
          <schema definition>, 44,       <schema translation name>,
             52, 65, 93, 100, 101,          320, 321
             252, 255, 256, 260, 261,    SCHEMA_NAME, 84, 354, 480,
             263, 296, 301, 311, 315,       481, 486, 487, 538, 541,
             320, 325, 368, 484, 566,       543, 544, 549, 550, 551,
             568, 660                       552, 553, 557, 558, 559,
          Schema definition and             561, 562, 569
             manipulation, 255           SCHEMA_OWNER, 538, 541,
          <schema element>, 255, 256,       543, 544, 549, 550, 551,
             632, 644                       552, 553, 557, 558, 559,
          <schema name>, 15, 39, 44,        561, 562, 569
             45, 46, 64, 72, 73, 98,     SCHEMA_OWNER_NOT_NULL, 569
             99, 101, 102, 103, 104,     scope, 1, 10, 14, 39, 62,
             249, 252, 255, 256, 257,       63, 70, 99, 102, 103,
             258, 260, 263, 283, 294,       104, 118, 119, 121, 122,
             296, 297, 300, 301, 302,       125, 260, 283, 356, 386,
             304, 309, 311, 312, 313,       392, 394, 397, 431, 433,
             315, 316, 318, 320, 321,       447, 449, 450, 451, 459,
             323, 325, 326, 328, 341,       465, 466, 467, 475, 492,
             397, 398, 415, 417, 486,       501, 669
             487, 493, 616, 644, 654,    Scope, 1
             656, 657, 661, 668, 669     scope clause, 118, 119,
          <schema name clause>, 101,        431, 433
             255, 257, 644, 657          <scope option>, 99, 102,
                                            104, 431, 433, 447, 451




          54  Database Language SQL

 






          SCROLL, 85, 371, 372, 374,     SELECT, 65, 66, 75, 85,
             377, 464, 465, 469, 635,       119, 122, 180, 182, 183,
             638, 647, 681                  184, 191, 197, 198, 245,
          SEARCH, 85                        261, 271, 272, 273, 276,
          <search condition>, 15, 36,       284, 289, 298, 303, 329,
             42, 43, 68, 119, 122,          330, 334, 335, 336, 382,
             141, 142, 143, 180, 181,       398, 483, 484, 485, 533,
             183, 185, 186, 187, 189,       537, 538, 539, 541, 542,
             190, 229, 230, 264, 271,       543, 544, 545, 546, 547,
             272, 281, 282, 284, 289,       548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
             294, 300, 301, 302, 307,       553, 554, 555, 556, 557,
             309, 313, 318, 323, 325,       558, 559, 561, 562, 563,
             326, 330, 337, 386, 387,       571, 572, 573, 576, 578,
             394, 395, 396, 485, 593,       580, 581, 583, 584, 585,
             594, 595, 596, 633, 636,       586, 588, 591, 593, 595,
             643, 677, 678                  596, 600, 601, 602, 603,
          search condition too long         604, 606, 608, 610, 611,
             for information schema,        616, 617, 618, 677
             282, 326, 623               <select list>, 75, 118,
          <searched case>, 141, 142         119, 124, 181, 182, 185,
          <searched when clause>,           191, 192, 193, 194, 195,
             141, 142, 143                  198, 382, 436, 443, 450,
          SECOND, 30, 31, 32, 33, 85,
             95, 111, 112, 113, 129,        451, 457, 460, 632, 672
             238, 239, 240, 241, 242,    <select statement: single
             430, 441, 445, 659, 681        row>, 53, 55, 57, 58,
          <seconds fraction>, 91, 94,       59, 102, 118, 119, 350,
             95, 96, 242, 629               368, 382, 484, 672, 677
          <seconds integer value>,       <select sublist>, 191, 195,
             91, 95, 242                    643
          <seconds value>, 91, 94        <select target list>, 382,
          SECTION, 85, 490                  383, 671, 672
                                         <semicolon>, 80, 346, 489,
                                            491, 504, 515, 517, 520,
                                            525
                                         SENSITIVE, 85




                                                            Index  55

 






          <separator>, 82, 83, 86,       set, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19,
             89, 92, 93, 100, 491,          20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 32,
             512                            35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44,
          sequence, 5, 7, 9, 12, 20,        45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 54,
             21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,        60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67,
             32, 35, 37, 47, 67, 69,        68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,
             72, 92, 95, 97, 104,           80, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92,
             115, 122, 125, 133, 134,       93, 97, 98, 99, 100,
             145, 155, 161, 187, 191,       102, 103, 104, 105, 107,
             207, 208, 214, 215, 216,       108, 109, 115, 124, 126,
             220, 224, 237, 249, 250,       127, 133, 134, 136, 142,
             251, 264, 297, 314, 315,       153, 155, 173, 176, 178,
             316, 317, 318, 372, 388,       181, 183, 184, 185, 186,
             497, 501, 506, 509, 521,       187, 189, 190, 191, 192,
             660, 661                       193, 194, 195, 197, 198,
          SEQUENCE, 85                      199, 200, 201, 202, 208,
          SERIALIZABLE, 68, 69, 84,         222, 231, 232, 233, 234,
             350, 399, 528                  235, 237, 238, 246, 248,
          serialization failure, 69,        249, 250, 253, 255, 256,
             622                            257, 258, 259, 261, 263,
          SERVER_NAME, 84, 479, 481,
             488                            267, 273, 275, 278, 279,
          SESSION, 85, 420, 484, 682        281, 286, 287, 298, 301,
          Session management, 415           302, 304, 305, 306, 311,
          SESSION_USER, 85, 114, 115,       312, 313, 314, 315, 316,
             116, 117, 266, 267, 268,       317, 318, 320, 321, 323,
             269, 282, 325, 375, 530,       329, 330, 331, 332, 333,
             641, 645, 658, 682             334, 335, 336, 337, 338,

                                            344, 345, 348, 349, 350,
                                            351, 362, 363, 364, 365,
                                            366, 367, 368, 369, 382,
                                            391, 392, 393, 394, 395,
                                            396, 398, 399, 400, 401,
                                            402, 403, 409, 410, 411,
                                            415, 417, 418, 419, 420,
                                            421, 422, 423, 426, 427,
                                            428, 436, 438, 439, 440,
                                            441, 444, 447, 450, 452,
                                            453, 454, 455, 456, 457,
                                            458, 474, 475, 477, 482,
                                            483, 484, 488, 489, 490,
          56  Database Language SQL         492, 493, 495, 496, 500,

                                            501, 503, 504, 506, 507,
                                            508, 510, 511, 512, 513,
                                            514, 516, 517, 518, 519,
                                            520, 521, 523, 527, 528,
                                            554, 569, 605, 606, 607,
                                            609, 611, 619, 625, 629,
                                            630, 632, 633, 635, 636,
                                            637, 639, 641, 644, 645,
                                            646, 647, 648, 649, 651,
                                            653, 654, 656, 657, 658,
                                            660, 661, 662, 663, 664,
                                            665, 670, 672, 673, 674,
                                            678

 






          SET, 85, 107, 108, 113,        <set domain default clause>
             248, 255, 259, 274, 278,       , 304, 305, 633
             279, 287, 305, 311, 313,    <set function specifica-
             329, 349, 391, 394, 399,       tion>, 11, 124, 127,
             401, 403, 410, 415, 417,       155, 181, 185, 186, 189,
             419, 420, 422, 438, 474,       190, 192, 193, 194, 195,
             477, 482, 484, 500, 501,       281, 392, 394, 444, 474,
             504, 505, 506, 508, 509,       632, 641, 678
             512, 513, 517, 518, 520,    <set function type>, 124
             521, 527, 564, 590, 591,    <set item information>,
             592, 604, 640, 658             438, 439
          <set catalog statement>,       <set local time zone
             45, 54, 64, 73, 369,           statement>, 54, 73,
             415, 447, 484, 635, 636,       369, 422, 423, 447, 484,
             637, 639                       649, 651
          <set clause>, 391, 392,        <set names statement>, 54,
             393, 394, 395, 447, 474,       64, 73, 369, 419, 447,
             475, 636                       484, 635, 637, 639
          <set clause list>, 391,        Set operation result data
             392, 394, 396, 474, 477        types, 237
          <set column default clause>    <set quantifier>, 124, 191,
             , 286, 287, 645                193, 194, 195, 382
          <set connection statement>,    <set schema statement>, 44,
             54, 71, 72, 74, 349,           54, 64, 73, 369, 417,
             369, 410, 411, 484, 488,       418, 447, 484, 635, 637,
             527, 636                       639, 653
          <set constraints mode          <set session authorization
             statement>, 41, 54,            identifier statement>,
             253, 369, 401, 402, 484,       54, 65, 369, 420, 421,
             635, 636, 637, 639             447, 484, 647, 649, 651
          <set count>, 438               <set time zone value>, 422
          <set descriptor informa-       <set transaction statement>
             tion>, 438                     , 48, 54, 67, 68, 349,
          <set descriptor statement>,       350, 369, 399, 400, 484,
             54, 60, 62, 369, 438,          528, 647, 648
             439, 441, 484, 672          <sign>, 90, 91, 95, 157,
                                            168, 169
                                         SIGNAL, 85


                                                            Index  57

 






          <signed integer>, 90           <simple value specifica-
          <signed numeric literal>,         tion>, 62, 71, 99, 102,
             89, 90, 95, 146, 147,          114, 116, 167, 347, 377,
             267                            378, 399, 408, 425, 426,
          significant, 27, 28, 31,          431, 433, 434, 438, 442,
             33, 34, 146, 149, 151,         443, 447, 451, 465, 480,
             154, 158, 166, 169, 170,       657
             171, 209, 238, 240, 241,    <simple when clause>, 141
             242, 267, 363, 512, 518,    simply contain, 11, 24, 36,
             653                            119, 124, 156, 158, 162,
          SIMILAR, 85                       163, 165, 166, 167, 168,
          <simple case>, 141, 142           169, 173, 174, 175, 191,
          <simple Latin letter>, 22,        192, 193, 197, 201, 267,
             79, 98                         372, 375, 443, 444, 446,
          <simple Latin lower case          467, 579, 631, 642
             letter>, 79, 81, 87, 88,    simply underlying table,
             135, 136, 640                  38, 193, 200, 299, 372,
          <simple Latin upper case          384, 391, 472, 474
             letter>, 79, 81, 87,        <single datetime field>,
             135, 136, 619, 666             239, 240, 241, 242
          <simple table>, 196, 197,      SIZE, 85, 399, 682
             200, 201, 202, 632, 670     SMALLINT, 19, 27, 34, 85,
          <simple target specifi-           108, 110, 352, 356, 357,
             cation 1>, 434, 435,           358, 359, 361, 362, 425,
             672                            426, 429, 440, 500, 502,
          <simple target specifi-           507, 510, 522, 571, 657,
             cation 2>, 434, 435,           662
             672                         <solidus>, 80, 157, 158,
          <simple target specifica-         168
             tion>, 114, 116, 347,       SOME, 85, 220
             425, 426, 434, 435, 447,    <some>, 220, 221
             479, 480, 482, 485          <sort key>, 371
          <simple value specification    <sort specification>, 371,
             1>, 438                        372, 373, 530, 531, 675
          <simple value specification    <sort specification list>,
             2>, 438, 439                   371




          58  Database Language SQL

 






          <source character set          specifies, 1, 8, 9, 17, 20,
             specification>, 320,           22, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35,
             335                            36, 38, 41, 47, 49, 50,
          SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_             62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68,
             CATALOG, 556, 610, 611         72, 87, 94, 100, 108,
          SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_NAME,        109, 110, 112, 115, 116,
             556, 610, 611                  126, 142, 145, 168, 169,
          SOURCE_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA       189, 192, 193, 197, 218,
             , 556, 610, 611                238, 240, 241, 242, 243,
          SPACE, 21, 35, 85, 249,           245, 246, 249, 263, 264,
             250, 314, 315, 608, 609,       265, 268, 272, 273, 275,
             660, 682                       276, 277, 278, 279, 281,
          <space>, 20, 35, 62, 71,
             79, 80, 83, 86, 90, 91,        282, 284, 301, 302, 315,
             136, 146, 147, 148, 149,       316, 321, 326, 329, 330,
             151, 163, 208, 216, 232,       333, 342, 344, 347, 352,
             234, 235, 268, 363, 364,       356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
             365, 366, 367, 486, 487,       361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
             488, 491, 512                  366, 367, 371, 373, 376,
          spans, 72, 299                    378, 379, 382, 388, 393,
          Specification of syntactic        395, 403, 408, 428, 429,
             elements, 9                    446, 449, 452, 454, 464,
          Specification of the              482, 492, 493, 494, 495,
             Information Schema,            496, 497, 499, 501, 502,
             10                             506, 507, 510, 513, 514,

                                            516, 518, 519, 522, 526,
                                            531, 564, 619, 624, 625,
                                            626, 630, 632, 638, 641,
                                            644, 648, 659, 661, 668,
                                            669, 685
                                         SQL, 85, 489








                                                            Index  59

 






          SQL-agent, 48, 66, 68, 70,     SQL-data, 1, 10, 12, 31,
             71, 72, 74, 96, 342,           35, 40, 43, 45, 46, 50,
             343, 348, 349, 350, 352,       51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57,
             399, 400, 401, 403, 405,       58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69,
             408, 409, 410, 411, 412,       70, 231, 234, 281, 351,
             413, 526, 527, 528, 646,       379, 382, 403, 404, 405,
             654, 656, 661, 668, 669,       528, 655, 662, 668
             670, 671, 672               <SQL data change statement>
          SQL-agents, 66                    , 368, 369
          SQL-client, 70, 71, 74,        <SQL data statement>, 350,
             409, 656, 669                  368
          SQL-client unable to           SQL descriptor area, 62,
             establish SQL-connection       64, 104, 431, 432, 433,
             , 409, 620                     434, 435, 436, 438, 439,
          SQLCODE, 47, 48, 49, 85,          451, 453, 457, 458, 460,
             346, 347, 352, 356, 357,       469, 470, 663, 667
             358, 359, 360, 361, 482,    <sql diagnostics
             485, 492, 494, 495, 496,       information>, 479
             500, 502, 507, 510, 514,    <SQL diagnostics statement>
             516, 519, 522, 624, 654,       , 48, 74, 349, 351, 368,
             661, 662, 664, 665, 666,       369, 647
             668, 675                    <SQL dynamic data
          SQLCODE values, 624               statement>, 67, 350,
          <SQL conformance>, 16, 17         369, 655
          SQL-connection, 52, 54, 55,    <SQL dynamic statement>,
             57, 58, 60, 70, 71, 72,        104, 368, 369, 451, 635,
             104, 407, 408, 409, 410,       647
             411, 412, 413, 662, 672     SQL dynamic statements, 61
          SQL-connections, 70            <SQL edition>, 16, 17
          <SQL connection statement>,    <SQL embedded language
             74, 348, 349, 368, 369,        character>, 79
             488, 525, 526, 527, 635,    SQL-environment, 45, 46,
             640                            70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 344,
                                            654, 655, 663
                                         SQLERROR, 85, 497, 499
                                         SQLEXCEPTION, 85
                                         SQL Flagger, 76, 77, 626



          60  Database Language SQL

 






          SQL-implementation, 1, 6,      <SQL-server name>, 70, 71,
             7, 16, 45, 46, 48, 71,         99, 103, 407, 408, 409,
             74, 76, 77, 350, 352,          488, 655, 663
             528, 563, 616, 625, 656,    SQL-server rejected
             662                            establishment of SQL-
          <SQL language character>,         connection, 409, 620
             20, 46, 79, 86, 92, 93,     SQL-session, 7, 31, 38, 39,
             100, 147, 148, 149, 150,       44, 45, 46, 51, 52, 54,
             151, 344, 492, 658, 661        55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63,
          <SQL language identifier>,        65, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74,
             98, 99, 100                    93, 94, 96, 100, 101,
          <SQL language identifier          103, 104, 112, 115, 116,
             part>, 98, 100                 122, 139, 153, 167, 256,
          <SQL language identifier          309, 342, 343, 348, 349,
             start>, 98, 100                350, 397, 398, 401, 408,
          <SQL object identifier>, 16       409, 410, 411, 413, 415,
          <SQL prefix>, 489, 490, 491       417, 419, 420, 421, 422,
          <SQL procedure statement>,
             47, 55, 56, 74, 346,           440, 487, 526, 527, 528,
             347, 348, 368, 370, 489,       653, 654, 655, 656, 663,
             494, 495, 496, 497, 499,       668, 669
             526, 635, 647, 656, 673,    SQL-sessions, 72
             674                         <SQL session statement>,
          <SQL provenance>, 16              368, 369, 442, 525, 635,
          SQL-schema, 44                    639, 647, 651
          <SQL schema definition         <SQL special character>,
             statement>, 368, 370           79, 83
          <SQL schema manipulation       SQLSTATE, 47, 48, 49, 75,
             statement>, 368                84, 85, 253, 346, 347,
          SQL-schemas, 44                   352, 353, 354, 355, 356,
          <SQL schema statement>, 44,       357, 358, 359, 360, 361,
             350, 368, 442, 525, 528,       481, 482, 485, 486, 487,
             529, 533, 635, 639, 647,       488, 492, 494, 495, 496,
             651                            500, 502, 507, 510, 513,
          SQL-server, 70, 71, 72, 74,       514, 516, 519, 522, 619,
             99, 103, 407, 408, 409,        624, 665, 668, 682
             410, 411, 488, 655, 662,    SQLSTATE class and subclass
             663, 669                       values, 619


                                                            Index  61

 






          SQL-statement, 1, 10, 12,      SQL-transaction, 7, 41, 45,
             14, 41, 45, 48, 50, 51,        49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56,
             52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,        58, 60, 67, 68, 69, 70,
             60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66,        71, 75, 76, 349, 350,
             67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 116,       384, 386, 389, 392, 394,
             139, 140, 174, 192, 197,       399, 400, 401, 403, 404,
             199, 200, 253, 256, 277,       405, 407, 410, 420, 448,
             279, 280, 342, 349, 368,       527, 528, 654, 655, 662,
             407, 410, 449, 482, 484,       668, 672, 677
             485, 486, 492, 497, 526,    SQL-transaction isolation
             533, 654, 658, 667, 668,       levels and the three
             669, 673, 674                  phenomena, 68
          SQL-statement character        SQL-transactions, 67
             codes for use in the        <SQL transaction statement>
             diagnostics area, 482          , 368, 369, 442, 525,
          <SQL statement name>, 14,         635, 639, 647
             59, 99, 105, 442, 447,      <SQL variant>, 16
             448, 449, 450, 459, 640     SQLWARNING, 85
          SQL-statements, 51             SQL_IDENTIFIER, 536, 564,
          SQL-statements and                568, 569, 570, 573, 574,
             transaction states,            576, 578, 580, 583, 584,
             59                             585, 588, 590, 593, 595,
          SQL-statements classified         596, 598, 600, 602, 604,
             by function, 52                606, 608, 610
          <SQL statement variable>,      SQL_IDENTIFIER domain, 564
             14, 59, 442, 443, 462       SQL_LANGUAGES, 563, 612,
          <SQL terminal character>,         640
             79                          SQL_LANGUAGES base table,
          <SQL terminator>, 489, 490,       612
             491                         SQL_LANGUAGES view, 563
                                         SQL_LANGUAGES_SOURCE_NOT_
                                            NULL, 612
                                         SQL_LANGUAGES_STANDARD_
                                            VALID_CHECK, 612
                                         SQL_LANGUAGE_BINDING_STYLE,
                                            563, 612, 613, 614
                                         SQL_LANGUAGE_CONFORMANCE,
                                            563, 612, 613, 614


          62  Database Language SQL

 






          SQL_LANGUAGE_IMPLEMENTATION    <statement information item
             , 563, 612, 614, 665           name>, 479, 480, 481
          SQL_LANGUAGE_INTEGRITY,        <statement name>, 62, 99,
             563, 612, 613, 614             103, 448, 449, 450, 459,
          SQL_LANGUAGE_PROGRAMMING_         464, 467, 672
             LANGUAGE, 563, 612, 613,    <statement or declaration>,
             614, 615                       489
          SQL_LANGUAGE_SOURCE, 563,      Status codes, 619
             612, 613, 614, 665          status parameter, 47
          SQL_LANGUAGE_YEAR, 563,        <status parameter>, 346,
             612, 613                       347
          SQL_TEXT, 20, 30, 87, 100,     Status parameters, 47
             109, 115, 248, 267, 427,    Store assignment, 234
             428, 564, 607, 609, 658,    string data, length
             665                            mismatch, 235, 620
          <standard character            string data, right
             repertoire name>, 248,         truncation, 147, 148,
             249, 311, 660                  149, 150, 151, 152, 163,
          <standard collation name>,        232, 234, 235, 621, 623
             314, 315, 317, 661          <string length>, 132, 133,
          Standard programming              135, 137
             languages, 49, 243          <string value expression>,
          <standard translation name>       128, 130, 131, 135, 155,
             , 320, 321, 661                160, 533
          <standard universal            <string value function>,
             character form-of-use          132, 160, 161
             name>, 248, 249, 660        STRUCTURE, 85
          <start field>, 171, 238,       structured collection, 14
             239, 240, 241, 242          SUBCLASS_ORIGIN, 84, 479,
          <start position>, 132, 133,       481, 485, 663
             135, 137                    <subquery>, 11, 102, 119,
          statement completion              124, 125, 156, 185, 189,
             unknown, 71, 622               190, 191, 192, 195, 203,
          <statement information>,          204, 281, 282, 296, 386,
             479                            395, 631, 632, 633, 635,
          <statement information            636, 638, 643, 678

             item>, 479, 480, 482


                                                            Index  63

 






          SUBSTRING, 22, 85, 132,        Syntax Rules, 9, 10, 12,
             133, 149, 151, 353, 362,       13, 14, 15, 64, 77, 82,
             363, 364, 366, 445, 682        89, 139, 162, 208, 237,
          substring error, 135, 137,        270, 284, 302, 342, 347,
             621                            371, 377, 382, 388, 392,
          successful completion, 47,        394, 407, 408, 415, 417,
             351, 622, 624                  419, 420, 431, 435, 439,
          SUM, 85, 124, 125, 126, 659       442, 443, 447, 456, 458,
          Syntactic containment, 11         459, 462, 465, 469, 475,
          syntactic element, 11, 12,
             13, 72                         476, 477, 495, 496, 497,
          Syntactic substitution, 13        500, 501, 504, 505, 506,
          syntax error or access rule       508, 509, 512, 513, 515,
             violation, 12, 13, 486,        517, 518, 520, 521, 525,
             487, 622                       526, 530, 625, 663, 665,
          syntax error or access rule       667, 677, 678
             violation in direct SQL     _SYSTEM, 66, 248, 261, 289,
             statement, 12, 486, 487,       290, 294, 298, 300, 302,
             526, 622                       310, 312, 313, 316, 318,
          syntax error or access rule       321, 323, 330, 331, 332,
             violation in dynamic SQL       334, 335, 336, 398
             statement, 12, 443, 462,    <system descriptor
             486, 487, 622                  statement>, 369
                                         SYSTEM_USER, 85, 114, 115,
                                            116, 117, 192, 266, 267,
                                            268, 269, 282, 325, 375,
                                            530, 641, 645, 658, 682

                                                    - T -
                                         table, 37










          64  Database Language SQL

 






          TABLE, 85, 196, 197, 258,      <table expression>, 119,
             260, 283, 292, 294, 329,       122, 125, 177, 191, 192,
             332, 338, 397, 398, 482,       193, 195, 203, 382, 383,
             483, 484, 568, 569, 570,       631, 632, 635, 643, 677
             573, 574, 576, 577, 578,    <table name>, 11, 44, 98,
             580, 583, 584, 585, 588,       101, 103, 118, 119, 121,
             590, 593, 595, 596, 598,       122, 179, 193, 196, 197,
             600, 602, 604, 606, 608,       200, 245, 258, 260, 261,
             610, 612, 646                  263, 272, 274, 282, 283,
          table check constraint, 41,       289, 291, 292, 294, 296,
             43                             297, 298, 299, 300, 326,
          table constraint, 41, 42          329, 330, 331, 333, 334,
          <table constraint>, 264,          335, 338, 384, 386, 388,
             270, 271, 309, 487             389, 391, 392, 394, 395,
          <table constraint                 459, 472, 474, 475, 476,
             definition>, 260, 263,         477, 485, 492, 631, 635,
             264, 270, 291, 309, 310,       636, 638
             586                         table privilege descriptor,
          table constraint descriptor       66
             , 40, 41, 42, 270, 271,     <table reference>, 118,
             275, 289, 291, 336, 338        119, 120, 121, 122, 125,
          Table constraints, 41             178, 179, 180, 192, 193,
          <table definition>, 37, 38,       197, 199, 200, 281, 296,
             52, 255, 260, 261, 262,        298, 331, 630, 631, 641
             263, 265, 272, 274, 281,    Tables, 37
             284, 368, 484, 566          TABLES, 542, 543, 576, 578,
          table descriptor, 15, 39,         580, 583, 585, 586, 595,
             40, 44, 75, 260, 261,          600, 640
             265, 273, 275, 283, 289,    TABLES base table, 576
             291, 292, 296, 309, 326,    <table subquery>, 118, 119,
             375, 576, 581                  203, 212, 220, 222, 223,
          <table element>, 260, 261         224, 225, 446, 447
          <table element list>, 260,     TABLES view, 542
             397                         TABLES_CHECK_NOT_VIEW, 576
                                         TABLES_FOREIGN_KEY_SCHEMATA
                                            , 576
                                         TABLES_PRIMARY_KEY, 576
                                         TABLES_TYPE_CHECK, 576


                                                            Index  65

 






          <table value constructor>,     TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_TABLE_
             175, 176, 196, 197, 200,       SCHEMA_NOT_NULL, 585
             202, 212, 390, 444, 446,    TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_UNIQUE_
             631, 632, 642, 648             CHECK, 586
          <table value constructor       TABLE_NAME, 84, 480, 481,
             list>, 176                     486, 487, 542, 543, 544,
          TABLE_CATALOG, 542, 543,          545, 546, 547, 549, 552,
             544, 545, 546, 547, 549,       557, 558, 559, 561, 562,
             552, 557, 558, 559, 561,       572, 576, 578, 580, 581,
             562, 572, 576, 578, 580,       583, 584, 585, 586, 587,
             581, 583, 584, 585, 586,       588, 589, 595, 596, 597,
             587, 588, 589, 591, 595,       600, 601, 602, 603
             596, 597, 600, 601, 602,    TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CATALOG,
             603                            539, 545, 570, 571, 572,
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS, 549,           573, 581
             559, 561, 585, 586, 588,    TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_CHECK_
             590, 591, 593, 616, 618        COMBINATIONS, 570
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS base         TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_DATA_TYPE_
             table, 585                     NOT_NULL, 570
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS view, 549    TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_NAME, 539,
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_CHECK_          545, 570, 571, 572, 573,
             REFERENCES_TABLES, 585         581
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_CHECK_       TABLE_OR_DOMAIN_SCHEMA,
             VIEWS, 586                     539, 545, 570, 571, 572,
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_DEFERRED_       573, 581
             CHECK, 585                  TABLE_PRIVILEGES, 542, 546,
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_                600, 640
             INITIALLY_DEFERRED_         TABLE_PRIVILEGES base table
             NOT_NULL, 585                  , 600
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_IS_          TABLE_PRIVILEGES view, 546
             DEFERRABLE_NOT_NULL,        TABLE_PRIVILEGES_FOREIGN_
             585                            KEY_TABLES, 600
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_PRIMARY_     TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTABLE_
             KEY, 585                       CHECK, 600
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_TABLE_       TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTABLE_
             CATALOG_NOT_NULL, 585          NOT_NULL, 600
          TABLE_CONSTRAINTS_TABLE_       TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTEE_
             NAME_NOT_NULL, 585             FOREIGN_KEY_USERS, 600


          66  Database Language SQL

 






          TABLE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTOR_      temporary table, 37, 38,
             FOREIGN_KEY_USERS, 600         39, 46, 53, 56, 57, 58,
          TABLE_PRIVILEGES_PRIMARY_         60, 72, 73, 76, 101,
             KEY, 600                       103, 245, 258, 260, 261,
          TABLE_SCHEMA, 542, 543,           262, 265, 275, 281, 283,
             544, 545, 546, 547, 549,       294, 296, 325, 343, 384,
             552, 557, 558, 559, 561,       386, 389, 392, 394, 397,
             562, 572, 576, 578, 580,       398, 403, 420, 459, 486,
             581, 583, 584, 585, 586,       487, 492, 494, 495, 577,
             587, 588, 589, 595, 596,       633, 634, 636, 639, 652,
             597, 600, 601, 602, 603        655, 668
          TABLE_TYPE, 542, 576, 578,     <temporary table
             586                            declaration>, 39, 46,
          TABLE_TYPE_NOT_NULL, 576          53, 56, 57, 58, 60, 72,
          <target character set             262, 265, 281, 296, 341,
             specification>, 320,           343, 397, 398, 489, 492,
             335                            494, 495, 525, 634, 636,
          <target specification>, 10,
             62, 114, 115, 281, 296,        639, 652
             325, 347, 350, 375, 377,    temporary view, 668
             380, 382, 383, 436, 439,    <term>, 157, 168, 169
             451, 456, 457, 458, 460,    Terms denoting rule
             469, 470, 647, 667             requirements, 12
          TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_          TEST, 85
                                         THEN, 85, 141, 142, 314,
             CATALOG, 556, 610, 611         316, 318, 543, 544, 682
          TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_NAME,     THERE, 85
             556, 610, 611               TIME, 19, 29, 30, 31, 49,
          TARGET_CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA       85, 90, 94, 108, 110,
             , 556, 610, 611                111, 112, 122, 123, 129,
          TEMPORARY, 37, 38, 85, 260,       139, 152, 153, 165, 166,
             261, 397, 576, 577, 633,       167, 422, 429, 440, 446,
             682                            484, 571, 682

                                         <time fractional seconds
                                            precision>, 30, 31, 108,
                                            110, 111, 112, 129, 658
                                         <time interval>, 91
                                         <time literal>, 90, 94, 96

                                                            Index  67

 






          <time precision>, 108, 110,    transaction, 7, 41, 45, 48,
             111, 113, 139, 140, 426,       49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55,
             453, 454, 630                  56, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68,
          TIMESTAMP, 19, 29, 30, 31,        69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76,
             49, 85, 90, 94, 108,           253, 349, 350, 368, 369,
             110, 111, 122, 123, 129,       384, 386, 389, 392, 394,
             139, 153, 166, 429, 440,       399, 400, 401, 403, 404,
             446, 571, 682                  405, 407, 410, 412, 420,
          <timestamp literal>, 90,          442, 448, 484, 486, 525,
             94, 96                         526, 527, 528, 635, 637,
          <timestamp precision>, 108,       639, 647, 648, 654, 655,
             110, 111, 113, 139, 140,       662, 665, 668, 672, 677
             426, 453, 454, 630          TRANSACTION, 85, 353, 354,
          <timestamp string>, 82, 86,       355, 399, 484, 682
             90                          <transaction access mode>,
          <time string>, 82, 90             399, 400
          <time value>, 90, 91, 96       transaction-initiating, 67,
          <time zone>, 165, 166, 167        349, 407, 410, 526, 527
          <time zone field>, 128, 129    Transaction management, 399
          <time zone interval>, 90,      <transaction mode>, 399
             94, 95, 96                  transaction resolution
          <time zone specifier>, 165,       unknown, 71, 620
             166, 167                    transaction rollback, 69,
          TIMEZONE_HOUR, 30, 85, 112,       71, 253, 403, 404, 486,
             128, 130, 682                  622, 655, 662
          TIMEZONE_MINUTE, 30, 85,       transaction states, 59
             112, 128, 682               TRANSLATE, 85, 132, 682
          TO, 31, 85, 123, 154, 166,
             170, 209, 238, 239, 240,
             248, 315, 320, 321, 329,
             330, 331, 332, 349, 407,
             422, 430, 441, 497, 499,
             527
          <token>, 82, 86, 491
          <token> and <separator>, 82
          TRAILING, 85, 132, 136, 682




          68  Database Language SQL

 






          translation, 7, 22, 44, 53,    TRANSLATIONS_CHECK_
             64, 65, 66, 76, 99, 103,       REFERENCES_SOURCE, 610
             104, 132, 134, 135, 136,    TRANSLATIONS_CHECK_
             137, 255, 256, 257, 258,       REFERENCES_TARGET, 611
             259, 302, 314, 316, 320,    TRANSLATIONS_FOREIGN_KEY_
             321, 322, 323, 324, 329,       SCHEMATA, 610
             331, 333, 334, 335, 336,    TRANSLATIONS_PRIMARY_KEY,
             337, 368, 444, 483, 484,       610
             556, 605, 610, 611, 630,    TRANSLATIONS_SOURCE_
             632, 634, 635, 637, 639,       CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG_
             659, 661                       NOT_NULL, 610
          TRANSLATION, 85, 259, 314,     TRANSLATIONS_SOURCE_
             320, 321, 323, 329, 331,       CHARACTER_SET_NAME_
             332, 483, 484, 556, 604,       NOT_NULL, 610
                                         TRANSLATIONS_SOURCE_
             605, 610, 611, 634, 682        CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA_
          <translation collation>,          NOT_NULL, 610
             314, 316, 323               TRANSLATIONS_TARGET_
          <translation definition>,         CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG_
             53, 255, 257, 320, 321,        NOT_NULL, 610
             322, 331, 335, 368, 484,    TRANSLATIONS_TARGET_
             632, 634, 635, 637, 639        CHARACTER_SET_NAME_
          translation descriptor, 22,       NOT_NULL, 610
             44, 313, 321                TRANSLATIONS_TARGET_
          <translation name>, 22, 99,       CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA_
             103, 104, 132, 134, 135,       NOT_NULL, 610
             259, 302, 314, 316, 320,    TRANSLATION_CATALOG, 556,
             321, 323, 329, 331, 333,       604, 610, 611
             335, 630                    TRANSLATION_NAME, 556, 604,
          TRANSLATIONS, 556, 604,           610, 611
             610, 611                    TRANSLATION_SCHEMA, 556,
          TRANSLATIONS base table,          604, 610, 611
             610                         TRIGGER, 85
          <translation source>, 320      triggered data change
          <translation specification>       violation, 279, 486,
             , 320                          622
          TRANSLATIONS view, 556



                                                            Index  69

 






          TRIM, 85, 132, 134, 152,       Type conversions and mixing
             153, 154, 353, 407, 408,       of data types, 34
             415, 417, 419, 420, 431,               - U -
             447, 465, 682               UNCOMMITTED, 68, 69, 84,
          <trim character>, 132, 134,       399, 400
             136, 444                    UNDER, 85
          trim error, 136, 621           underlying column, 122,
          <trim function>, 22, 132,         155, 177, 192, 200, 201,
             134, 136, 137, 138, 444,       297, 298, 331
             641                         underlying data type, 144
          <trim operands>, 132           underlying table, 37, 38,
          <trim source>, 132, 134,          193, 200, 298, 299, 330,
             136, 444                       334, 372, 384, 387, 389,
          <trim specification>, 132,        390, 391, 392, 396, 472,
             134, 136                       474, 476, 477
          TRUE, 85, 229, 230, 356,       <underscore>, 80, 81, 82,
             682                            87, 88, 89, 98, 101,
          Truth table for the AND           215, 629
             boolean, 230                UNION, 85, 176, 180, 181,
          Truth table for the IS            182, 183, 184, 196, 197,
             boolean, 230                   200, 201, 202, 208, 542,
          Truth table for the OR
             boolean, 230                   559, 561, 572, 586, 593,
          <truth value>, 229, 230,          604, 616, 631, 643, 670
             632                         UNIQUE, 41, 85, 223, 224,
          TYPE, 84, 85, 352, 353,           225, 270, 272, 273, 550,
             354, 355, 356, 425, 426,       559, 580, 585, 586, 587,
             427, 434, 436, 439, 440,       588, 590, 591, 616, 617,
             441, 452, 453, 454, 455,       618, 645
             456, 457, 458, 500, 502,    <unique column list>, 41,
             539, 542, 544, 545, 546,       270, 272, 273, 275, 645
             547, 548, 549, 554, 555,    unique constraint, 41, 42
             556, 570, 571, 572, 573,    <unique constraint
             576, 578, 580, 581, 585,       definition>, 36, 270,
             586, 587, 588, 590, 591,       272, 273, 275, 677
             600, 601, 602, 603, 604,    unique matching rows, 277,
             605, 618, 663, 664             278, 279

          Type conversions, 34

          70  Database Language SQL

 






          <unique predicate>, 205,       <unsigned numeric literal>,
             206, 223, 643, 644             82, 89, 90
          <unique specification>, 36,    <unsigned value specifi-
             262, 264, 272                  cation>, 114, 115, 116,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG,        155
             550, 559, 590, 591, 617     unterminated C string, 363,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATALOG_        621
             NOT_NULL, 590               <updatability clause>, 371,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK_          372, 373, 374, 392, 464,
             REFERENCES_UNIQUE_             474, 635, 638, 647
             CONSTRAINT, 591             updatable, 38, 40, 50, 119,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME,           193, 195, 197, 296, 297,
             550, 559, 590, 591, 616,       298, 299, 330, 334, 372,
             617                            373, 384, 391, 394, 467,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME            472, 474, 579, 643
             assertion, 616              UPDATE, 64, 66, 85, 245,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME_NOT_       246, 261, 274, 284, 289,
             NULL, 590                      298, 329, 330, 333, 334,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,         371, 372, 373, 374, 391,
             550, 559, 590, 591, 617        392, 394, 398, 464, 474,
          UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA_         477, 483, 484, 550, 590,
             NOT_NULL, 590                  591, 600, 601, 602, 603,
          UNIQUE_TABLE_PRIMARY_KEY_
             CHECK, 586                     635, 638
          UNKNOWN, 85, 229, 230, 353,    update operation, 299
             355, 682                    <update rule>, 274, 276,
          UNNAMED, 84, 427, 434, 436,       278, 279, 280, 633
             438, 452, 453, 454, 672     <update source>, 119, 122,
          unordered collection, 6           391, 392, 393, 395, 396,
          <unqualified schema name>,        474, 648
             98, 101, 102, 256, 417,     <update statement:
             486, 487, 533                  positioned>, 50, 53,
          <unsigned integer>, 90, 91,       55, 57, 59, 60, 279,
             92, 96, 108, 148, 150,         299, 369, 385, 387, 391,
             239, 371, 372, 497, 498,       392, 393, 395, 475, 477,
             499, 530, 629, 675             484, 648
          <unsigned literal>, 89,
             114, 629, 640


                                                            Index  71

 






          <update statement:             USAGE_PRIVILEGES_IS_
             searched>, 53, 55, 56,         GRANTABLE_CHECK, 604
             58, 60, 119, 122, 299,      USAGE_PRIVILEGES_IS_
             369, 385, 392, 394, 396,       GRANTABLE_NOT_NULL,
             442, 484, 485, 525, 648,       604
             673                         USAGE_PRIVILEGES_OBJECT_
          UPDATE_RULE, 550, 590, 591        TYPE_CHECK, 604
          UPPER, 22, 85, 132, 135,       USAGE_PRIVILEGES_PRIMARY_
             682                            KEY, 604
          upper case, 22, 81, 87,        Use of terms, 10
             135, 136, 506, 534, 619,    USER, 85, 114, 115, 117,
             666                            266, 407
          USAGE, 65, 66, 85, 135,        <user-defined character
             145, 245, 248, 249, 251,       repertoire name>, 248,
             264, 302, 310, 312, 313,       249
             315, 316, 318, 321, 323,    <user name>, 72, 99, 103,
             329, 330, 331, 333, 336,       407, 408, 409, 662
             337, 358, 359, 508, 510,    USERS, 568, 569, 600, 602,
             533, 539, 548, 552, 554,       605
                                         USERS base table, 568
             555, 556, 557, 558, 559,    USERS_PRIMARY_KEY, 568
             561, 562, 583, 584, 588,    USER_NAME, 568
             595, 596, 604, 605, 617,    USING, 85, 132, 180, 354,
             618, 640, 664, 682             451, 539, 561, 618, 682
          usage privilege descriptor,    <using arguments>, 451,
             66                             455, 456, 457, 459, 469,
          USAGE_PRIVILEGES, 539, 548,       470
             554, 555, 556, 604, 605,    <using clause>, 451, 455,
             640                            456, 457, 459, 467, 469
          USAGE_PRIVILEGES base table    using clause does not
             , 604                          match dynamic parameter
          USAGE_PRIVILEGES view, 548        specifications, 455, 621
          USAGE_PRIVILEGES_CHECK_        using clause does not match
             REFERENCES_OBJECT, 604         target specifications,
          USAGE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTEE_         457, 621
             FOREIGN_KEY_USERS, 605      using clause required for
          USAGE_PRIVILEGES_GRANTOR_         dynamic parameters, 460,
             FOREIGN_KEY_USERS, 605         467, 621


          72  Database Language SQL

 






          using clause required for      <value specification>, 114,
             result fields, 460, 621        115, 116, 213, 217, 282,
          <using descriptor>, 450,          325, 347, 375, 390, 415,
             451, 455, 456, 457, 459,       417, 419, 420, 444, 446,
             460, 469                       447, 525, 530, 632, 642,
          UTC, 5, 31, 32, 96, 123,          643, 658, 665
             167                         <value specification> and

                      - V -                 <target specification>,
          Valid operators involving         114
             datetimes and intervals,    VARCHAR, 85, 107, 108, 113,
             34                             504, 505, 506, 507, 515,
          Valid values for fields in        516, 640, 651, 664, 682
             datetime items, 112         variable, 14, 23, 24, 47,
          Valid values for fields in        48, 49, 59, 61, 62, 63,
             INTERVAL items, 32, 112        114, 115, 116, 192, 442,
          value, 19                         443, 451, 462, 489, 490,
          VALUE, 36, 85, 114, 115,          492, 493, 494, 495, 496,
             116, 309, 434, 438, 509,       497, 498, 499, 500, 501,
             565, 641, 664, 682             502, 504, 505, 506, 507,
          <value expression>, 119,          508, 509, 510, 512, 513,
             122, 124, 125, 126, 127,       514, 515, 516, 517, 518,
             141, 142, 144, 145, 155,       519, 520, 521, 522, 525,
             156, 173, 176, 181, 185,       630, 639, 651, 655, 664,
             186, 187, 191, 192, 193,       673
             194, 212, 213, 382, 391,    VARIABLE, 85
             392, 393, 394, 395, 396,    variable-length, xiii, 76,
             443, 444, 445, 446, 447,       109, 115, 133, 134, 145,
             474, 475, 630, 632, 636,       148, 149, 150, 151, 152,
             641, 642, 643, 648, 677        161, 162, 163, 216, 232,
          <value expression primary>,       234, 235, 237, 266, 268,
             155, 156, 157, 160, 161,       365, 366, 506, 516, 564,
             165, 168, 642                  658, 663
          VALUES, 85, 176, 212, 388,     variable-length coding, 5,
             574, 578, 586, 598, 648        6

                                         <variable specification>,
                                            114, 115, 116, 525


                                                            Index  73

 






          VARYING, 19, 20, 26, 35,       VIEW, 85, 258, 290, 296,
             85, 107, 108, 109, 113,        300, 338, 483, 484, 538,
             263, 301, 351, 357, 360,       539, 541, 542, 543, 544,
             361, 362, 363, 364, 365,       546, 547, 548, 549, 550,
             366, 367, 425, 426, 429,       551, 552, 553, 554, 555,
             440, 445, 447, 458, 506,       556, 557, 558, 559, 561,
             516, 520, 521, 522, 523,       562, 563, 576, 577, 578,
             564, 570, 635, 639, 640,       579, 583, 584, 586, 640
             647, 651, 682               <view column list>, 296,
          <vertical bar>, 80, 81            297, 334, 335
          view, 10, 11, 37, 38, 39,      <view definition>, 11, 37,
             40, 44, 45, 52, 64, 67,        52, 119, 255, 296, 297,
             75, 77, 119, 177, 179,         299, 334, 335, 368, 484,
             195, 203, 255, 256, 258,       579, 646
             267, 268, 284, 289, 290,    view descriptor, 39, 40,
             294, 296, 297, 299, 300,       44, 284, 289, 294, 297,
             309, 318, 323, 326, 330,       299, 300, 313, 318, 323,
             331, 334, 335, 336, 337,       326, 336, 338, 578, 581
             338, 368, 383, 389, 393,    viewed table, 10, 37, 38,
             395, 398, 483, 484, 487,       67, 75, 296, 300, 543,
             533, 538, 539, 540, 541,       557, 558, 577, 578, 668
             542, 543, 544, 546, 547,    VIEWS, 543, 576, 578, 583,
             548, 549, 550, 551, 552,       584, 586, 640
             553, 554, 555, 556, 557,    VIEWS base table, 578
                                         VIEWS view, 543
             558, 559, 560, 561, 562,    VIEWS_IN_TABLES_CHECK, 578
             563, 576, 577, 578, 579,    VIEWS_IS_UPDATABLE_CHECK_
             581, 583, 584, 631, 632,       OPTION_CHECK, 578
             633, 635, 643, 646, 652,    VIEWS_PRIMARY_KEY, 578
             667, 668, 677, 678          VIEW_CATALOG, 557, 558,
                                            583, 584
                                         VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE, 558,
                                            584, 640
                                         VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE base
                                            table, 584
                                         VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE view, 558
                                         VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE_CHECK_
                                            REFERENCES_COLUMNS, 584


          74  Database Language SQL

 






          VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE_FOREIGN_     WHERE, 85, 185, 271, 273,
             KEY_VIEWS, 584                 303, 384, 386, 391, 394,
          VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE_PRIMARY_        472, 474, 476, 477, 483,
             KEY, 584                       484, 485, 538, 539, 541,
          VIEW_DEFINITION, 543, 578,        542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
             579                            547, 548, 549, 550, 551,
          VIEW_NAME, 557, 558, 583,         552, 553, 554, 555, 556,
             584                            557, 558, 559, 561, 562,
          VIEW_SCHEMA, 557, 558, 583,       576, 578, 586, 588, 591,
             584                            617, 618
          VIEW_TABLE_USAGE, 557, 583,    <where clause>, 118, 177,
             640                            185, 187, 189, 193, 195,
          VIEW_TABLE_USAGE base table
             , 583                          631, 643
          VIEW_TABLE_USAGE view, 557     WHILE, 85
          VIEW_TABLE_USAGE_CHECK_        WITH, 29, 30, 31, 65, 75,
             REFERENCES_TABLES, 583         85, 94, 108, 110, 111,
          VIEW_TABLE_USAGE_FOREIGN_         112, 122, 123, 129, 139,
             KEY_VIEWS, 583                 153, 248, 296, 297, 299,
          VIEW_TABLE_USAGE_PRIMARY_         329, 330, 331, 356, 389,
             KEY, 583                       393, 395, 429, 431, 440,
          VIRTUAL, 85                       446, 487, 533, 571, 579,
          visible, 50, 51, 70, 668          601, 603, 605, 663, 677
          VISIBLE, 85                    WITH CHECK OPTION, 75, 297,

                      - W -                 389, 393, 395, 677
          WAIT, 85                       with check option violation
          warning, 47, 67, 126, 148,        , 299, 487, 623
             149, 151, 152, 232, 268,    WITH GRANT OPTION, 75, 248,
             279, 282, 299, 326, 332,       330, 331, 533
             338, 351, 385, 387, 392,    WITHOUT, 85
             395, 413, 452, 453, 486,    WORK, 85, 403, 404, 405,
             528, 622                       482, 484, 648, 649
          WHEN, 85, 142, 543, 544,       WRITE, 85, 399, 400, 682

             682
          WHENEVER, 85, 497
          <when operand>, 141, 142,
             444, 446

                                                            Index  75

 






                      - Y -              <years value>, 91, 94, 95,
          YEAR, 30, 31, 32, 33, 85,         241

             95, 111, 112, 238, 239,                - Z -
             240, 430, 445, 563, 612,    ZONE, 29, 30, 31, 85, 94,
             613, 682                       108, 110, 111, 112, 122,
          <year-month literal>, 91,         123, 129, 139, 153, 165,
             95, 241                        422, 429, 440, 446, 484,

                                            571, 683






























          76  Database Language SQL