Reactive Extensions OSS V1.0

Ix/.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
+* text=auto
+
+# Custom for Visual Studio
+*.cs     diff=csharp
+*.sln    merge=union
+*.csproj merge=union
+*.vbproj merge=union
+*.fsproj merge=union
+*.dbproj merge=union
+
+# Standard to msysgit
+*.doc	 diff=astextplain
+*.DOC	 diff=astextplain
+*.docx diff=astextplain
+*.DOCX diff=astextplain
+*.dot  diff=astextplain
+*.DOT  diff=astextplain
+*.pdf  diff=astextplain
+*.PDF	 diff=astextplain
+*.rtf	 diff=astextplain
+*.RTF	 diff=astextplain

Ix/.gitignore

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+#################
+## Eclipse
+#################
+
+*.pydevproject
+.project
+.metadata
+bin/
+tmp/
+*.tmp
+*.bak
+*.swp
+*~.nib
+local.properties
+.classpath
+.settings/
+.loadpath
+
+# External tool builders
+.externalToolBuilders/
+
+# Locally stored "Eclipse launch configurations"
+*.launch
+
+# CDT-specific
+.cproject
+
+# PDT-specific
+.buildpath
+
+
+#################
+## Visual Studio
+#################
+
+## Ignore Visual Studio temporary files, build results, and
+## files generated by popular Visual Studio add-ons.
+
+# User-specific files
+*.suo
+*.user
+*.sln.docstates
+
+# Build results
+[Dd]ebug/
+[Rr]elease/
+*_i.c
+*_p.c
+*.ilk
+*.meta
+*.obj
+*.pch
+*.pdb
+*.pgc
+*.pgd
+*.rsp
+*.sbr
+*.tlb
+*.tli
+*.tlh
+*.tmp
+*.vspscc
+.builds
+*.dotCover
+
+## TODO: If you have NuGet Package Restore enabled, uncomment this
+#packages/
+
+# Visual C++ cache files
+ipch/
+*.aps
+*.ncb
+*.opensdf
+*.sdf
+
+# Visual Studio profiler
+*.psess
+*.vsp
+
+# ReSharper is a .NET coding add-in
+_ReSharper*
+
+# Installshield output folder
+[Ee]xpress
+
+# DocProject is a documentation generator add-in
+DocProject/buildhelp/
+DocProject/Help/*.HxT
+DocProject/Help/*.HxC
+DocProject/Help/*.hhc
+DocProject/Help/*.hhk
+DocProject/Help/*.hhp
+DocProject/Help/Html2
+DocProject/Help/html
+
+# Click-Once directory
+publish
+
+# Others
+[Bb]in
+[Oo]bj
+sql
+TestResults
+*.Cache
+ClientBin
+stylecop.*
+~$*
+*.dbmdl
+Generated_Code #added for RIA/Silverlight projects
+
+# Backup & report files from converting an old project file to a newer
+# Visual Studio version. Backup files are not needed, because we have git ;-)
+_UpgradeReport_Files/
+Backup*/
+UpgradeLog*.XML
+
+
+
+############
+## Windows
+############
+
+# Windows image file caches
+Thumbs.db
+
+# Folder config file
+Desktop.ini
+
+
+#############
+## Python
+#############
+
+*.py[co]
+
+# Packages
+*.egg
+*.egg-info
+dist
+build
+eggs
+parts
+bin
+var
+sdist
+develop-eggs
+.installed.cfg
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+.coverage
+.tox
+
+#Translations
+*.mo
+
+#Mr Developer
+.mr.developer.cfg
+
+# Mac crap
+.DS_Store

Ix/Common.targets

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <!--
+    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug40</Configuration>
+    -->
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>8.0.30703</ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile />
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug40|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
+    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\Debug40\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;DEBUG</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR40</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release40|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\Release40\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR40</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug35|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
+    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\Debug35\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;DEBUG;NO_VARIANCE;NO_TPL;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_RXINTERFACES;NO_ZIP</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR20</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release35|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\Release35\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;NO_VARIANCE;NO_TPL;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_RXINTERFACES;NO_ZIP</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR20</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugSL4|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
+    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\DebugSL4\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;DEBUG;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_RXINTERFACES</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT4</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseSL4|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\ReleaseSL4\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_RXINTERFACES</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT4</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugSL5|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
+    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\DebugSL5\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;DEBUG;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_RXINTERFACES</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v5.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT5</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseSL5|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\ReleaseSL5\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_RXINTERFACES</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v5.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT5</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugWP7|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
+    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\DebugWP7\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;DEBUG;WINDOWSPHONE7;NO_TLS;NO_VARIANCE;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_HASHSET;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_ZIP</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>WindowsPhone</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHTM7</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseWP7|AnyCPU' ">
+    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
+    <OutputPath>bin\ReleaseWP7\</OutputPath>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);TRACE;WINDOWSPHONE7;NO_TLS;NO_VARIANCE;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_HASHSET;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_ZIP</DefineConstants>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>WindowsPhone</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHTM7</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);$(BuildPlatform);$(BuildFlavor)</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(IxRelease)' == 'STABLE' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);STABLE</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(ProductSignAssembly)' == 'true' AND '$(SignedBuild)' == '1' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);SIGNED</DefineConstants>
+    <SignAssembly>true</SignAssembly>
+    <AssemblyOriginatorKeyFile>..\35MSSharedLib1024.snk</AssemblyOriginatorKeyFile>
+    <DelaySign>true</DelaySign>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildLab)' == '1' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_CODECOVERAGE</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <GetReferenceAssemblyPathsDependsOn>CP_SetBuildReferencePath</GetReferenceAssemblyPathsDependsOn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Target Name="CP_SetBuildReferencePath">
+    <PropertyGroup>
+      <TargetFrameworkDirectory>$(ProjectDir)..\..\..\References\$(BuildFlavor)</TargetFrameworkDirectory>
+    </PropertyGroup>
+  </Target>
+
+</Project>

Ix/Import.targets

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <!-- Non-Portable Library build -->
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And ('$(BuildPlatform)' == 'DESKTOPCLR' Or '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'XNA') " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\Silverlight\$(SilverlightVersion)\Microsoft.Silverlight.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' AND !('$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7') " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\Silverlight for Phone\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.Silverlight.$(TargetFrameworkProfile).Overrides.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\Silverlight for Phone\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.Silverlight.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\XNA Game Studio\Microsoft.Xna.GameStudio.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'XNA' "/>
+
+  <!-- Portable Library Build -->
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\Portable\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.Portable.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' == '.NETPortable' " />
+
+  <Target Name="AfterBuild" Condition=" '$(ProductSignAssembly)' == 'true' AND '$(SignedBuild)' == '1' ">
+    <WriteLinesToFile File="$(OutDir)\$(TargetFileName).sign" Overwrite="true" Lines="Auto-generated file. Indicates the corresponding binary file needs to be signed." />
+  </Target>
+</Project>

Ix/Interactive Extensions.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio 2012
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Interactive", "System.Interactive\System.Interactive.csproj", "{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Tests", "Tests\Tests.csproj", "{C4C8532A-F8D2-428B-962E-FD578A1E647C}"
+EndProject
+Project("{2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8}") = "Solution Items", "Solution Items", "{01E445E3-2296-48ED-A70D-F64CE755E0B6}"
+	ProjectSection(SolutionItems) = preProject
+		Interactive Extensions.vsmdi = Interactive Extensions.vsmdi
+		Local.testsettings = Local.testsettings
+		TraceAndTestImpact.testsettings = TraceAndTestImpact.testsettings
+	EndProjectSection
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Interactive.Providers", "System.Interactive.Providers\System.Interactive.Providers.csproj", "{6D62E966-469D-4A99-BD43-0A17FA14FB4F}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Interactive.Async", "System.Interactive.Async\System.Interactive.Async.csproj", "{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(TestCaseManagementSettings) = postSolution
+		CategoryFile = Interactive Extensions.vsmdi
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
+		Debug|Mixed Platforms = Debug|Mixed Platforms
+		Debug|x86 = Debug|x86
+		Debug35|Any CPU = Debug35|Any CPU
+		Debug35|Mixed Platforms = Debug35|Mixed Platforms
+		Debug35|x86 = Debug35|x86
+		Debug40|Any CPU = Debug40|Any CPU
+		Debug40|Mixed Platforms = Debug40|Mixed Platforms
+		Debug40|x86 = Debug40|x86
+		DebugPL|Any CPU = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		DebugPL|Mixed Platforms = DebugPL|Mixed Platforms
+		DebugPL|x86 = DebugPL|x86
+		DebugSL4|Any CPU = DebugSL4|Any CPU
+		DebugSL4|Mixed Platforms = DebugSL4|Mixed Platforms
+		DebugSL4|x86 = DebugSL4|x86
+		DebugSL5|Any CPU = DebugSL5|Any CPU
+		DebugSL5|Mixed Platforms = DebugSL5|Mixed Platforms
+		DebugSL5|x86 = DebugSL5|x86
+		DebugWP7|Any CPU = DebugWP7|Any CPU
+		DebugWP7|Mixed Platforms = DebugWP7|Mixed Platforms
+		DebugWP7|x86 = DebugWP7|x86
+		Release|Any CPU = Release|Any CPU
+		Release|Mixed Platforms = Release|Mixed Platforms
+		Release|x86 = Release|x86
+		Release35|Any CPU = Release35|Any CPU
+		Release35|Mixed Platforms = Release35|Mixed Platforms
+		Release35|x86 = Release35|x86
+		Release40|Any CPU = Release40|Any CPU
+		Release40|Mixed Platforms = Release40|Mixed Platforms
+		Release40|x86 = Release40|x86
+		ReleasePL|Any CPU = ReleasePL|Any CPU
+		ReleasePL|Mixed Platforms = ReleasePL|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleasePL|x86 = ReleasePL|x86
+		ReleaseSL4|Any CPU = ReleaseSL4|Any CPU
+		ReleaseSL4|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseSL4|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseSL4|x86 = ReleaseSL4|x86
+		ReleaseSL5|Any CPU = ReleaseSL5|Any CPU
+		ReleaseSL5|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseSL5|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseSL5|x86 = ReleaseSL5|x86
+		ReleaseWP7|Any CPU = ReleaseWP7|Any CPU
+		ReleaseWP7|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseWP7|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseWP7|x86 = ReleaseWP7|x86
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug35|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug35|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug35|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug35|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug35|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug40|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug40|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug40|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug40|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Debug40|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugPL|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugPL|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugPL|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugPL|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugPL|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL4|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugSL4|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL4|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugSL4|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL4|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = DebugSL4|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL4|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugSL4|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL4|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugSL4|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL5|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugSL5|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL5|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugSL5|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL5|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = DebugSL5|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL5|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugSL5|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugSL5|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugSL5|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugWP7|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugWP7|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugWP7|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugWP7|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugWP7|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = DebugWP7|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugWP7|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugWP7|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.DebugWP7|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugWP7|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = ReleasePL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = ReleasePL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Release|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = ReleasePL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Release|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = ReleasePL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = ReleasePL|Any CPU
+		{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}.Release35|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release35|Any CPU
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+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug35|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug35|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug35|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug40|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug40|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug40|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug40|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = Debug40|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Debug40|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug40|Any CPU
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+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.DebugPL|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
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+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.DebugPL|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.DebugPL|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.DebugSL4|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugSL4|Any CPU
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+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.Release40|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = Release40|Any CPU
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+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.ReleaseSL4|x86.ActiveCfg = ReleaseSL4|Any CPU
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+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.ReleaseSL5|x86.ActiveCfg = ReleaseSL5|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.ReleaseWP7|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = ReleaseWP7|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.ReleaseWP7|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = ReleaseWP7|Any CPU
+		{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}.ReleaseWP7|x86.ActiveCfg = ReleaseWP7|Any CPU
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal

Ix/Interactive Extensions.vsmdi

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<TestLists xmlns="http://microsoft.com/schemas/VisualStudio/TeamTest/2010">
+  <TestList name="Lists of Tests" id="8c43106b-9dc1-4907-a29f-aa66a61bf5b6">
+    <RunConfiguration id="78477b8c-bd50-44f5-8a17-2b7ba653d0db" name="Local" storage="local.testsettings" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.Common.TestRunConfiguration, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Common, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+  </TestList>
+</TestLists>

Ix/Interactive Extensions.vssscc

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+""
+{
+"FILE_VERSION" = "9237"
+"ENLISTMENT_CHOICE" = "NEVER"
+"PROJECT_FILE_RELATIVE_PATH" = ""
+"NUMBER_OF_EXCLUDED_FILES" = "0"
+"ORIGINAL_PROJECT_FILE_PATH" = ""
+"NUMBER_OF_NESTED_PROJECTS" = "0"
+"SOURCE_CONTROL_SETTINGS_PROVIDER" = "PROJECT"
+}

Ix/Local.testsettings

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<TestSettings name="Local" id="78477b8c-bd50-44f5-8a17-2b7ba653d0db" xmlns="http://microsoft.com/schemas/VisualStudio/TeamTest/2010">
+  <Description>These are default test settings for a local test run.</Description>
+  <Execution>
+    <TestTypeSpecific>
+      <UnitTestRunConfig testTypeId="13cdc9d9-ddb5-4fa4-a97d-d965ccfc6d4b">
+        <AssemblyResolution>
+          <TestDirectory useLoadContext="true" />
+        </AssemblyResolution>
+      </UnitTestRunConfig>
+      <WebTestRunConfiguration testTypeId="4e7599fa-5ecb-43e9-a887-cd63cf72d207">
+        <Browser name="Internet Explorer 7.0">
+          <Headers>
+            <Header name="User-Agent" value="Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)" />
+            <Header name="Accept" value="*/*" />
+            <Header name="Accept-Language" value="{{$IEAcceptLanguage}}" />
+            <Header name="Accept-Encoding" value="GZIP" />
+          </Headers>
+        </Browser>
+      </WebTestRunConfiguration>
+    </TestTypeSpecific>
+    <AgentRule name="LocalMachineDefaultRole">
+      <DataCollectors>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/CodeCoverage/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.CodeCoverage.CoveragePlugIn, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Plugins.CodeCoverage, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="Code Coverage">
+          <Configuration>
+            <CodeCoverage xmlns="">
+              <Regular>
+                <CodeCoverageItem binaryFile="System.Interactive.Async\bin\Debug40\System.Interactive.Async.dll" pdbFile="System.Interactive.Async\bin\Debug40\System.Interactive.Async.pdb" instrumentInPlace="true" />
+                <CodeCoverageItem binaryFile="System.Interactive\bin\Debug40\System.Interactive.dll" pdbFile="System.Interactive\bin\Debug40\System.Interactive.pdb" instrumentInPlace="true" />
+              </Regular>
+            </CodeCoverage>
+          </Configuration>
+        </DataCollector>
+      </DataCollectors>
+    </AgentRule>
+  </Execution>
+</TestSettings>

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Aggregates.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        public static Task<TResult> Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator, Func<TAccumulate, TResult> resultSelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TResult>();
+
+            var acc = seed;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            acc = accumulator(acc, e.Current);
+                            f(ct);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception exception)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var result = default(TResult);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            result = resultSelector(acc);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception exception)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(result);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TAccumulate> Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(seed, accumulator, x => x, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Aggregate<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> accumulator, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+            
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var first = true;
+            var acc = default(TSource);
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (first)
+                                acc = e.Current;
+                            else
+                                acc = accumulator(acc, e.Current);
+                            f(ct);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                        }
+
+                        first = false;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (first)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(acc);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Count<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0, (c, _) => c + 1, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Count<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).Aggregate(0, (c, _) => c + 1, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> LongCount<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0L, (c, _) => c + 1, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> LongCount<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).Aggregate(0L, (c, _) => c + 1, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> All<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (!predicate(e.Current))
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            else
+                                f(ct);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Any<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (predicate(e.Current))
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                            else
+                                f(ct);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Any<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+            return e.MoveNext(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Contains<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Any(x => comparer.Equals(x, value), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Contains<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Contains(value, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> First<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            e.MoveNext(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(e.Current);
+                    else
+                        tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                });
+            });
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> First<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).First(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> FirstOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            e.MoveNext(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(e.Current);
+                    else
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(default(TSource));
+                });
+            });
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> FirstOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).FirstOrDefault(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Last<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+            var last = default(TSource);
+            var hasLast = false;
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        hasLast = true;
+                        last = e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (!hasLast)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(last);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Last<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).Last(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> LastOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+            var last = default(TSource);
+            var hasLast = false;
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        hasLast = true;
+                        last = e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (!hasLast)
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(default(TSource));
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(last);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> LastOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).LastOrDefault(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Single<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            e.MoveNext(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        var result = e.Current;
+                        e.MoveNext(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t1 =>
+                        {
+                            t1.Handle(tcs, res1 =>
+                            {
+                                if (res1)
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                                else
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(result);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else
+                        tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                });
+            });
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Single<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).Single(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> SingleOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            e.MoveNext(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        var result = e.Current;
+                        e.MoveNext(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t1 =>
+                        {
+                            t1.Handle(tcs, res1 =>
+                            {
+                                if (res1)
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                                else
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(result);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(default(TSource));
+                });
+            });
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> SingleOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return source.Where(predicate).SingleOrDefault(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> ElementAt<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int index, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (index < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var next = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            next = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (index == 0)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(e.Current);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            index--;
+                            next(ct);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetException(new ArgumentOutOfRangeException());
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            next(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> ElementAtOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int index, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (index < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<TSource>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var next = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            next = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (index == 0)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(e.Current);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            index--;
+                            next(ct);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(default(TSource));
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            next(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource[]> ToArray<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(new List<TSource>(), (list, x) => { list.Add(x); return list; }, list => list.ToArray(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<List<TSource>> ToList<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(new List<TSource>(), (list, x) => { list.Add(x); return list; }, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TElement>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(new Dictionary<TKey, TElement>(comparer), (d, x) => { d.Add(keySelector(x), elementSelector(x)); return d; }, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TElement>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+
+            return source.ToDictionary(keySelector, elementSelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TSource>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.ToDictionary(keySelector, x => x, comparer, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TSource>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.ToDictionary(keySelector, x => x, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TElement>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(new Lookup<TKey, TElement>(comparer), (lookup, x) => { lookup.Add(keySelector(x), elementSelector(x)); return lookup; }, lookup => (ILookup<TKey, TElement>)lookup, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TElement>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+
+            return source.ToLookup(keySelector, elementSelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TSource>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.ToLookup(keySelector, x => x, comparer, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TSource>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.ToLookup(keySelector, x => x, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        class Lookup<TKey, TElement> : ILookup<TKey, TElement>
+        {
+            private readonly Dictionary<TKey, EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement>> map;
+
+            public Lookup(IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+            {
+                map = new Dictionary<TKey, EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement>>(comparer);
+            }
+
+            public void Add(TKey key, TElement element)
+            {
+                var g = default(EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement>);
+                if (!map.TryGetValue(key, out g))
+                {
+                    g = new EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement>(key);
+                    map.Add(key, g);
+                }
+
+                g.Add(element);
+            }
+
+            public bool Contains(TKey key)
+            {
+                return map.ContainsKey(key);
+            }
+
+            public int Count
+            {
+                get { return map.Keys.Count; }
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerable<TElement> this[TKey key]
+            {
+                get { return map[key]; }
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerator<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                return map.Values.Cast<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>>().GetEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                return GetEnumerator();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<double>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0.0;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        sum += e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<double?>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0.0;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (e.Current.HasValue)
+                        {
+                            count++;
+                            sum += e.Current.Value;
+                        }
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(null);
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<double>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0.0;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        sum += e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<double?>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0.0;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (e.Current.HasValue)
+                        {
+                            count++;
+                            sum += e.Current.Value;
+                        }
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(null);
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<double>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0.0;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        sum += e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<double?>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0.0;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (e.Current.HasValue)
+                        {
+                            count++;
+                            sum += e.Current.Value;
+                        }
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(null);
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<float>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0f;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        sum += e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<float?>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0f;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (e.Current.HasValue)
+                        {
+                            count++;
+                            sum += e.Current.Value;
+                        }
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(null);
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<decimal>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0m;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        sum += e.Current;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException());
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<decimal?>();
+
+            var count = 0L;
+            var sum = 0m;
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (res)
+                    {
+                        if (e.Current.HasValue)
+                        {
+                            count++;
+                            sum += e.Current.Value;
+                        }
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (count == 0)
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(null);
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(sum / count);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Average(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Max, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Max, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Max, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Max, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Max, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        static T? NullableMax<T>(T? x, T? y)
+            where T : struct, IComparable<T>
+        {
+            if (!x.HasValue)
+                return y;
+            if (!y.HasValue)
+                return x;
+            if (x.Value.CompareTo(y.Value) >= 0)
+                return x;
+            return y;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(int?), NullableMax, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(long?), NullableMax, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(double?), NullableMax, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(float?), NullableMax, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(decimal?), NullableMax, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var comparer = Comparer<TSource>.Default;
+            return source.Aggregate((x, y) => comparer.Compare(x, y) >= 0 ? x : y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TResult> Max<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Max(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Min, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Min, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Min, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Min, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(Math.Min, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        static T? NullableMin<T>(T? x, T? y)
+            where T : struct, IComparable<T>
+        {
+            if (!x.HasValue)
+                return y;
+            if (!y.HasValue)
+                return x;
+            if (x.Value.CompareTo(y.Value) <= 0)
+                return x;
+            return y;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(int?), NullableMin, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(long?), NullableMin, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(double?), NullableMin, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(float?), NullableMin, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(default(decimal?), NullableMin, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            var comparer = Comparer<TSource>.Default;
+            return source.Aggregate((x, y) => comparer.Compare(x, y) <= 0 ? x : y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TResult> Min<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Min(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0, (x, y) => x + y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0L, (x, y) => x + y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0.0, (x, y) => x + y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0f, (x, y) => x + y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate(0m, (x, y) => x + y, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate((int?)0, (x, y) => x + y.GetValueOrDefault(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate((long?)0, (x, y) => x + y.GetValueOrDefault(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate((double?)0, (x, y) => x + y.GetValueOrDefault(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate((float?)0, (x, y) => x + y.GetValueOrDefault(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Aggregate((decimal?)0, (x, y) => x + y.GetValueOrDefault(), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Select(selector).Sum(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> IsEmpty<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Any(cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t => !t.Result);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return MinBy(source, x => x, comparer, cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t => t.Result.First());
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return MinBy(source, keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ExtremaBy(source, keySelector, (key, minValue) => -comparer.Compare(key, minValue), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return MaxBy(source, x => x, comparer, cancellationToken).ContinueWith(t => t.Result.First());
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return MaxBy(source, keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ExtremaBy(source, keySelector, (key, minValue) => comparer.Compare(key, minValue), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        private static Task<IList<TSource>> ExtremaBy<TSource, TKey>(IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TKey, TKey, int> compare, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<IList<TSource>>();
+
+            var result = new List<TSource>(); 
+            
+            var hasFirst = false;
+            var current = default(TSource);
+            var resKey = default(TKey);
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                {
+                    if (!hasFirst)
+                    {
+                        if (!res)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(new InvalidOperationException("Source sequence doesn't contain any elements."));
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        current = e.Current;
+
+                        try
+                        {
+                            resKey = keySelector(current);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        result.Add(current);
+
+                        hasFirst = true;
+                        f(ct);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (res)
+                        {
+                            var key = default(TKey);
+                            var cmp = default(int);
+
+                            try
+                            {
+                                current = e.Current;
+                                key = keySelector(current);
+                                cmp = compare(key, resKey);
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception ex)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            if (cmp == 0)
+                            {
+                                result.Add(current);
+                            }
+                            else if (cmp > 0)
+                            {
+                                result = new List<TSource> { current };
+                                resKey = key;
+                            }
+
+                            f(ct);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(result);
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(e.Dispose);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Conversions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> ToAsyncEnumerable<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                return Create(
+                    ct => Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var res = default(bool);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            res = e.MoveNext();
+                        }
+                        finally
+                        {
+                            if (!res)
+                                e.Dispose();
+                        }
+                        return res;
+                    }, ct),
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    () => e.Dispose()
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> ToEnumerable<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return ToEnumerable_(source);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> ToEnumerable_<TSource>(IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            using (var e = source.GetEnumerator())
+            {
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    var t = e.MoveNext(CancellationToken.None);
+                    t.Wait();
+                    if (!t.Result)
+                        break;
+                    var c = e.Current;
+                    yield return c;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> ToAsyncEnumerable<TSource>(this IObservable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var observer = new ToAsyncEnumerableObserver<TSource>();
+                observer.Queue = new Queue<Either<TSource, Exception, bool>>();
+
+                var subscription = source.Subscribe(observer);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        lock (observer.Queue)
+                        {
+                            if (observer.Queue.Count > 0)
+                            {
+                                var n = observer.Queue.Dequeue();
+                                n.Switch(
+                                    x =>
+                                    {
+                                        observer.Current = x;
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    },
+                                    ex =>
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                    },
+                                    _ =>
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                    }
+                                );
+                            }
+                            else
+                                observer.TaskCompletionSource = tcs;
+                        }
+
+                        return tcs.Task;
+                    },
+                    () => observer.Current,
+                    () =>
+                    {
+                        subscription.Dispose();
+                        // Should we cancel in-flight operations somehow?
+                    });
+            });
+        }
+
+        class ToAsyncEnumerableObserver<T> : IObserver<T>
+        {
+            public Queue<Either<T, Exception, bool>> Queue { get; set; }
+            public T Current { get; set; }
+            public TaskCompletionSource<bool> TaskCompletionSource { get; set; }
+
+            public void OnCompleted()
+            {
+                lock (Queue)
+                {
+                    if (TaskCompletionSource == null)
+                        Queue.Enqueue(new Either<T, Exception, bool>.Choice3(true));
+                    else
+                    {
+                        TaskCompletionSource.SetResult(false);
+                        TaskCompletionSource = null;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void OnError(Exception error)
+            {
+                lock (Queue)
+                {
+                    if (TaskCompletionSource == null)
+                        Queue.Enqueue(new Either<T, Exception, bool>.Choice2(error));
+                    else
+                    {
+                        TaskCompletionSource.SetException(error);
+                        TaskCompletionSource = null;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void OnNext(T value)
+            {
+                lock (Queue)
+                {
+                    if (TaskCompletionSource == null)
+                        Queue.Enqueue(new Either<T, Exception, bool>.Choice1(value));
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Current = value;
+                        TaskCompletionSource.SetResult(true);
+                        TaskCompletionSource = null;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        abstract class Either<T, U, V>
+        {
+            public abstract void Switch(Action<T> choice1, Action<U> choice2, Action<V> choice3);
+
+            public class Choice1 : Either<T, U, V>
+            {
+                public Choice1(T value) { Value = value; }
+                public T Value { get; private set; }
+
+                public override void Switch(Action<T> choice1, Action<U> choice2, Action<V> choice3)
+                {
+                    choice1(Value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public class Choice2 : Either<T, U, V>
+            {
+                public Choice2(U value) { Value = value; }
+                public U Value { get; private set; }
+
+                public override void Switch(Action<T> choice1, Action<U> choice2, Action<V> choice3)
+                {
+                    choice2(Value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public class Choice3 : Either<T, U, V>
+            {
+                public Choice3(V value) { Value = value; }
+                public V Value { get; private set; }
+
+                public override void Switch(Action<T> choice1, Action<U> choice2, Action<V> choice3)
+                {
+                    choice3(Value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static IObservable<TSource> ToObservable<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return new ToObservableObservable<TSource>(source);
+        }
+
+        class ToObservableObservable<T> : IObservable<T>
+        {
+            private readonly IAsyncEnumerable<T> source;
+
+            public ToObservableObservable(IAsyncEnumerable<T> source)
+            {
+                this.source = source;
+            }
+
+            public IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<T> observer)
+            {
+                var ctd = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var f = default(Action);
+                f = () => e.MoveNext(ctd.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                {
+                    if (t.IsFaulted)
+                    {
+                        observer.OnError(t.Exception);
+                        e.Dispose();
+                    }
+                    else if (t.IsCanceled)
+                    {
+                        e.Dispose();
+                    }
+                    else if (t.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        if (t.Result)
+                        {
+                            observer.OnNext(e.Current);
+                            f();
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            observer.OnCompleted();
+                            e.Dispose();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }, ctd.Token);
+
+                f();
+
+                return new CompositeDisposable(ctd, e);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Creation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        static IAsyncEnumerable<T> Create<T>(Func<IAsyncEnumerator<T>> getEnumerator)
+        {
+            return new AnonymousAsyncEnumerable<T>(getEnumerator);
+        }
+
+        class AnonymousAsyncEnumerable<T> : IAsyncEnumerable<T>
+        {
+            Func<IAsyncEnumerator<T>> getEnumerator;
+
+            public AnonymousAsyncEnumerable(Func<IAsyncEnumerator<T>> getEnumerator)
+            {
+                this.getEnumerator = getEnumerator;
+            }
+
+            public IAsyncEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                return getEnumerator();
+            }
+        }
+
+        static IAsyncEnumerator<T> Create<T>(Func<CancellationToken, Task<bool>> moveNext, Func<T> current, Action dispose)
+        {
+            return new AnonymousAsyncEnumerator<T>(moveNext, current, dispose);
+        }
+
+        static IAsyncEnumerator<T> Create<T>(Func<CancellationToken, TaskCompletionSource<bool>, Task<bool>> moveNext, Func<T> current, Action dispose)
+        {
+            var self = default(IAsyncEnumerator<T>);
+            self = new AnonymousAsyncEnumerator<T>(
+                ct =>
+                {
+                    var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+
+                    var stop = new Action(() =>
+                    {
+                        self.Dispose();
+                        tcs.TrySetCanceled();
+                    });
+
+                    var ctr = ct.Register(stop);
+
+                    var res = moveNext(ct, tcs).Finally(ctr.Dispose);
+                    return res;
+                },
+                current,
+                dispose
+            );
+            return self;
+        }
+
+        class AnonymousAsyncEnumerator<T> : IAsyncEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<CancellationToken, Task<bool>> _moveNext;
+            private readonly Func<T> _current;
+            private readonly Action _dispose;
+            private bool _disposed;
+
+            public AnonymousAsyncEnumerator(Func<CancellationToken, Task<bool>> moveNext, Func<T> current, Action dispose)
+            {
+                _moveNext = moveNext;
+                _current = current;
+                _dispose = dispose;
+            }
+
+            public Task<bool> MoveNext(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    return TaskExt.Return(false, CancellationToken.None);
+
+                return _moveNext(cancellationToken);
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get
+                {
+                    return _current();
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                if (!_disposed)
+                {
+                    _disposed = true;
+                    _dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TValue> Return<TValue>(TValue value)
+        {
+            return new[] { value }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TValue> Throw<TValue>(Exception exception)
+        {
+            if (exception == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("exception");
+
+            return Create(() => Create<TValue>(
+                ct => TaskExt.Throw<bool>(exception, ct),
+                () => { throw new InvalidOperationException(); },
+                () => { })
+            );
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TValue> Never<TValue>()
+        {
+            return Create(() => Create<TValue>(
+                (ct, tcs) => tcs.Task,
+                () => { throw new InvalidOperationException(); },
+                () => { })
+            );
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TValue> Empty<TValue>()
+        {
+            return Create(() => Create<TValue>(
+                ct => TaskExt.Return(false, ct),
+                () => { throw new InvalidOperationException(); },
+                () => { })
+            );
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<int> Range(int start, int count)
+        {
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Enumerable.Range(start, count).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(TResult element, int count)
+        {
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Enumerable.Repeat(element, count).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(TResult element)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                return Create(
+                    ct => TaskExt.Return(true, ct),
+                    () => element,
+                    () => { }
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Defer<TSource>(Func<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> factory)
+        {
+            if (factory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("factory");
+
+            return Create(() => factory().GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Generate<TState, TResult>(TState initialState, Func<TState, bool> condition, Func<TState, TState> iterate, Func<TState, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (iterate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("iterate");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var i = initialState;
+                var started = false;
+                var current = default(TResult);
+
+                return Create(
+                    ct =>
+                    {
+                        var b = false;
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (started)
+                                i = iterate(i);
+
+                            b = condition(i);
+
+                            if (b)
+                                current = resultSelector(i);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            return TaskExt.Throw<bool>(ex, ct);
+                        }
+
+                        if (!b)
+                            return TaskExt.Return(false, ct);
+
+                        if (!started)
+                            started = true;
+
+                        return TaskExt.Return(true, ct);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    () => { }
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Using<TSource, TResource>(Func<TResource> resourceFactory, Func<TResource, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> enumerableFactory) where TResource : IDisposable
+        {
+            if (resourceFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resourceFactory");
+            if (enumerableFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("enumerableFactory");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var resource = resourceFactory();
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+
+                try
+                {
+                    e = enumerableFactory(resource).GetEnumerator();
+                }
+                catch (Exception)
+                {
+                    resource.Dispose();
+                    throw;
+                }
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, resource, e);
+
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs,
+                                res =>
+                                {
+                                    if (res)
+                                    {
+                                        current = e.Current;
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    }
+                                    else
+                                    {
+                                        d.Dispose();
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                    }
+                                },
+                                ex =>
+                                {
+                                    d.Dispose();
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                }
+                            );
+                        });
+
+                        return tcs.Task;
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Exceptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource, TException>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TException, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> handler)
+            where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (handler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("handler");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable { Disposable = e };
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, a);
+                var done = false;
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (!done)
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs,
+                                res =>
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                                },
+                                ex =>
+                                {
+                                    var err = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        ex.Flatten().Handle(ex_ =>
+                                        {
+                                            var exx = ex_ as TException;
+                                            if (exx != null)
+                                            {
+                                                err = handler(exx).GetEnumerator();
+                                                return true;
+                                            }
+
+                                            return false;
+                                        });
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex2)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex2);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    if (err != null)
+                                    {
+                                        e = err;
+                                        a.Disposable = e;
+
+                                        done = true;
+                                        f(tcs, ct);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            );
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(a);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Catch_();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(params IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Catch_();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return new[] { first, second }.Catch_();
+        }
+
+        private static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Catch_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var se = sources.GetEnumerator();
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, se, a);
+
+                var error = default(Exception);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (e == null)
+                    {
+                        var b = false;
+                        try
+                        {
+                            b = se.MoveNext();
+                            if (b)
+                                e = se.Current.GetEnumerator();
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!b)
+                        {
+                            if (error != null)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(error);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        error = null;
+
+                        a.Disposable = e;
+                    }
+
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs,
+                            res =>
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                            },
+                            ex =>
+                            {
+                                e.Dispose();
+                                e = null;
+
+                                error = ex;
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        );
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(a);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Finally<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action finallyAction)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (finallyAction == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("finallyAction");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var r = new Disposable(finallyAction);
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e, r);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumeratorSync(r);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return OnErrorResumeNext_(new[] { first, second });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(params IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return OnErrorResumeNext_(sources);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return OnErrorResumeNext_(sources);
+        }
+
+        private static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext_<TSource>(IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var se = sources.GetEnumerator();
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, se, a);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (e == null)
+                    {
+                        var b = false;
+                        try
+                        {
+                            b = se.MoveNext();
+                            if (b)
+                                e = se.Current.GetEnumerator();
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!b)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        a.Disposable = e;
+                    }
+
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs,
+                            res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    e.Dispose();
+                                    e = null;
+
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            },
+                            ex =>
+                            {
+                                e.Dispose();
+                                e = null;
+
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        );
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(a);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return new[] { source }.Repeat().Catch();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int retryCount)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (retryCount < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("retryCount");
+
+            return new[] { source }.Repeat(retryCount).Catch();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            while (true)
+                foreach (var item in source)
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                foreach (var item in source)
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Generated.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,1250 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        public static Task<decimal?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TResult> Min<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Sum(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Sum(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Sum<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Sum(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static void ForEach<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> action)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            source.ForEachAsync(action).Wait();
+        }
+
+        public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> action)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            return ForEachAsync(source, action, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static void ForEach<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource, int> action)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            source.ForEachAsync(action).Wait();
+        }
+
+        public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource, int> action)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            return ForEachAsync(source, action, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Average<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Average(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Max(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Max(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TResult> Max<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Max(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<long> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<double> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<float> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<long?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<double?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<float?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal?> Min(this IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Min(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<decimal> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<float?> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Min(source, selector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> SequenceEqual<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return SequenceEqual(first, second, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> SequenceEqual<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return SequenceEqual(first, second, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TResult> Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator, Func<TAccumulate, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return Aggregate(source, seed, accumulator, resultSelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TAccumulate> Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return Aggregate(source, seed, accumulator, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Aggregate<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return Aggregate(source, accumulator, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Count<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Count(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<int> Count<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Count(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> LongCount<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return LongCount(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<long> LongCount<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return LongCount(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> All<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return All(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Any<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Any(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Any<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Any(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Contains<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Contains(source, value, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> Contains<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Contains(source, value, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> First<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return First(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> First<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return First(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> FirstOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return FirstOrDefault(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> FirstOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return FirstOrDefault(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Last<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Last(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Last<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Last(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> LastOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return LastOrDefault(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> LastOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return LastOrDefault(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Single<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Single(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Single<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Single(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> SingleOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return SingleOrDefault(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> SingleOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return SingleOrDefault(source, predicate, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> ElementAt<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return ElementAt(source, index, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> ElementAtOrDefault<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return ElementAtOrDefault(source, index, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource[]> ToArray<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return ToArray(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<List<TSource>> ToList<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return ToList(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TElement>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ToDictionary(source, keySelector, elementSelector, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TElement>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+
+            return ToDictionary(source, keySelector, elementSelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TSource>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ToDictionary(source, keySelector, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Dictionary<TKey, TSource>> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return ToDictionary(source, keySelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TElement>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ToLookup(source, keySelector, elementSelector, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TElement>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+
+            return ToLookup(source, keySelector, elementSelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TSource>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ToLookup(source, keySelector, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<ILookup<TKey, TSource>> ToLookup<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return ToLookup(source, keySelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<int> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<double?> Average(this IAsyncEnumerable<int?> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Average(source, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> IsEmpty<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.IsEmpty(CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Min<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Min(comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.MinBy(keySelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.MinBy(keySelector, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TSource> Max<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Max(comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.MaxBy(keySelector, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IList<TSource>> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.MaxBy(keySelector, comparer, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Multiple.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var switched = false;
+                var e = first.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable { Disposable = e };
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, a);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) => e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                {
+                    t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                    {
+                        if (res)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            if (switched)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                switched = true;
+
+                                e = second.GetEnumerator();
+                                a.Disposable = e;
+
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                });
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(a);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Zip<TFirst, TSecond, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TFirst> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSecond> second, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e1 = first.GetEnumerator();
+                var e2 = second.GetEnumerator();
+                var current = default(TResult);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e1, e2);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        e1.MoveNext(cts.Token).Zip(e2.MoveNext(cts.Token), (f, s) =>
+                        {
+                            var result = f && s;
+                            if (result)
+                                current = selector(e1.Current, e2.Current);
+                            return result;
+                        }).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, x => tcs.TrySetResult(x));
+                        });
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e1).UsingEnumerator(e2);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Except<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = first.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var mapTask = default(Task<Dictionary<TSource, TSource>>);
+                var getMapTask = new Func<CancellationToken, Task<Dictionary<TSource, TSource>>>(ct =>
+                {
+                    if (mapTask == null)
+                        mapTask = second.ToDictionary(x => x, comparer, ct);
+                    return mapTask;
+                });
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).Zip(getMapTask(ct), (b, _) => b).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                if (!mapTask.Result.ContainsKey(e.Current))
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                else
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Except<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return first.Except(second, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = first.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var mapTask = default(Task<Dictionary<TSource, TSource>>);
+                var getMapTask = new Func<CancellationToken, Task<Dictionary<TSource, TSource>>>(ct =>
+                {
+                    if (mapTask == null)
+                        mapTask = second.ToDictionary(x => x, comparer, ct);
+                    return mapTask;
+                });
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).Zip(getMapTask(ct), (b, _) => b).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                if (mapTask.Result.ContainsKey(e.Current))
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                else
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return first.Intersect(second, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Union<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return first.Concat(second).Distinct(comparer);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Union<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return first.Union(second, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> SequenceEqual<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+
+            var e1 = first.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = second.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var run = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            run = ct =>
+            {
+                e1.MoveNext(ct).Zip(e2.MoveNext(ct), (f, s) =>
+                {
+                    if (f ^ s)
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    if (f && s)
+                    {
+                        var eq = default(bool);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            eq = comparer.Equals(e1.Current, e2.Current);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return false;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!eq)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            return true;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }).ContinueWith(t =>
+                {
+                    t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                    {
+                        if (res)
+                            run(ct);
+                    });
+                });
+            };
+
+            run(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.Finally(() =>
+            {
+                e1.Dispose();
+                e2.Dispose();
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> SequenceEqual<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> first, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> second, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return first.SequenceEqual(second, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> GroupJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TOuter> outer, IAsyncEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector, Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IAsyncEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (outer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outer");
+            if (inner == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
+            if (outerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outerKeySelector");
+            if (innerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("innerKeySelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var innerMap = default(Task<ILookup<TKey, TInner>>);
+                var getInnerMap = new Func<CancellationToken, Task<ILookup<TKey, TInner>>>(ct =>
+                {
+                    if (innerMap == null)
+                        innerMap = inner.ToLookup(innerKeySelector, comparer, ct);
+
+                    return innerMap;
+                });
+
+                var outerE = outer.GetEnumerator();
+                var current = default(TResult);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, outerE);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    getInnerMap(ct).ContinueWith(ti =>
+                    {
+                        ti.Handle(tcs, map =>
+                        {
+                            outerE.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(to =>
+                            {
+                                to.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                                {
+                                    if (res)
+                                    {
+                                        var element = outerE.Current;
+                                        var key = default(TKey);
+
+                                        try
+                                        {
+                                            key = outerKeySelector(element);
+                                        }
+                                        catch (Exception ex)
+                                        {
+                                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                            return;
+                                        }
+
+                                        var innerE = default(IAsyncEnumerable<TInner>);
+                                        if (!map.Contains(key))
+                                            innerE = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<TInner>();
+                                        else
+                                            innerE = map[key].ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+                                        try
+                                        {
+                                            current = resultSelector(element, innerE);
+                                        }
+                                        catch (Exception ex)
+                                        {
+                                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                            return;
+                                        }
+
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    }
+                                    else
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                    }
+                                });
+                            });
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(outerE);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> GroupJoin<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TOuter> outer, IAsyncEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector, Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IAsyncEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (outer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outer");
+            if (inner == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
+            if (outerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outerKeySelector");
+            if (innerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("innerKeySelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return outer.GroupJoin(inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TOuter> outer, IAsyncEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector, Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (outer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outer");
+            if (inner == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
+            if (outerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outerKeySelector");
+            if (innerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("innerKeySelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var oe = outer.GetEnumerator();
+                var ie = inner.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, oe, ie);
+
+                var current = default(TResult);
+                var useOuter = true;
+                var outerMap = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TOuter>>(comparer);
+                var innerMap = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TInner>>(comparer);
+                var q = new Queue<TResult>();
+
+                var gate = new object();
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (q.Count > 0)
+                    {
+                        current = q.Dequeue();
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    var b = useOuter;
+                    if (ie == null && oe == null)
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else if (ie == null)
+                        b = true;
+                    else if (oe == null)
+                        b = false;
+                    useOuter = !useOuter;
+
+                    var enqueue = new Func<TOuter, TInner, bool>((o, i) =>
+                    {
+                        var result = default(TResult);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            result = resultSelector(o, i);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception exception)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                            return false;
+                        }
+
+                        q.Enqueue(result);
+                        return true;
+                    });
+
+                    if (b)
+                        oe.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var element = oe.Current;
+                                    var key = default(TKey);
+
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        key = outerKeySelector(element);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception exception)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    var outerList = default(List<TOuter>);
+                                    if (!outerMap.TryGetValue(key, out outerList))
+                                    {
+                                        outerList = new List<TOuter>();
+                                        outerMap.Add(key, outerList);
+                                    }
+
+                                    outerList.Add(element);
+
+                                    var innerList = default(List<TInner>);
+                                    if (!innerMap.TryGetValue(key, out innerList))
+                                    {
+                                        innerList = new List<TInner>();
+                                        innerMap.Add(key, innerList);
+                                    }
+
+                                    foreach (var v in innerList)
+                                    {
+                                        if (!enqueue(element, v))
+                                            return;
+                                    }
+                                    
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    oe.Dispose();
+                                    oe = null;
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                    else
+                        ie.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var element = ie.Current;
+                                    var key = default(TKey);
+
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        key = innerKeySelector(element);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception exception)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    var innerList = default(List<TInner>);
+                                    if (!innerMap.TryGetValue(key, out innerList))
+                                    {
+                                        innerList = new List<TInner>();
+                                        innerMap.Add(key, innerList);
+                                    }
+
+                                    innerList.Add(element);
+
+                                    var outerList = default(List<TOuter>);
+                                    if (!outerMap.TryGetValue(key, out outerList))
+                                    {
+                                        outerList = new List<TOuter>();
+                                        outerMap.Add(key, outerList);
+                                    }
+
+                                    foreach (var v in outerList)
+                                    {
+                                        if (!enqueue(v, element))
+                                            return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    ie.Dispose();
+                                    ie = null;
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(oe).UsingEnumerator(ie);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TOuter> outer, IAsyncEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector, Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (outer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outer");
+            if (inner == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
+            if (outerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("outerKeySelector");
+            if (innerKeySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("innerKeySelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return outer.Join(inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Concat_();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(params IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Concat_();
+        }
+
+        private static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Concat_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var se = sources.GetEnumerator();
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, se, a);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (e == null)
+                    {
+                        var b = false;
+                        try
+                        {
+                            b = se.MoveNext();
+                            if (b)
+                                e = se.Current.GetEnumerator();
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!b)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        a.Disposable = e;
+                    }
+
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                e.Dispose();
+                                e = null;
+
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(a);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TOther> SelectMany<TSource, TOther>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IAsyncEnumerable<TOther> other)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (other == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("other");
+
+            return source.SelectMany(_ => other);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerable.Single.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,2466 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class AsyncEnumerable
+    {
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var current = default(TResult);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        current = selector(e.Current);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                        
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var current = default(TResult);
+                var index = 0;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        current = selector(e.Current, index++);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> AsAsyncEnumerable<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Select(x => x);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                var b = false;
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    b = predicate(e.Current);
+                                }
+                                catch (Exception ex)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                    return;
+                                }
+
+                                if (b)
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                else
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var index = 0;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                var b = false;
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    b = predicate(e.Current, index++);
+                                }
+                                catch (Exception ex)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                    return;
+                                }
+
+                                if (b)
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                else
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IAsyncEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var ie = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TResult>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var outer = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                var inner = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+
+                inner = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    ie.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                ie = null;
+                                outer(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                outer = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    ie = selector(e.Current).GetEnumerator();
+                                    inner(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                                catch (Exception ex)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        if (ie == null)
+                            outer(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        else
+                            inner(tcs, cts.Token);
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => ie.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, IAsyncEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var ie = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TResult>);
+                var index = 0;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var outer = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                var inner = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+
+                inner = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    ie.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                ie = null;
+                                outer(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                outer = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    ie = selector(e.Current, index++).GetEnumerator();
+                                    inner(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                                catch (Exception ex)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        if (ie == null)
+                            outer(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        else
+                            inner(tcs, cts.Token);
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => ie.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TCollection, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IAsyncEnumerable<TCollection>> selector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return source.SelectMany(x => selector(x).Select(y => resultSelector(x, y)));
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TCollection, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, IAsyncEnumerable<TCollection>> selector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return source.SelectMany((x, i) => selector(x, i).Select(y => resultSelector(x, y)));
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TType> OfType<TType>(this IAsyncEnumerable<object> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Where(x => x is TType).Cast<TType>();
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> Cast<TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<object> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Select(x => (TResult)x);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Take<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var n = count;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        if (n == 0)
+                            return TaskExt.Return(false, cts.Token);
+
+                        e.MoveNext(cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                --n;
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                            });
+                        });
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> TakeWhile<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var b = false;
+
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        b = predicate(e.Current);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    if (b)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            });
+                        });
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> TakeWhile<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var index = 0;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var b = false;
+
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        b = predicate(e.Current, index++);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    if (b)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            });
+                        });
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Skip<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var n = count;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (n == 0)
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, x => tcs.TrySetResult(x));
+                        });
+                    else
+                    {
+                        --n;
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (!res)
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                else
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var skipping = true;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (skipping)
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var result = false;
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        result = predicate(e.Current);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                    if (result)
+                                        f(tcs, ct);
+                                    else
+                                    {
+                                        skipping = false;
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    else
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, x => tcs.TrySetResult(x));
+                        });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var skipping = true;
+                var index = 0;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (skipping)
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var result = false;
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        result = predicate(e.Current, index++);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                    if (result)
+                                        f(tcs, ct);
+                                    else
+                                    {
+                                        skipping = false;
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    else
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, x => tcs.TrySetResult(x));
+                        });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => e.Current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DefaultIfEmpty<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource defaultValue)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var done = false;
+                var hasElements = false;
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (done)
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                    else
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    hasElements = true;
+                                    current = e.Current;
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    done = true;
+
+                                    if (!hasElements)
+                                    {
+                                        current = defaultValue;
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    }
+                                    else
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DefaultIfEmpty<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.DefaultIfEmpty(default(TSource));
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Defer(() =>
+            {
+                var set = new HashSet<TSource>(comparer);
+                return source.Where(set.Add);
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Distinct(EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Reverse<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var stack = default(Stack<TSource>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        if (stack == null)
+                        {
+                            Create(() => e).Aggregate(new Stack<TSource>(), (s, x) => { s.Push(x); return s; }, cts.Token).ContinueWith(t =>
+                            {
+                                t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                                {
+                                    stack = res;
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(stack.Count > 0);
+                                });
+                            }, cts.Token);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            stack.Pop();
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(stack.Count > 0);
+                        }
+
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => stack.Peek(),
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return new OrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource, TKey>(
+                Create(() =>
+                {
+                    var current = default(IEnumerable<TSource>);
+
+                    return Create(
+                        ct =>
+                        {
+                            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+                            if (current == null)
+                            {
+                                source.ToList(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                                {
+                                    t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                                    {
+                                        current = res;
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                    });
+                                });
+                            }
+                            else
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            return tcs.Task;
+                        },
+                        () => current,
+                        () => { }
+                    );
+                }),
+                keySelector,
+                comparer
+            );
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.OrderBy(keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.OrderBy(keySelector, new ReverseComparer<TKey>(comparer));
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.OrderByDescending(keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> ThenBy<TSource, TKey>(this IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.ThenBy(keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> ThenBy<TSource, TKey>(this IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.CreateOrderedEnumerable(keySelector, comparer, false);
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey>(this IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.ThenByDescending(keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey>(this IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.CreateOrderedEnumerable(keySelector, comparer, true);
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupUntil<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            var group = default(EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement>);
+            foreach (var x in source)
+            {
+                var key = keySelector(x);
+                if (group == null || comparer.Compare(group.Key, key) != 0)
+                {
+                    group = new EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement>(key);
+                    yield return group;
+                }
+                group.Add(elementSelector(x));
+            }
+        }
+
+        class OrderedAsyncEnumerable<T, K> : IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<T>
+        {
+            private readonly IAsyncEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> equivalenceClasses;
+            private readonly Func<T, K> keySelector;
+            private readonly IComparer<K> comparer;
+
+            public OrderedAsyncEnumerable(IAsyncEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> equivalenceClasses, Func<T, K> keySelector, IComparer<K> comparer)
+            {
+                this.equivalenceClasses = equivalenceClasses;
+                this.keySelector = keySelector;
+                this.comparer = comparer;
+            }
+
+            public IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<T> CreateOrderedEnumerable<TKey>(Func<T, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer, bool descending)
+            {
+                if (descending)
+                    comparer = new ReverseComparer<TKey>(comparer);
+
+                return new OrderedAsyncEnumerable<T, TKey>(Classes(), keySelector, comparer);
+            }
+
+            IAsyncEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> Classes()
+            {
+                return Create(() =>
+                {
+                    var e = equivalenceClasses.GetEnumerator();
+                    var list = new List<IEnumerable<T>>();
+                    var e1 = default(IEnumerator<IEnumerable<T>>);
+
+                    var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                    var d1 = new AssignableDisposable();
+                    var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e, d1);
+
+                    var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                    var g = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+
+                    f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        foreach (var group in e.Current.OrderBy(keySelector, comparer).GroupUntil(keySelector, x => x, comparer))
+                                            list.Add(group);
+                                        f(tcs, ct);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception exception)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    e.Dispose();
+
+                                    e1 = list.GetEnumerator();
+                                    d1.Disposable = e1;
+
+                                    g(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                    };
+
+                    g = (tcs, ct) =>
+                    {
+                        var res = false;
+                        try
+                        {
+                            res = e1.MoveNext();
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                    };
+
+                    return Create(
+                        (ct, tcs) =>
+                        {
+                            if (e1 != null)
+                            {
+                                g(tcs, cts.Token);
+                                return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e1);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                                return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                            }
+                        },
+                        () => e1.Current,
+                        d.Dispose
+                    );
+                });
+            }
+
+            public IAsyncEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                return Classes().SelectMany(x => x.ToAsyncEnumerable()).GetEnumerator();
+            }
+        }
+
+        class ReverseComparer<T> : IComparer<T>
+        {
+            IComparer<T> comparer;
+
+            public ReverseComparer(IComparer<T> comparer)
+            {
+                this.comparer = comparer;
+            }
+
+            public int Compare(T x, T y)
+            {
+                return -comparer.Compare(x, y);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var gate = new object();
+                
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                var count = 1;
+
+                var map = new Dictionary<TKey, Grouping<TKey, TElement>>(comparer);
+                var list = new List<IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TElement>>();
+
+                var index = 0;
+
+                var current = default(IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TElement>);
+                var faulted = default(Exception);
+
+                var task = default(Task<bool>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var refCount = new Disposable(
+                    () =>
+                    {
+                        if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref count) == 0)
+                            e.Dispose();
+                    }
+                );
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, refCount);
+
+                var iterateSource = default(Func<CancellationToken, Task<bool>>);
+                iterateSource = ct =>
+                {
+                    var tcs = default(TaskCompletionSource<bool>);
+                    lock (gate)
+                    {
+                        if (task != null)
+                        {
+                            return task;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+                            task = tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (faulted != null)
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetException(faulted);
+                        return task;
+                    }
+
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs,
+                            res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var key = default(TKey);
+                                    var element = default(TElement);
+
+                                    var cur = e.Current;
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        key = keySelector(cur);
+                                        element = elementSelector(cur);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception exception)
+                                    {
+                                        foreach (var v in map.Values)
+                                            v.Error(exception);
+
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    var group = default(Grouping<TKey, TElement>);
+                                    if (!map.TryGetValue(key, out group))
+                                    {
+                                        group = new Grouping<TKey, TElement>(key, iterateSource, refCount);
+                                        map.Add(key, group);
+                                        lock (list)
+                                            list.Add(group);
+
+                                        Interlocked.Increment(ref count);
+                                    }
+                                    group.Add(element);
+                                }
+
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                            },
+                            ex =>
+                            {
+                                foreach (var v in map.Values)
+                                    v.Error(ex);
+
+                                faulted = ex;
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            }
+                        );
+
+                        lock (gate)
+                        {
+                            task = null;
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                };
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    iterateSource(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs,
+                            res =>
+                            {
+                                current = null;
+                                lock (list)
+                                {
+                                    if (index < list.Count)
+                                        current = list[index++];
+                                }
+
+                                if (current != null)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    if (res)
+                                        f(tcs, ct);
+                                    else
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        );
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task;
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, elementSelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, x => x, comparer);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, x => x, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, Func<TKey, IAsyncEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, elementSelector, comparer).Select(g => resultSelector(g.Key, g));
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, Func<TKey, IAsyncEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (elementSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elementSelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, elementSelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default).Select(g => resultSelector(g.Key, g));
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TKey, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, x => x, comparer).Select(g => resultSelector(g.Key, g));
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TKey, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+            
+            return source.GroupBy(keySelector, x => x, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default).Select(g => resultSelector(g.Key, g));
+        }
+
+        class Grouping<TKey, TElement> : IAsyncGrouping<TKey, TElement>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<CancellationToken, Task<bool>> iterateSource;
+            private readonly IDisposable sourceDisposable;
+            private readonly List<TElement> elements = new List<TElement>();
+            private bool done = false;
+            private Exception exception = null;
+
+            public Grouping(TKey key, Func<CancellationToken, Task<bool>> iterateSource, IDisposable sourceDisposable)
+            {
+                this.iterateSource = iterateSource;
+                this.sourceDisposable = sourceDisposable;
+                Key = key;
+            }
+
+            public TKey Key
+            {
+                get;
+                private set;
+            }
+
+            public void Add(TElement element)
+            {
+                lock (elements)
+                    elements.Add(element);
+            }
+
+            public void Error(Exception exception)
+            {
+                done = true;
+                this.exception = exception;
+            }
+
+            public IAsyncEnumerator<TElement> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                var index = -1;
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, sourceDisposable);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    var size = 0;
+                    lock (elements)
+                        size = elements.Count;
+
+                    if (index < size)
+                    {
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                    }
+                    else if (done)
+                    {
+                        if (exception != null)
+                            tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        iterateSource(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                else
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        ++index;
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task;
+                    },
+                    () => elements[index],
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        #region Ix
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, _ => { }, () => { });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, _ => { }, onCompleted);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, onError, () => { });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, onError, onCompleted);
+        }
+
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IObserver<TSource> observer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, observer.OnNext, observer.OnError, observer.OnCompleted);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        private static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DoHelper<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        if (!t.IsCanceled)
+                        {
+                            try
+                            {
+                                if (t.IsFaulted)
+                                {
+                                    onError(t.Exception);
+                                }
+                                else if (!t.Result)
+                                {
+                                    onCompleted();
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    current = e.Current;
+                                    onNext(current);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception ex)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static void ForEach<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> action, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            source.ForEachAsync(action, cancellationToken).Wait(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> action, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            return source.ForEachAsync((x, i) => action(x), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static void ForEach<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource, int> action, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            source.ForEachAsync(action, cancellationToken).Wait(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource, int> action, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+
+            var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var i = 0;
+
+            var f = default(Action<CancellationToken>);
+            f = ct =>
+            {
+                e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                {
+                    t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                    {
+                        if (res)
+                        {
+                            try
+                            {
+                                action(e.Current, i++);
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception ex)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            f(ct);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                    });
+                });
+            };
+
+            f(cancellationToken);
+
+            return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable();
+                var n = count;
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, a);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (e == null)
+                    {
+                        if (n-- == 0)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        try
+                        {
+                            e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        a.Disposable = e;
+                    }
+
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                current = e.Current;
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                e = null;
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(d);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable();
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, a);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (e == null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        a.Disposable = e;
+                    }
+
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                current = e.Current;
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                e = null;
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(d);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> IgnoreElements<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (!res)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            f(tcs, ct);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create<TSource>(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => { throw new InvalidOperationException(); },
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> StartWith<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, params TSource[] values)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return values.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(source);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return source.Buffer_(count, count);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count, int skip)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+            if (skip <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("skip");
+
+            return source.Buffer_(count, skip);
+        }
+
+        private static IAsyncEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer_<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count, int skip)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var buffers = new Queue<IList<TSource>>();
+
+                var i = 0;
+
+                var current = default(IList<TSource>);
+                var stopped = false;
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (!stopped)
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var item = e.Current;
+
+                                    if (i++ % skip == 0)
+                                        buffers.Enqueue(new List<TSource>(count));
+
+                                    foreach (var buffer in buffers)
+                                        buffer.Add(item);
+
+                                    if (buffers.Count > 0 && buffers.Peek().Count == count)
+                                    {
+                                        current = buffers.Dequeue();
+                                        tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    stopped = true;
+                                    e.Dispose();
+
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (buffers.Count > 0)
+                        {
+                            current = buffers.Dequeue();
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return Defer(() =>
+            {
+                var set = new HashSet<TKey>(comparer);
+                return source.Where(item => set.Add(keySelector(item)));
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.Distinct(keySelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(x => x, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(x => x, comparer);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(keySelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+
+        private static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged_<TSource, TKey>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var currentKey = default(TKey);
+                var hasCurrentKey = false;
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                var item = e.Current;
+                                var key = default(TKey);
+                                var comparerEquals = false;
+
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    key = keySelector(item);
+
+                                    if (hasCurrentKey)
+                                    {
+                                        comparerEquals = comparer.Equals(currentKey, key);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                catch (Exception ex)
+                                {
+                                    tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                    return;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!hasCurrentKey || !comparerEquals)
+                                {
+                                    hasCurrentKey = true;
+                                    currentKey = key;
+
+                                    current = item;
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Expand<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = default(IAsyncEnumerator<TSource>);
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var a = new AssignableDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, a);
+
+                var queue = new Queue<IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>>();
+                queue.Enqueue(source);
+
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (e == null)
+                    {
+                        if (queue.Count > 0)
+                        {
+                            var src = queue.Dequeue();
+
+                            try
+                            {
+                                e = src.GetEnumerator();
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception ex)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            a.Disposable = e;
+                            f(tcs, ct);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var item = e.Current;
+
+                                    var next = default(IAsyncEnumerable<TSource>);
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        next = selector(item);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    queue.Enqueue(next);
+                                    current = item;
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    e = null;
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(a);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TAccumulate> Scan<TSource, TAccumulate>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var acc = seed;
+                var current = default(TAccumulate);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (!res)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            var item = e.Current;
+                            try
+                            {
+                                acc = accumulator(acc, item);
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception ex)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            current = acc;
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> Scan<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var hasSeed = false;
+                var acc = default(TSource);
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (!res)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            var item = e.Current;
+
+                            if (!hasSeed)
+                            {
+                                hasSeed = true;
+                                acc = item;
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            try
+                            {
+                                acc = accumulator(acc, item);
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception ex)
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            current = acc;
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> TakeLast<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var q = new Queue<TSource>(count);
+                var done = false;
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    if (!done)
+                    {
+                        e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                        {
+                            t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                            {
+                                if (res)
+                                {
+                                    var item = e.Current;
+
+                                    if (q.Count >= count)
+                                        q.Dequeue();
+                                    q.Enqueue(item);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    done = true;
+                                    e.Dispose();
+                                }
+
+                                f(tcs, ct);
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (q.Count > 0)
+                        {
+                            current = q.Dequeue();
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> SkipLast<TSource>(this IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+
+                var cts = new CancellationTokenDisposable();
+                var d = new CompositeDisposable(cts, e);
+
+                var q = new Queue<TSource>();
+                var current = default(TSource);
+
+                var f = default(Action<TaskCompletionSource<bool>, CancellationToken>);
+                f = (tcs, ct) =>
+                {
+                    e.MoveNext(ct).ContinueWith(t =>
+                    {
+                        t.Handle(tcs, res =>
+                        {
+                            if (res)
+                            {
+                                var item = e.Current;
+
+                                q.Enqueue(item);
+                                if (q.Count > count)
+                                {
+                                    current = q.Dequeue();
+                                    tcs.TrySetResult(true);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    f(tcs, ct);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                tcs.TrySetResult(false);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                };
+
+                return Create(
+                    (ct, tcs) =>
+                    {
+                        f(tcs, cts.Token);
+                        return tcs.Task.UsingEnumerator(e);
+                    },
+                    () => current,
+                    d.Dispose
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/AsyncEnumerator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Collections.Generic
+{
+    public static class AsyncEnumerator
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Advances the enumerator to the next element in the sequence, returning the result asynchronously.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// Task containing the result of the operation: true if the enumerator was successfully advanced 
+        /// to the next element; false if the enumerator has passed the end of the sequence.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Task<bool> MoveNext<T>(this IAsyncEnumerator<T> enumerator)
+        {
+            if (enumerator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("enumerator");
+
+            return enumerator.MoveNext(CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/Disposables.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    class CancellationTokenDisposable : IDisposable
+    {
+        private CancellationTokenSource cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+
+        public CancellationToken Token { get { return cts.Token; } }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (!cts.IsCancellationRequested)
+                cts.Cancel();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CompositeDisposable : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly IDisposable[] _dispose;
+
+        public CompositeDisposable(params IDisposable[] dispose)
+        {
+            _dispose = dispose;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var d in _dispose)
+                d.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignableDisposable : IDisposable
+    {
+        private object _gate = new object();
+        private IDisposable _disposable;
+        private bool _disposed;
+
+        public IDisposable Disposable
+        {
+            set
+            {
+                lock (_gate)
+                {
+                    if (_disposable != null)
+                        _disposable.Dispose();
+
+                    _disposable = value;
+
+                    if (_disposed)
+                        _disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                if (!_disposed)
+                {
+                    _disposed = true;
+
+                    if (_disposable != null)
+                        _disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Disposable : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly Action _dispose;
+
+        public Disposable(Action dispose)
+        {
+            _dispose = dispose;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/EnumerableGrouping.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    class EnumerableGrouping<TKey, TElement> : IGrouping<TKey, TElement>
+    {
+        List<TElement> elements = new List<TElement>();
+
+        public EnumerableGrouping(TKey key)
+        {
+            Key = key;
+        }
+
+        public void Add(TElement element)
+        {
+            elements.Add(element);
+        }
+
+        public TKey Key { get; private set; }
+
+        public IEnumerator<TElement> GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            return elements.GetEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            return this.GetEnumerator();
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/IAsyncEnumerable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+
+namespace System.Collections.Generic
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Asynchronous version of the IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; interface, allowing elements of the
+    /// enumerable sequence to be retrieved asynchronously.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Element type.</typeparam>
+    public interface IAsyncEnumerable<
+#if DESKTOPCLR40 || SILVERLIGHT4
+        out
+#endif
+        T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an asynchronous enumerator over the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Enumerator for asynchronous enumeration over the sequence.</returns>
+        IAsyncEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator();
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/IAsyncEnumerator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Collections.Generic
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Asynchronous version of the IEnumerator&lt;T&gt; interface, allowing elements to be
+    /// retrieved asynchronously.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Element type.</typeparam>
+    public interface IAsyncEnumerator<
+#if DESKTOPCLR40 || SILVERLIGHT4
+        out
+#endif
+        T> : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Advances the enumerator to the next element in the sequence, returning the result asynchronously.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="cancellationToken">Cancellation token that can be used to cancel the operation.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// Task containing the result of the operation: true if the enumerator was successfully advanced 
+        /// to the next element; false if the enumerator has passed the end of the sequence.
+        /// </returns>
+        Task<bool> MoveNext(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the current element in the iteration.
+        /// </summary>
+        T Current { get; }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/IAsyncGrouping.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public interface IAsyncGrouping<
+#if DESKTOPCLR4 || SILVERLIGHT4
+        out 
+#endif
+        TKey,
+#if DESKTOPCLR4 || SILVERLIGHT4
+        out 
+#endif
+        TElement> : IAsyncEnumerable<TElement>
+    {
+        TKey Key { get; }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/IOrderedAsyncEnumerable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public interface IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<
+#if DESKTOPCLR4 || SILVERLIGHT4
+        out 
+#endif
+        TElement> : IAsyncEnumerable<TElement>
+    {
+        IOrderedAsyncEnumerable<TElement> CreateOrderedEnumerable<TKey>(Func<TElement, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer, bool descending);
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Resources;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security;
+
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("System.Interactive.Async")]
+// Notice: same description as in the .nuspec files; see Source/Interactive Extensions/Setup/NuGet
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("Interactive Extensions Async Library used to express queries over asynchronous enumerable sequences.")]
+#if DEBUG
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Debug")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Retail")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("Microsoft Corporation")]
+#if STABLE
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Interactive Extensions")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Interactive Extensions (Experimental Release)")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("\x00a9 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.")]
+[assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
+
+#if !PLIB
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+#endif
+
+[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]
+
+#if DESKTOPCLR && NO_CODECOVERAGE
+[assembly: AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers]
+#endif
+
+//
+// Note: Assembly (file) version numbers get inserted by the build system on the fly. Inspect the Team Build workflows
+//       and the custom activity in Build/Source/Activities/AppendVersionInfo.cs for more information.
+//

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/System.Interactive.Async.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>8.0.30703</ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <ProjectGuid>{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}</ProjectGuid>
+    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
+    <AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
+    <RootNamespace>System.Interactive.Async</RootNamespace>
+    <AssemblyName>System.Interactive.Async</AssemblyName>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Common.targets" />
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <DocumentationFile>$(OutputPath)\$(AssemblyName).XML</DocumentationFile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == 'DebugPL' Or '$(Configuration)' == 'ReleasePL' ">
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>Profile1</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' " />
+    <Reference Include="System" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Conversions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Creation.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Exceptions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Generated.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Single.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Multiple.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerable.Aggregates.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncEnumerator.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Disposables.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableGrouping.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="IAsyncEnumerable.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="IAsyncEnumerator.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="IAsyncGrouping.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="IOrderedAsyncEnumerable.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="TaskExt.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Import.targets" />
+</Project>

Ix/System.Interactive.Async/TaskExt.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace System.Threading.Tasks
+{
+    static class TaskExt
+    {
+        public static Task<T> Return<T>(T value, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<T>();
+            tcs.TrySetResult(value);
+            return tcs.Task;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<T> Throw<T>(Exception exception, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<T>();
+            tcs.TrySetException(exception);
+            return tcs.Task;
+        }
+
+        public static void Handle<T, R>(this Task<T> task, TaskCompletionSource<R> tcs, Action<T> success)
+        {
+            Handle(task, tcs, success, ex => tcs.TrySetException(ex), () => tcs.TrySetCanceled());
+        }
+
+        public static void Handle<T, R>(this Task<T> task, TaskCompletionSource<R> tcs, Action<T> success, Action<AggregateException> error)
+        {
+            Handle(task, tcs, success, error, () => tcs.TrySetCanceled());
+        }
+
+        public static void Handle<T, R>(this Task<T> task, TaskCompletionSource<R> tcs, Action<T> success, Action<AggregateException> error, Action canceled)
+        {
+            if (task.IsFaulted)
+                error(task.Exception);
+            else if (task.IsCanceled)
+                canceled();
+            else if (task.IsCompleted)
+                success(task.Result);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> UsingEnumerator(this Task<bool> task, IDisposable disposable)
+        {
+            task.ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                if (t.IsFaulted)
+                {
+                    var ignored = t.Exception; // don't remove!
+                }
+
+                if (t.IsFaulted || t.IsCanceled || !t.Result)
+                    disposable.Dispose();
+            }, TaskContinuationOptions.ExecuteSynchronously);
+
+            return task;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<bool> UsingEnumeratorSync(this Task<bool> task, IDisposable disposable)
+        {
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
+
+            task.ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                if (t.IsFaulted || t.IsCanceled || !t.Result)
+                    disposable.Dispose(); // TODO: Check whether we need exception handling here!
+
+                t.Handle(tcs, res => tcs.TrySetResult(res));
+            }, TaskContinuationOptions.ExecuteSynchronously);
+
+            return tcs.Task;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<R> Finally<R>(this Task<R> task, Action action)
+        {
+            task.ContinueWith(t =>
+            {
+                if (t.IsFaulted)
+                {
+                    var ignored = t.Exception; // don't remove!
+                }
+
+                action();
+            }, TaskContinuationOptions.ExecuteSynchronously);
+
+            return task;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<V> Zip<T, U, V>(this Task<T> t1, Task<U> t2, Func<T, U, V> f)
+        {
+            var gate = new object();
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<V>();
+            
+            var i = 2;
+            var complete = new Action<Task>(t =>
+            {
+                if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref i) == 0)
+                {
+                    var exs = new List<Exception>();
+                    if (t1.IsFaulted)
+                        exs.Add(t1.Exception);
+                    if (t2.IsFaulted)
+                        exs.Add(t2.Exception);
+
+                    if (exs.Count > 0)
+                        tcs.TrySetException(exs);
+                    else if (t1.IsCanceled || t2.IsCanceled)
+                        tcs.TrySetCanceled();
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var res = default(V);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            res = f(t1.Result, t2.Result);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            tcs.TrySetException(ex);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(res);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            t1.ContinueWith(complete);
+            t2.ContinueWith(complete);
+
+            return tcs.Task;
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Providers/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Resources;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security;
+
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("System.Interactive.Providers")]
+// Notice: same description as in the .nuspec files; see Source/Interactive Extensions/Setup/NuGet
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("Interactive Extensions Providers Library used to build query providers and express queries over enumerable sequences.")]
+#if DEBUG
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Debug")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Retail")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("Microsoft Corporation")]
+#if STABLE
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Interactive Extensions")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Interactive Extensions (Experimental Release)")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("\x00a9 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.")]
+[assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
+
+#if !PLIB
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+#endif
+
+[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]
+
+#if DESKTOPCLR && NO_CODECOVERAGE
+[assembly: AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers]
+#endif
+
+//
+// Note: Assembly (file) version numbers get inserted by the build system on the fly. Inspect the Team Build workflows
+//       and the custom activity in Build/Source/Activities/AppendVersionInfo.cs for more information.
+//

Ix/System.Interactive.Providers/QueryableEx.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,2327 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides a set of additional static methods that allow querying enumerable sequences.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class QueryableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether an enumerable sequence is empty.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the sequence is empty; false otherwise.</returns>
+        public static bool IsEmpty<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<bool>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static bool IsEmpty<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.IsEmpty(source);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the minimum value in the enumerable sequence by using the specified comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the minimum value.</param>
+        /// <returns>Minimum value in the sequence.</returns>
+        public static TSource Min<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IComparer<TSource>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static TSource Min<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Min(source, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the minimum key value by using the default comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same minimum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<IList<TSource>>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IList<TSource> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.MinBy(source, keySelector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the minimum key value by using the specified comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the minimum key value.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same minimum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<IList<TSource>>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IComparer<TKey>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IList<TSource> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.MinBy(source, keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the maximum value in the enumerable sequence by using the specified comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the maximum value.</param>
+        /// <returns>Maximum value in the sequence.</returns>
+        public static TSource Max<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IComparer<TSource>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static TSource Max<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Max(source, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the maximum key value by using the default comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same maximum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<IList<TSource>>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IList<TSource> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.MaxBy(source, keySelector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the minimum key value by using the specified comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the maximum key value.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same maximum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.Execute<IList<TSource>>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IComparer<TKey>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IList<TSource> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.MaxBy(source, keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shares the source sequence within a selector function where each enumerator can fetch the next element from the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with shared access to the source sequence for each enumerator.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the shared view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Share<TSource, TResult>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TResult)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    selector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Share<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Share(source, selector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Publishes the source sequence within a selector function where each enumerator can obtain a view over a tail of the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with published access to the source sequence for each enumerator.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the published view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Publish<TSource, TResult>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TResult)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    selector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Publish<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Publish(source, selector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Memoizes the source sequence within a selector function where each enumerator can get access to all of the sequence's elements without causing multiple enumerations over the source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with memoized access to the source sequence for each enumerator.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the memoized view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Memoize<TSource, TResult>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TResult)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    selector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Memoize<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Memoize(source, selector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Memoizes the source sequence within a selector function where a specified number of enumerators can get access to all of the sequence's elements without causing multiple enumerations over the source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="readerCount">Number of enumerators that can access the underlying buffer. Once every enumerator has obtained an element from the buffer, the element is removed from the buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with memoized access to the source sequence for a specified number of enumerators.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the memoized view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Memoize<TSource, TResult>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int readerCount, Expression<Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TResult)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(readerCount, typeof(int)),
+                    selector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Memoize<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int readerCount, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Memoize(source, readerCount, selector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an enumerable sequence based on an enumerator factory function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="getEnumerator">Enumerator factory function.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that will invoke the enumerator factory upon a call to GetEnumerator.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Create<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<IEnumerator<TResult>>> getEnumerator)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (getEnumerator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("getEnumerator");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    getEnumerator
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Create<TResult>(Func<IEnumerator<TResult>> getEnumerator)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Create(getEnumerator);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence with a single element.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Single element of the resulting sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with a single element.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Return<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, TResult value)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    Expression.Constant(value, typeof(TResult))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Return<TResult>(TResult value)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Return(value).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence that throws an exception upon enumeration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="exception">Exception to throw upon enumerating the resulting sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that throws the specified exception upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Throw<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Exception exception)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (exception == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("exception");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    Expression.Constant(exception, typeof(Exception))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Throw<TResult>(Exception exception)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Throw<TResult>(exception).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an enumerable sequence based on an enumerable factory function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="enumerableFactory">Enumerable factory function.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that will invoke the enumerable factory upon a call to GetEnumerator.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Defer<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<IEnumerable<TResult>>> enumerableFactory)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (enumerableFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("enumerableFactory");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    enumerableFactory
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Defer<TResult>(Func<IEnumerable<TResult>> enumerableFactory)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Defer(enumerableFactory).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence by mimicking a for loop.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TState">State type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="initialState">Initial state of the generator loop.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Loop condition.</param>
+        /// <param name="iterate">State update function to run after every iteration of the generator loop.</param>
+        /// <param name="resultSelector">Result selector to compute resulting sequence elements.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence obtained by running the generator loop, yielding computed elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Generate<TState, TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, TState initialState, Expression<Func<TState, bool>> condition, Expression<Func<TState, TState>> iterate, Expression<Func<TState, TResult>> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (iterate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("iterate");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TState), typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    Expression.Constant(initialState),
+                    condition,
+                    iterate,
+                    resultSelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Generate<TState, TResult>(TState initialState, Func<TState, bool> condition, Func<TState, TState> iterate, Func<TState, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Generate(initialState, condition, iterate, resultSelector).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence that's dependent on a resource object whose lifetime is determined by the sequence usage duration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResource">Resource type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="resourceFactory">Resource factory function.</param>
+        /// <param name="enumerableFactory">Enumerable factory function, having access to the obtained resource.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence whose use controls the lifetime of the associated obtained resource.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Using<TSource, TResource>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<TResource>> resourceFactory, Expression<Func<TResource, IEnumerable<TSource>>> enumerableFactory) where TResource : IDisposable
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (resourceFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resourceFactory");
+            if (enumerableFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("enumerableFactory");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TResource)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    resourceFactory,
+                    enumerableFactory
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TSource> Using<TSource, TResource>(Func<TResource> resourceFactory, Func<TResource, IEnumerable<TSource>> enumerableFactory) where TResource : IDisposable
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Using(resourceFactory, enumerableFactory).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence by repeating the given value infinitely.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to repreat in the resulting sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence repeating the given value infinitely.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, TResult value)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    Expression.Constant(value, typeof(TResult))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(TResult value)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Repeat(value).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that corresponds to the source sequence, concatenating it with the sequence resulting from calling an exception handler function in case of an error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TException">Exception type to catch.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="handler">Handler to invoke when an exception of the specified type occurs.</param>
+        /// <returns>Source sequence, concatenated with an exception handler result sequence in case of an error.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Catch<TSource, TException>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TException, IEnumerable<TSource>>> handler)
+            where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (handler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("handler");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TException)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    handler
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource, TException>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TException, IEnumerable<TSource>> handler)
+            where TException : Exception
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Catch(source, handler);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence by concatenating source sequences until a source sequence completes successfully.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that continues to concatenate source sequences while errors occur.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IQueryable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    sources.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Catch(sources);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence by concatenating source sequences until a source sequence completes successfully.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that continues to concatenate source sequences while errors occur.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IQueryProvider provider, params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    GetSourceExpression(sources)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Catch(sources).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that returns the elements of the first sequence, switching to the second in case of an error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="first">First sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="second">Second sequence, concatenated to the result in case the first sequence completes exceptionally.</param>
+        /// <returns>The first sequence, followed by the second sequence in case an error is produced.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return first.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    first.Expression,
+                    GetSourceExpression(second)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Catch(first, second);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence whose termination or disposal of an enumerator causes a finally action to be executed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="finallyAction">Action to run upon termination of the sequence, or when an enumerator is disposed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Source sequence with guarantees on the invocation of the finally action.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Finally<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Action> finallyAction)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (finallyAction == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("finallyAction");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    finallyAction
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Finally<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action finallyAction)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Finally(source, finallyAction);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that concatenates both given sequences, regardless of whether an error occurs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="first">First sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="second">Second sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the elements of both sequences, ignoring errors.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return first.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    first.Expression,
+                    GetSourceExpression(second)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext(first, second);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that concatenates the given sequences, regardless of whether an error occurs in any of the sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the elements of the given sequences, ignoring errors.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IQueryProvider provider, params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    GetSourceExpression(sources)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext(sources).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that concatenates the given sequences, regardless of whether an error occurs in any of the sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the elements of the given sequences, ignoring errors.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IQueryable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    sources.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext(sources);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that retries enumerating the source sequence as long as an error occurs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the results of the source sequence as long as an error occurs.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Retry(source);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that retries enumerating the source sequence as long as an error occurs, with the specified maximum number of retries.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="retryCount">Maximum number of retries.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the results of the source sequence as long as an error occurs.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int retryCount)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(retryCount, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int retryCount)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Retry(source, retryCount);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates an enumerable sequence by repeating a source sequence as long as the given loop condition holds.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Loop condition.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">Sequence to repeat while the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence generated by repeating the given sequence while the condition evaluates to true.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> While<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<bool>> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> source)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    condition,
+                    GetSourceExpression(source)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> While<TResult>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.While(condition, source).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerable sequence based on the evaluation result of the given condition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <param name="thenSource">Sequence to return in case the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <param name="elseSource">Sequence to return in case the condition evaluates false.</param>
+        /// <returns>Either of the two input sequences based on the result of evaluating the condition.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> If<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<bool>> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> thenSource, IEnumerable<TResult> elseSource)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (thenSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("thenSource");
+            if (elseSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elseSource");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    condition,
+                    GetSourceExpression(thenSource),
+                    GetSourceExpression(elseSource)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> If<TResult>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> thenSource, IEnumerable<TResult> elseSource)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.If(condition, thenSource, elseSource).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerable sequence if the evaluation result of the given condition is true, otherwise returns an empty sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <param name="thenSource">Sequence to return in case the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <returns>The given input sequence if the condition evaluates true; otherwise, an empty sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> If<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<bool>> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> thenSource)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (thenSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("thenSource");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    condition,
+                    GetSourceExpression(thenSource)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> If<TResult>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> thenSource)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.If(condition, thenSource).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates an enumerable sequence by repeating a source sequence as long as the given loop postcondition holds.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence to repeat while the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Loop condition.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence generated by repeating the given sequence until the condition evaluates to false.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> DoWhile<TResult>(this IQueryable<TResult> source, Expression<Func<bool>> condition)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    condition
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> DoWhile<TResult>(IEnumerable<TResult> source, Func<bool> condition)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.DoWhile(source, condition);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence from a dictionary based on the result of evaluating a selector function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the selector value.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function used to pick a sequence from the given sources.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Dictionary mapping selector values onto resulting sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>The source sequence corresponding with the evaluated selector value; otherwise, an empty sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Case<TValue, TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<TValue>> selector, IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>> sources)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TValue), typeof(TResult)),
+                    selector,
+                    Expression.Constant(sources, typeof(IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Case<TValue, TResult>(Func<TValue> selector, IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>> sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Case(selector, sources).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence from a dictionary based on the result of evaluating a selector function, also specifying a default sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the selector value.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function used to pick a sequence from the given sources.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Dictionary mapping selector values onto resulting sequences.</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultSource">Default sequence to return in case there's no corresponding source for the computed selector value.</param>
+        /// <returns>The source sequence corresponding with the evaluated selector value; otherwise, the default source.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Case<TValue, TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, Expression<Func<TValue>> selector, IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>> sources, IEnumerable<TResult> defaultSource)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+            if (defaultSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("defaultSource");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TValue), typeof(TResult)),
+                    selector,
+                    Expression.Constant(sources, typeof(IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Case<TValue, TResult>(Func<TValue> selector, IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>> sources, IEnumerable<TResult> defaultSource)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Case(selector, sources, defaultSource).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence by enumerating a source sequence, mapping its elements on result sequences, and concatenating those sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="resultSelector">Result selector to evaluate for each iteration over the source.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the inner sequences that result from evaluating the result selector on elements from the source.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> For<TSource, TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, IEnumerable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>>> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TResult)),
+                    GetSourceExpression(source),
+                    resultSelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> For<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> resultSelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.For(source, resultSelector).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates the input sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with the elements of the source sequences concatenated.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(this IQueryable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    GetSourceExpression(sources)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Concat(sources);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates the input sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with the elements of the source sequences concatenated.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(this IQueryProvider provider, params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    GetSourceExpression(sources)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Concat(sources).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Projects each element of a sequence to an given sequence and flattens the resulting sequences into one sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">First source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TOther">Second source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">A sequence of values to project.</param>
+        /// <param name="other">Inner sequence each source sequenec element is projected onto.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence flattening the sequences that result from projecting elements in the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TOther> SelectMany<TSource, TOther>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, IEnumerable<TOther> other)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (other == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("other");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TOther>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TOther)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    GetSourceExpression(other)
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TOther> SelectMany<TSource, TOther>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEnumerable<TOther> other)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.SelectMany(source, other);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+#if NO_ZIP
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Merges two sequences by applying the specified selector function on index-based corresponding element pairs from both sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TFirst">The type of the elements of the first input sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSecond">The type of the elements of the second input sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">The type of the elements of the result sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="first">The first sequence to merge.</param>
+        /// <param name="second">The second sequence to merge.</param>
+        /// <param name="resultSelector">Function to apply to each pair of elements from both sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence consisting of the result of pairwise application of the selector function over pairs of elements from the source sequences.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Zip<TFirst, TSecond, TResult>(this IQueryable<TFirst> first, IEnumerable<TSecond> second, Expression<Func<TFirst, TSecond, TResult>> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return first.Provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TFirst), typeof(TSecond), typeof(TResult)),
+                    first.Expression,
+                    GetSourceExpression(second),
+                    resultSelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Zip<TFirst, TSecond, TResult>(IEnumerable<TFirst> first, IEnumerable<TSecond> second, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Zip(first, second, resultSelector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+#endif
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Hides the enumerable sequence object identity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Enumerable sequence with the same behavior as the original, but hiding the source object identity.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>AsQueryable doesn't hide the object identity, and simply acts as a cast to the IQueryable&lt;TSource&gt; interface.</remarks>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Hide<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Hide<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Hide(source);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Action<TSource>> onNext)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    onNext
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Do(source, onNext);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence, and executes an action for successful termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Action to invoke on successful termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Action<TSource>> onNext, Expression<Action> onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    onNext,
+                    onCompleted
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Do(source, onNext, onCompleted);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence, and executes an action upon exceptional termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Action to invoke on exceptional termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Action<TSource>> onNext, Expression<Action<Exception>> onError)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    onNext,
+                    onError
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Do(source, onNext, onError);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence, and executes an action upon successful or exceptional termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Action to invoke on exceptional termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Action to invoke on successful termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Action<TSource>> onNext, Expression<Action<Exception>> onError, Expression<Action> onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    onNext,
+                    onError,
+                    onCompleted
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Do(source, onNext, onError, onCompleted);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes observer methods for each value in the sequence, and upon successful or exceptional termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="observer">Observer to invoke notification calls on.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the side-effects of observer method invocation upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, IObserver<TSource> observer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(observer, typeof(IObserver<TSource>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, IObserver<TSource> observer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Do(source, observer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+#endif
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of non-overlapping adjacent buffers over the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of elements for allocated buffers.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence of buffers containing source sequence elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<IList<TSource>>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Buffer(source, count);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of buffers over the source sequence, with specified length and possible overlap.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of elements for allocated buffers.</param>
+        /// <param name="skip">Number of elements to skip between the start of consecutive buffers.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence of buffers containing source sequence elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int count, int skip)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<IList<TSource>>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int)),
+                    Expression.Constant(skip, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count, int skip)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Buffer(source, count, skip);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ignores all elements in the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Source sequence without its elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> IgnoreElements<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> IgnoreElements<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.IgnoreElements(source);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns elements with a distinct key value by using the default equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains the elements from the source sequence with distinct key values.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Distinct(source, keySelector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns elements with a distinct key value by using the specified equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to compare key values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains the elements from the source sequence with distinct key values.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IEqualityComparer<TKey>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Distinct(source, keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements by using the default equality comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged(source);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements by using the specified equality comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to compare values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IEqualityComparer<TSource>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged(source, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements based on a key value by using the specified equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged(source, keySelector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements based on a key value by using the specified equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to compare key values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TKey)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    keySelector,
+                    Expression.Constant(comparer, typeof(IEqualityComparer<TKey>))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged(source, keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Expands the sequence by recursively applying a selector function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function to retrieve the next sequence to expand.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with results from the recursive expansion of the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Expand<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TSource>>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    selector
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Expand<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TSource>> selector)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Expand(source, selector);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the source sequence prefixed with the specified value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="values">Values to prefix the sequence with.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence starting with the specified prefix value, followed by the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> StartWith<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, params TSource[] values)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(values, typeof(TSource[]))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> StartWith<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, params TSource[] values)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.StartWith(source, values);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of accumulated values by scanning the source sequence and applying an accumulator function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TAccumulate">Accumulation type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Accumulator seed value.</param>
+        /// <param name="accumulator">Accumulation function to apply to the current accumulation value and each element of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with all intermediate accumulation values resulting from scanning the sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TAccumulate> Scan<TSource, TAccumulate>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Expression<Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate>> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TAccumulate>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource), typeof(TAccumulate)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(seed, typeof(TAccumulate)),
+                    accumulator
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TAccumulate> Scan<TSource, TAccumulate>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Scan(source, seed, accumulator);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of accumulated values by scanning the source sequence and applying an accumulator function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="accumulator">Accumulation function to apply to the current accumulation value and each element of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with all intermediate accumulation values resulting from scanning the sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Scan<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TSource, TSource>> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    accumulator
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Scan<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> accumulator)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Scan(source, accumulator);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a specified number of contiguous elements from the end of the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of elements to take from the end of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with the specified number of elements counting from the end of the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> TakeLast<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeLast<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.TakeLast(source, count);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Bypasses a specified number of contiguous elements from the end of the sequence and returns the remaining elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of elements to skip from the end of the sequence before returning the remaining elements.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence bypassing the specified number of elements counting from the end of the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> SkipLast<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipLast<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.SkipLast(source, count);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Repeats and concatenates the source sequence infinitely.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence obtained by concatenating the source sequence to itself infinitely.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Repeat(source);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Repeats and concatenates the source sequence the given number of times.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of times to repeat the source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence obtained by concatenating the source sequence to itself the specified number of times.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TSource)),
+                    source.Expression,
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Repeat(source, count);
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence with no elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with no elements.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Empty<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Empty<TResult>()
+        {
+            return Enumerable.Empty<TResult>().AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of integral numbers within a specified range.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="start">The value of the first integer in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of sequential integers to generate.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains a range of sequential integral numbers.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<int> Range(this IQueryProvider provider, int start, int count)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<int>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    (MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod(),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    Expression.Constant(start, typeof(int)),
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<int> Range(int start, int count)
+        {
+            return Enumerable.Range(start, count).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence that contains one repeated value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="provider">Query provider.</param>
+        /// <param name="element">The value to be repeated.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of times to repeat the value in the generated sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains a repeated value.</returns>
+        public static IQueryable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(this IQueryProvider provider, TResult element, int count)
+        {
+            if (provider == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("provider");
+
+            return provider.CreateQuery<TResult>(
+                Expression.Call(
+                    null,
+                    ((MethodInfo)MethodInfo.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(provider, typeof(IQueryProvider)),
+                    Expression.Constant(element, typeof(TResult)),
+                    Expression.Constant(count, typeof(int))
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+#pragma warning disable 1591
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+        public static /*!*/IQueryable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(TResult element, int count)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Repeat<TResult>(element, count).AsQueryable();
+        }
+#pragma warning restore 1591
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the local Queryable provider.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static IQueryProvider Provider
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return new QueryProviderShim();
+            }
+        }
+
+        class QueryProviderShim : IQueryProvider
+        {
+            public IQueryable<TElement> CreateQuery<TElement>(Expression expression)
+            {
+                var provider = new TElement[0].AsQueryable().Provider;
+                var res = Redir(expression);
+                return provider.CreateQuery<TElement>(res);
+            }
+
+            public IQueryable CreateQuery(Expression expression)
+            {
+                return CreateQuery<object>(expression);
+            }
+
+            public TResult Execute<TResult>(Expression expression)
+            {
+                var provider = new TResult[0].AsQueryable().Provider;
+                var res = Redir(expression);
+                return provider.Execute<TResult>(res);
+            }
+
+            public object Execute(Expression expression)
+            {
+                return Execute<object>(expression);
+            }
+
+            private static Expression Redir(Expression expression)
+            {
+                var mce = expression as MethodCallExpression;
+                if (mce != null && mce.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(QueryableEx))
+                {
+                    if (mce.Arguments.Count >= 1 && typeof(IQueryProvider).IsAssignableFrom(mce.Arguments[0].Type))
+                    {
+                        var ce = mce.Arguments[0] as ConstantExpression;
+                        if (ce != null)
+                        {
+                            if (ce.Value is QueryProviderShim)
+                            {
+                                var targetType = typeof(QueryableEx);
+                                var method = mce.Method;
+                                var methods = GetMethods(targetType);
+                                var arguments = mce.Arguments.Skip(1).ToList();
+
+                                //
+                                // From all the operators with the method's name, find the one that matches all arguments.
+                                //
+                                var typeArgs = method.IsGenericMethod ? method.GetGenericArguments() : null;
+                                var targetMethod = methods[method.Name].FirstOrDefault(candidateMethod => ArgsMatch(candidateMethod, arguments, typeArgs));
+                                if (targetMethod == null)
+                                    throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "There is no method '{0}' on type '{1}' that matches the specified arguments", method.Name, targetType.Name));
+
+                                //
+                                // Restore generic arguments.
+                                //
+                                if (typeArgs != null)
+                                    targetMethod = targetMethod.MakeGenericMethod(typeArgs);
+
+                                //
+                                // Finally, we need to deal with mismatches on Expression<Func<...>> versus Func<...>.
+                                //
+                                var parameters = targetMethod.GetParameters();
+                                for (int i = 0, n = parameters.Length; i < n; i++)
+                                {
+                                    arguments[i] = Unquote(arguments[i]);
+                                }
+
+                                //
+                                // Emit a new call to the discovered target method.
+                                //
+                                return Expression.Call(null, targetMethod, arguments);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return expression;
+            }
+
+            private static ILookup<string, MethodInfo> GetMethods(Type type)
+            {
+                return type.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public).ToLookup(m => m.Name);
+            }
+
+            private static bool ArgsMatch(MethodInfo method, IList<Expression> arguments, Type[] typeArgs)
+            {
+                //
+                // Number of parameters should match. Notice we've sanitized IQueryProvider "this"
+                // parameters first (see Redir).
+                //
+                var parameters = method.GetParameters();
+                if (parameters.Length != arguments.Count)
+                    return false;
+
+                //
+                // Genericity should match too.
+                //
+                if (!method.IsGenericMethod && typeArgs != null && typeArgs.Length > 0)
+                    return false;
+
+                //
+                // Reconstruct the generic method if needed.
+                //
+                if (method.IsGenericMethodDefinition)
+                {
+                    if (typeArgs == null)
+                        return false;
+
+                    if (method.GetGenericArguments().Length != typeArgs.Length)
+                        return false;
+
+                    var result = method.MakeGenericMethod(typeArgs);
+                    parameters = result.GetParameters();
+                }
+
+                //
+                // Check compatibility for the parameter types.
+                //
+                for (int i = 0, n = arguments.Count; i < n; i++)
+                {
+                    var parameterType = parameters[i].ParameterType;
+                    var argument = arguments[i];
+
+                    //
+                    // For operators that take a function (like Where, Select), we'll be faced
+                    // with a quoted argument and a discrepancy between Expression<Func<...>>
+                    // and the underlying Func<...>.
+                    //
+                    if (!parameterType.IsAssignableFrom(argument.Type))
+                    {
+                        argument = Unquote(argument);
+                        if (!parameterType.IsAssignableFrom(argument.Type))
+                            return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            private static Expression Unquote(Expression expression)
+            {
+                //
+                // Get rid of all outer quotes around an expression.
+                //
+                while (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Quote)
+                    expression = ((UnaryExpression)expression).Operand;
+
+                return expression;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static Expression GetSourceExpression<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            var q = source as IQueryable<TSource>;
+            if (q != null)
+                return q.Expression;
+
+            return Expression.Constant(source, typeof(IEnumerable<TSource>));
+        }
+
+        internal static Expression GetSourceExpression<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            return Expression.NewArrayInit(
+                typeof(IEnumerable<TSource>),
+                sources.Select(source => GetSourceExpression(source))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive.Providers/System.Interactive.Providers.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>8.0.30703</ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <ProjectGuid>{6D62E966-469D-4A99-BD43-0A17FA14FB4F}</ProjectGuid>
+    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
+    <AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
+    <RootNamespace>System.Interactive.Providers</RootNamespace>
+    <AssemblyName>System.Interactive.Providers</AssemblyName>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
+    <ProductSignAssembly>true</ProductSignAssembly>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Common.targets" />
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <DocumentationFile>$(OutputPath)\$(AssemblyName).XML</DocumentationFile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == 'DebugPL' Or '$(Configuration)' == 'ReleasePL' ">
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>Profile1</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' " />
+    <Reference Include="System" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Observable" Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="QueryableEx.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Interactive\System.Interactive.csproj">
+      <Project>{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Interactive</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Import.targets" />
+</Project>

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Aggregates.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides a set of additional static methods that allow querying enumerable sequences.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether an enumerable sequence is empty.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the sequence is empty; false otherwise.</returns>
+        public static bool IsEmpty<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return !source.Any();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the minimum value in the enumerable sequence by using the specified comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the minimum value.</param>
+        /// <returns>Minimum value in the sequence.</returns>
+        public static TSource Min<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return MinBy(source, x => x, comparer).First();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the minimum key value by using the default comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same minimum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return MinBy(source, keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the minimum key value by using the specified comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the minimum key value.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same minimum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MinBy<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ExtremaBy(source, keySelector, (key, minValue) => -comparer.Compare(key, minValue));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the maximum value in the enumerable sequence by using the specified comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the maximum value.</param>
+        /// <returns>Maximum value in the sequence.</returns>
+        public static TSource Max<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return MaxBy(source, x => x, comparer).First();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the maximum key value by using the default comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same maximum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return MaxBy(source, keySelector, Comparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the elements with the minimum key value by using the specified comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector used to extract the key for each element in the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to determine the maximum key value.</param>
+        /// <returns>List with the elements that share the same maximum key value.</returns>
+        public static IList<TSource> MaxBy<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return ExtremaBy(source, keySelector, (key, minValue) => comparer.Compare(key, minValue));
+        }
+
+        private static IList<TSource> ExtremaBy<TSource, TKey>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TKey, TKey, int> compare)
+        {
+            var result = new List<TSource>();
+
+            using (var e = source.GetEnumerator())
+            {
+                if (!e.MoveNext())
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Source sequence doesn't contain any elements.");
+
+                var current = e.Current;
+                var resKey = keySelector(current);
+                result.Add(current);
+
+                while (e.MoveNext())
+                {
+                    var cur = e.Current;
+                    var key = keySelector(cur);
+
+                    var cmp = compare(key, resKey);
+                    if (cmp == 0)
+                    {
+                        result.Add(cur);
+                    }
+                    else if (cmp > 0)
+                    {
+                        result = new List<TSource> { cur };
+                        resKey = key;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Buffering.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,647 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a buffer with a shared view over the source sequence, causing each enumerator to fetch the next element from the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer enabling each enumerator to retrieve elements from the shared source sequence.</returns>
+        /// <example>
+        /// var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Share();
+        /// 
+        /// var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();    // Both e1 and e2 will consume elements from
+        /// var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();    // the source sequence.
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(0, e1.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(1, e1.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e2.MoveNext());    // e2 "steals" element 2
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(2, e2.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());    // e1 can't see element 2
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(3, e1.Current);
+        /// </example>
+        public static IBuffer<TSource> Share<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return new SharedBuffer<TSource>(source.GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shares the source sequence within a selector function where each enumerator can fetch the next element from the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with shared access to the source sequence for each enumerator.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the shared view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Share<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create<TResult>(() => selector(source.Share()).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        class SharedBuffer<T> : IBuffer<T>
+        {
+            private IEnumerator<T> _source;
+            private bool _disposed;
+
+            public SharedBuffer(IEnumerator<T> source)
+            {
+                _source = source;
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                return GetEnumerator_();
+            }
+
+            private IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator_()
+            {
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    if (_disposed)
+                        throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                    var hasValue = default(bool);
+                    var current = default(T);
+
+                    lock (_source)
+                    {
+                        hasValue = _source.MoveNext();
+                        if (hasValue)
+                            current = _source.Current;
+                    }
+
+                    if (hasValue)
+                        yield return current;
+                    else
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                return GetEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                lock (_source)
+                {
+                    if (!_disposed)
+                    {
+                        _source.Dispose();
+                        _source = null;
+                    }
+
+                    _disposed = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a buffer with a view over the source sequence, causing each enumerator to obtain access to the remainder of the sequence from the current index in the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer enabling each enumerator to retrieve elements from the shared source sequence, starting from the index at the point of obtaining the enumerator.</returns>
+        /// <example>
+        /// var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Publish();
+        /// 
+        /// var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();    // e1 has a view on the source starting from element 0
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(0, e1.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(1, e1.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e2.MoveNext());    // e2 has a view on the source starting from element 2
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(2, e2.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());    // e1 continues to enumerate over its view
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(2, e1.Current);
+        /// </example>
+        public static IBuffer<TSource> Publish<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return new PublishedBuffer<TSource>(source.GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Publishes the source sequence within a selector function where each enumerator can obtain a view over a tail of the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with published access to the source sequence for each enumerator.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the published view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Publish<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create<TResult>(() => selector(source.Publish()).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        class PublishedBuffer<T> : IBuffer<T>
+        {
+            private IEnumerator<T> _source;
+            private RefCountList<T> _buffer;
+            private bool _stopped;
+            private Exception _error;
+            private bool _disposed;
+
+            public PublishedBuffer(IEnumerator<T> source)
+            {
+                _buffer = new RefCountList<T>(0);
+                _source = source;
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                var i = default(int);
+                lock (_source)
+                {
+                    i = _buffer.Count;
+                    _buffer.ReaderCount++;
+                } 
+                
+                return GetEnumerator_(i);
+            }
+
+            private IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator_(int i)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        if (_disposed)
+                            throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                        var hasValue = default(bool);
+                        var current = default(T);
+
+                        lock (_source)
+                        {
+                            if (i >= _buffer.Count)
+                            {
+                                if (!_stopped)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        hasValue = _source.MoveNext();
+                                        if (hasValue)
+                                            current = _source.Current;
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        _stopped = true;
+                                        _error = ex;
+
+                                        _source.Dispose();
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                if (_stopped)
+                                {
+                                    if (_error != null)
+                                        throw _error;
+                                    else
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                if (hasValue)
+                                {
+                                    _buffer.Add(current);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                hasValue = true;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (hasValue)
+                            yield return _buffer[i];
+                        else
+                            break;
+
+                        i++;
+                    }
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    if (_buffer != null)
+                        _buffer.Done(i + 1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                return GetEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                lock (_source)
+                {
+                    if (!_disposed)
+                    {
+                        _source.Dispose();
+                        _source = null;
+
+                        _buffer.Clear();
+                        _buffer = null;
+                    }
+
+                    _disposed = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a buffer with a view over the source sequence, causing each enumerator to obtain access to all of the sequence's elements without causing multiple enumerations over the source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer enabling each enumerator to retrieve all elements from the shared source sequence, without duplicating source enumeration side-effects.</returns>
+        /// <example>
+        /// var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(x => Console.WriteLine(x)).Memoize();
+        /// 
+        /// var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());    // Prints 0
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(0, e1.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());    // Prints 1
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(1, e1.Current);
+        /// 
+        /// var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e2.MoveNext());    // Doesn't print anything; the side-effect of Do
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(0, e2.Current);  // has already taken place during e1's iteration.
+        /// 
+        /// Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());    // Prints 2
+        /// Assert.AreEqual(2, e1.Current);
+        /// </example>
+        public static IBuffer<TSource> Memoize<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return new MemoizedBuffer<TSource>(source.GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Memoizes the source sequence within a selector function where each enumerator can get access to all of the sequence's elements without causing multiple enumerations over the source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with memoized access to the source sequence for each enumerator.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the memoized view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Memoize<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create<TResult>(() => selector(source.Memoize()).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a buffer with a view over the source sequence, causing a specified number of enumerators to obtain access to all of the sequence's elements without causing multiple enumerations over the source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="readerCount">Number of enumerators that can access the underlying buffer. Once every enumerator has obtained an element from the buffer, the element is removed from the buffer.</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer enabling a specified number of enumerators to retrieve all elements from the shared source sequence, without duplicating source enumeration side-effects.</returns>
+        public static IBuffer<TSource> Memoize<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int readerCount)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (readerCount <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("readerCount");
+
+            return new MemoizedBuffer<TSource>(source.GetEnumerator(), readerCount);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Memoizes the source sequence within a selector function where a specified number of enumerators can get access to all of the sequence's elements without causing multiple enumerations over the source.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="readerCount">Number of enumerators that can access the underlying buffer. Once every enumerator has obtained an element from the buffer, the element is removed from the buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function with memoized access to the source sequence for a specified number of enumerators.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence resulting from applying the selector function to the memoized view over the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Memoize<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int readerCount, Func<IEnumerable<TSource>, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (readerCount <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("readerCount");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return Create<TResult>(() => selector(source.Memoize(readerCount)).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        class MemoizedBuffer<T> : IBuffer<T>
+        {
+            private IEnumerator<T> _source;
+            private IRefCountList<T> _buffer;
+            private bool _stopped;
+            private Exception _error;
+            private bool _disposed;
+
+            public MemoizedBuffer(IEnumerator<T> source)
+                : this(source, new MaxRefCountList<T>())
+            {
+            }
+
+            public MemoizedBuffer(IEnumerator<T> source, int readerCount)
+                : this(source, new RefCountList<T>(readerCount))
+            {
+            }
+
+            private MemoizedBuffer(IEnumerator<T> source, IRefCountList<T> buffer)
+            {
+                _source = source;
+                _buffer = buffer;
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                return GetEnumerator_();
+            }
+
+            private IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator_()
+            {
+                var i = 0;
+
+                try
+                {
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        if (_disposed)
+                            throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                        var hasValue = default(bool);
+                        var current = default(T);
+
+                        lock (_source)
+                        {
+                            if (i >= _buffer.Count)
+                            {
+                                if (!_stopped)
+                                {
+                                    try
+                                    {
+                                        hasValue = _source.MoveNext();
+                                        if (hasValue)
+                                            current = _source.Current;
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception ex)
+                                    {
+                                        _stopped = true;
+                                        _error = ex;
+
+                                        _source.Dispose();
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                if (_stopped)
+                                {
+                                    if (_error != null)
+                                        throw _error;
+                                    else
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                if (hasValue)
+                                {
+                                    _buffer.Add(current);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                hasValue = true;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (hasValue)
+                            yield return _buffer[i];
+                        else
+                            break;
+
+                        i++;
+                    }
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    if (_buffer != null)
+                        _buffer.Done(i + 1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                if (_disposed)
+                    throw new ObjectDisposedException("");
+
+                return GetEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                lock (_source)
+                {
+                    if (!_disposed)
+                    {
+                        _source.Dispose();
+                        _source = null;
+
+                        _buffer.Clear();
+                        _buffer = null;
+                    }
+
+                    _disposed = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a buffer exposing a shared view over an underlying enumerable sequence.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Element type.</typeparam>
+    public interface IBuffer<
+#if !NO_VARIANCE && !SILVERLIGHT4 // SL4 has defined IEnumerable with invariant T
+        out
+#endif
+        T> : IEnumerable<T>, IDisposable
+    {
+    }
+
+    interface IRefCountList<T>
+    {
+        void Clear();
+
+        int Count { get; }
+
+        T this[int i]
+        {
+            get;
+        }
+
+        void Add(T item);
+
+        void Done(int index);
+    }
+
+    class MaxRefCountList<T> : IRefCountList<T>
+    {
+        private IList<T> _list = new List<T>();
+
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            _list.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public int Count
+        {
+            get { return _list.Count; }
+        }
+
+        public T this[int i]
+        {
+            get { return _list[i]; }
+        }
+
+        public void Add(T item)
+        {
+            _list.Add(item);
+        }
+
+        public void Done(int index)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    class RefCountList<T> : IRefCountList<T>
+    {
+        private int _readerCount;
+        private readonly IDictionary<int, RefCount> _list;
+        private int _count;
+
+        public RefCountList(int readerCount)
+        {
+            _readerCount = readerCount;
+            _list = new Dictionary<int, RefCount>();
+        }
+
+        public int ReaderCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _readerCount;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                _readerCount = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            _list.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public int Count
+        {
+            get { return _count; }
+        }
+
+        public T this[int i]
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(i < _count);
+
+                var res = default(RefCount);
+                if (!_list.TryGetValue(i, out res))
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Element no longer available in the buffer.");
+
+                var val = res.Value;
+                if (--res.Count == 0)
+                    _list.Remove(i);
+
+                return val;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Add(T item)
+        {
+            _list[_count] = new RefCount { Value = item, Count = _readerCount };
+            _count++;
+        }
+
+        public void Done(int index)
+        {
+            for (int i = index; i < _count; i++)
+            {
+                var ignore = this[i];
+            }
+
+            _readerCount--;
+        }
+
+        class RefCount
+        {
+            public int Count;
+            public T Value;
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Creation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an enumerable sequence based on an enumerator factory function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="getEnumerator">Enumerator factory function.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that will invoke the enumerator factory upon a call to GetEnumerator.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Create<TResult>(Func<IEnumerator<TResult>> getEnumerator)
+        {
+            if (getEnumerator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("getEnumerator");
+
+            return new AnonymousEnumerable<TResult>(getEnumerator);
+        }
+
+        class AnonymousEnumerable<TResult> : IEnumerable<TResult>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<IEnumerator<TResult>> _getEnumerator;
+
+            public AnonymousEnumerable(Func<IEnumerator<TResult>> getEnumerator)
+            {
+                _getEnumerator = getEnumerator;
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerator<TResult> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                return _getEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            Collections.IEnumerator Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                return GetEnumerator();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence with a single element.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="value">Single element of the resulting sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with a single element.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Return<TResult>(TResult value)
+        {
+            yield return value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence that throws an exception upon enumeration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="exception">Exception to throw upon enumerating the resulting sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that throws the specified exception upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Throw<TResult>(Exception exception)
+        {
+            if (exception == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("exception");
+
+            return Throw_<TResult>(exception);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TResult> Throw_<TResult>(Exception exception)
+        {
+            throw exception;
+#pragma warning disable 0162
+            yield break;
+#pragma warning restore 0162
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an enumerable sequence based on an enumerable factory function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="enumerableFactory">Enumerable factory function.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that will invoke the enumerable factory upon a call to GetEnumerator.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Defer<TResult>(Func<IEnumerable<TResult>> enumerableFactory)
+        {
+            if (enumerableFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("enumerableFactory");
+
+            return Defer_(enumerableFactory);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Defer_<TSource>(Func<IEnumerable<TSource>> enumerableFactory)
+        {
+            foreach (var item in enumerableFactory())
+                yield return item;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence by mimicking a for loop.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TState">State type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="initialState">Initial state of the generator loop.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Loop condition.</param>
+        /// <param name="iterate">State update function to run after every iteration of the generator loop.</param>
+        /// <param name="resultSelector">Result selector to compute resulting sequence elements.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence obtained by running the generator loop, yielding computed elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Generate<TState, TResult>(TState initialState, Func<TState, bool> condition, Func<TState, TState> iterate, Func<TState, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (iterate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("iterate");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return Generate_(initialState, condition, iterate, resultSelector);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TResult> Generate_<TState, TResult>(TState initialState, Func<TState, bool> condition, Func<TState, TState> iterate, Func<TState, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            for (var i = initialState; condition(i); i = iterate(i))
+                yield return resultSelector(i);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence that's dependent on a resource object whose lifetime is determined by the sequence usage duration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResource">Resource type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="resourceFactory">Resource factory function.</param>
+        /// <param name="enumerableFactory">Enumerable factory function, having access to the obtained resource.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence whose use controls the lifetime of the associated obtained resource.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Using<TSource, TResource>(Func<TResource> resourceFactory, Func<TResource, IEnumerable<TSource>> enumerableFactory) where TResource : IDisposable
+        {
+            if (resourceFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resourceFactory");
+            if (enumerableFactory == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("enumerableFactory");
+
+            return Using_(resourceFactory, enumerableFactory);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Using_<TSource, TResource>(Func<TResource> resourceFactory, Func<TResource, IEnumerable<TSource>> enumerableFactory) where TResource : IDisposable
+        {
+            using (var res = resourceFactory())
+                foreach (var item in enumerableFactory(res))
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence by repeating the given value infinitely.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="value">Value to repreat in the resulting sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence repeating the given value infinitely.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(TResult value)
+        {
+            while (true)
+                yield return value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence that contains one repeated value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="element">The value to be repeated.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of times to repeat the value in the generated sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains a repeated value.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Repeat<TResult>(TResult element, int count)
+        {
+            return Enumerable.Repeat<TResult>(element, count);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Exceptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that corresponds to the source sequence, concatenating it with the sequence resulting from calling an exception handler function in case of an error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TException">Exception type to catch.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="handler">Handler to invoke when an exception of the specified type occurs.</param>
+        /// <returns>Source sequence, concatenated with an exception handler result sequence in case of an error.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource, TException>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TException, IEnumerable<TSource>> handler)
+            where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (handler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("handler");
+
+            return source.Catch_(handler);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch_<TSource, TException>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TException, IEnumerable<TSource>> handler)
+            where TException : Exception
+        {
+            var err = default(IEnumerable<TSource>);
+
+            using (var e = source.GetEnumerator())
+            {
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    var b = default(bool);
+                    var c = default(TSource);
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        b = e.MoveNext();
+                        c = e.Current;
+                    }
+                    catch (TException ex)
+                    {
+                        err = handler(ex);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!b)
+                        break;
+
+                    yield return c;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (err != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var item in err)
+                    yield return item;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence by concatenating source sequences until a source sequence completes successfully.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that continues to concatenate source sequences while errors occur.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Catch_();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence by concatenating source sequences until a source sequence completes successfully.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that continues to concatenate source sequences while errors occur.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Catch_();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that returns the elements of the first sequence, switching to the second in case of an error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="first">First sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="second">Second sequence, concatenated to the result in case the first sequence completes exceptionally.</param>
+        /// <returns>The first sequence, followed by the second sequence in case an error is produced.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return new[] { first, second }.Catch_();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Catch_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            var error = default(Exception);
+
+            foreach (var source in sources)
+            {
+                using (var e = source.GetEnumerator())
+                {
+                    error = null;
+
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        var b = default(bool);
+                        var c = default(TSource);
+
+                        try
+                        {
+                            b = e.MoveNext();
+                            c = e.Current;
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            error = ex;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!b)
+                            break;
+
+                        yield return c;
+                    }
+
+                    if (error == null)
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (error != null)
+                throw error;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence whose termination or disposal of an enumerator causes a finally action to be executed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="finallyAction">Action to run upon termination of the sequence, or when an enumerator is disposed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Source sequence with guarantees on the invocation of the finally action.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Finally<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action finallyAction)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (finallyAction == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("finallyAction");
+
+            return source.Finally_(finallyAction);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Finally_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action finallyAction)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                foreach (var item in source)
+                    yield return item;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                finallyAction();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that concatenates both given sequences, regardless of whether an error occurs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="first">First sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="second">Second sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the elements of both sequences, ignoring errors.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+
+            return OnErrorResumeNext_(new[] { first, second });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that concatenates the given sequences, regardless of whether an error occurs in any of the sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the elements of the given sequences, ignoring errors.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return OnErrorResumeNext_(sources);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that concatenates the given sequences, regardless of whether an error occurs in any of the sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the elements of the given sequences, ignoring errors.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return OnErrorResumeNext_(sources);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> OnErrorResumeNext_<TSource>(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            foreach (var source in sources)
+            {
+                using (var innerEnumerator = source.GetEnumerator())
+                {
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        var value = default(TSource);
+                        try
+                        {
+                            if (!innerEnumerator.MoveNext())
+                                break;
+                            value = innerEnumerator.Current;
+                        }
+                        catch
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        yield return value;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that retries enumerating the source sequence as long as an error occurs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the results of the source sequence as long as an error occurs.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return new[] { source }.Repeat().Catch();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a sequence that retries enumerating the source sequence as long as an error occurs, with the specified maximum number of retries.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="retryCount">Maximum number of retries.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the results of the source sequence as long as an error occurs.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Retry<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int retryCount)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (retryCount < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("retryCount");
+
+            return new[] { source }.Repeat(retryCount).Catch();
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Imperative.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates an enumerable sequence by repeating a source sequence as long as the given loop condition holds.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="condition">Loop condition.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">Sequence to repeat while the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence generated by repeating the given sequence while the condition evaluates to true.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> While<TResult>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> source)
+        {
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return WhileCore(condition, source).Concat();
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> WhileCore<TSource>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            while (condition())
+                yield return source;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerable sequence based on the evaluation result of the given condition.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <param name="thenSource">Sequence to return in case the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <param name="elseSource">Sequence to return in case the condition evaluates false.</param>
+        /// <returns>Either of the two input sequences based on the result of evaluating the condition.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> If<TResult>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> thenSource, IEnumerable<TResult> elseSource)
+        {
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (thenSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("thenSource");
+            if (elseSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("elseSource");
+
+            return EnumerableEx.Defer(() => condition() ? thenSource : elseSource);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerable sequence if the evaluation result of the given condition is true, otherwise returns an empty sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="condition">Condition to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <param name="thenSource">Sequence to return in case the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <returns>The given input sequence if the condition evaluates true; otherwise, an empty sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> If<TResult>(Func<bool> condition, IEnumerable<TResult> thenSource)
+        {
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+            if (thenSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("thenSource");
+
+            return EnumerableEx.Defer(() => condition() ? thenSource : Enumerable.Empty<TResult>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates an enumerable sequence by repeating a source sequence as long as the given loop postcondition holds.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence to repeat while the condition evaluates true.</param>
+        /// <param name="condition">Loop condition.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence generated by repeating the given sequence until the condition evaluates to false.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> DoWhile<TResult>(this IEnumerable<TResult> source, Func<bool> condition)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (condition == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("condition");
+
+            return source.Concat(While(condition, source));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence from a dictionary based on the result of evaluating a selector function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the selector value.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function used to pick a sequence from the given sources.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Dictionary mapping selector values onto resulting sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>The source sequence corresponding with the evaluated selector value; otherwise, an empty sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Case<TValue, TResult>(Func<TValue> selector, IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>> sources)
+        {
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return Case(selector, sources, Enumerable.Empty<TResult>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a sequence from a dictionary based on the result of evaluating a selector function, also specifying a default sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">Type of the selector value.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function used to pick a sequence from the given sources.</param>
+        /// <param name="sources">Dictionary mapping selector values onto resulting sequences.</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultSource">Default sequence to return in case there's no corresponding source for the computed selector value.</param>
+        /// <returns>The source sequence corresponding with the evaluated selector value; otherwise, the default source.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Case<TValue, TResult>(Func<TValue> selector, IDictionary<TValue, IEnumerable<TResult>> sources, IEnumerable<TResult> defaultSource)
+        {
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+            if (defaultSource == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("defaultSource");
+
+            return EnumerableEx.Defer(() =>
+            {
+                IEnumerable<TResult> result;
+                if (!sources.TryGetValue(selector(), out result))
+                    result = defaultSource;
+                return result;
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence by enumerating a source sequence, mapping its elements on result sequences, and concatenating those sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Result sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="resultSelector">Result selector to evaluate for each iteration over the source.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence concatenating the inner sequences that result from evaluating the result selector on elements from the source.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> For<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return ForCore(source, resultSelector).Concat();
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TResult>> ForCore<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> resultSelector)
+        {
+            return source.Select(resultSelector);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Multiple.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates the input sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with the elements of the source sequences concatenated.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Concat_();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Concatenates the input sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="sources">Source sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with the elements of the source sequences concatenated.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource>(params IEnumerable<TSource>[] sources)
+        {
+            if (sources == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("sources");
+
+            return sources.Concat_();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Concat_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<IEnumerable<TSource>> sources)
+        {
+            foreach (var source in sources)
+                foreach (var item in source)
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Projects each element of a sequence to an given sequence and flattens the resulting sequences into one sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">First source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TOther">Second source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">A sequence of values to project.</param>
+        /// <param name="other">Inner sequence each source sequenec element is projected onto.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence flattening the sequences that result from projecting elements in the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TOther> SelectMany<TSource, TOther>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEnumerable<TOther> other)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (other == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("other");
+
+            return source.SelectMany(_ => other);
+        }
+
+#if NO_ZIP
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Merges two sequences by applying the specified selector function on index-based corresponding element pairs from both sequences.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TFirst">The type of the elements of the first input sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSecond">The type of the elements of the second input sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">The type of the elements of the result sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="first">The first sequence to merge.</param>
+        /// <param name="second">The second sequence to merge.</param>
+        /// <param name="resultSelector">Function to apply to each pair of elements from both sequences.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence consisting of the result of pairwise application of the selector function over pairs of elements from the source sequences.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TResult> Zip<TFirst, TSecond, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TFirst> first, IEnumerable<TSecond> second, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            if (first == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("first");
+            if (second == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("second");
+            if (resultSelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("resultSelector");
+
+            return Zip_(first, second, resultSelector);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TResult> Zip_<TFirst, TSecond, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TFirst> first, IEnumerable<TSecond> second, Func<TFirst, TSecond, TResult> resultSelector)
+        {
+            using (var e1 = first.GetEnumerator())
+            using (var e2 = second.GetEnumerator())
+                while (e1.MoveNext() && e2.MoveNext())
+                    yield return resultSelector(e1.Current, e2.Current);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/EnumerableEx.Single.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,672 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Linq
+{
+    public static partial class EnumerableEx
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Hides the enumerable sequence object identity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Enumerable sequence with the same behavior as the original, but hiding the source object identity.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>AsEnumerable doesn't hide the object identity, and simply acts as a cast to the IEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt; interface.</remarks>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Hide<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.Hide_();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Hide_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            foreach (var item in source)
+                yield return item;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Enumerates the sequence and invokes the given action for each value in the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        public static void ForEach<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+                onNext(item);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Enumerates the sequence and invokes the given action for each value in the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        public static void ForEach<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource, int> onNext)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            var i = 0;
+            foreach (var item in source)
+                onNext(item, i++);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, _ => { }, () => { });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence, and executes an action for successful termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Action to invoke on successful termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, _ => { }, onCompleted);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence, and executes an action upon exceptional termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Action to invoke on exceptional termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, onError, () => { });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes an action for each value in the sequence, and executes an action upon successful or exceptional termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Action to invoke on exceptional termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Action to invoke on successful termination of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the specified side-effects upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, onNext, onError, onCompleted);
+        }
+
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lazily invokes observer methods for each value in the sequence, and upon successful or exceptional termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="observer">Observer to invoke notification calls on.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence exhibiting the side-effects of observer method invocation upon enumeration.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Do<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IObserver<TSource> observer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return DoHelper(source, observer.OnNext, observer.OnError, observer.OnCompleted);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> DoHelper<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Action<TSource> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            using (var e = source.GetEnumerator())
+            {
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    var current = default(TSource);
+                    try
+                    {
+                        if (!e.MoveNext())
+                            break;
+
+                        current = e.Current;
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex)
+                    {
+                        onError(ex);
+                        throw;
+                    }
+
+                    onNext(current);
+                    yield return current;
+                }
+
+                onCompleted();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of non-overlapping adjacent buffers over the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of elements for allocated buffers.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence of buffers containing source sequence elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return source.Buffer_(count, count);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of buffers over the source sequence, with specified length and possible overlap.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of elements for allocated buffers.</param>
+        /// <param name="skip">Number of elements to skip between the start of consecutive buffers.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence of buffers containing source sequence elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count, int skip)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+            if (skip <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("skip");
+
+            return source.Buffer_(count, skip);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<IList<TSource>> Buffer_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count, int skip)
+        {
+            var buffers = new Queue<IList<TSource>>();
+
+            var i = 0;
+            foreach (var item in source)
+            {
+                if (i % skip == 0)
+                    buffers.Enqueue(new List<TSource>(count));
+
+                foreach (var buffer in buffers)
+                    buffer.Add(item);
+
+                if (buffers.Count > 0 && buffers.Peek().Count == count)
+                    yield return buffers.Dequeue();
+
+                i++;
+            }
+
+            while (buffers.Count > 0)
+                yield return buffers.Dequeue();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ignores all elements in the source sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Source sequence without its elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> IgnoreElements<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.IgnoreElements_();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> IgnoreElements_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            foreach (var item in source)
+                ;
+
+            yield break;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns elements with a distinct key value by using the default equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains the elements from the source sequence with distinct key values.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.Distinct_(keySelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns elements with a distinct key value by using the specified equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to compare key values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence that contains the elements from the source sequence with distinct key values.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.Distinct_(keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct_<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            var set = new HashSet<TKey>(comparer);
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+            {
+                var key = keySelector(item);
+                if (set.Add(key))
+                    yield return item;
+            }
+        }
+
+#if NO_HASHSET
+        class HashSet<T>
+        {
+            private Dictionary<T, object> _set;
+
+            public HashSet(IEqualityComparer<T> comparer)
+            {
+                _set = new Dictionary<T, object>(comparer);
+            }
+
+            public bool Add(T value)
+            {
+                if (_set.ContainsKey(value))
+                    return false;
+
+                _set[value] = null;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements by using the default equality comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(x => x, EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements by using the specified equality comparer to compare values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to compare values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(x => x, comparer);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements based on a key value by using the specified equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(keySelector, EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns consecutive distinct elements based on a key value by using the specified equality comparer to compare key values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TKey">Key type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="keySelector">Key selector.</param>
+        /// <param name="comparer">Comparer used to compare key values.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence without adjacent non-distinct elements.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (keySelector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("keySelector");
+            if (comparer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("comparer");
+
+            return source.DistinctUntilChanged_(keySelector, comparer);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> DistinctUntilChanged_<TSource, TKey>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+        {
+            var currentKey = default(TKey);
+            var hasCurrentKey = false;
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+            {
+                var key = keySelector(item);
+
+                var comparerEquals = false;
+                if (hasCurrentKey)
+                {
+                    comparerEquals = comparer.Equals(currentKey, key);
+                }
+
+                if (!hasCurrentKey || !comparerEquals)
+                {
+                    hasCurrentKey = true;
+                    currentKey = key;
+                    yield return item;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Expands the sequence by recursively applying a selector function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="selector">Selector function to retrieve the next sequence to expand.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with results from the recursive expansion of the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Expand<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TSource>> selector)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (selector == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("selector");
+
+            return source.Expand_(selector);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Expand_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TSource>> selector)
+        {
+            var queue = new Queue<IEnumerable<TSource>>();
+            queue.Enqueue(source);
+
+            while (queue.Count > 0)
+            {
+                var src = queue.Dequeue();
+
+                foreach (var item in src)
+                {
+                    queue.Enqueue(selector(item));
+                    yield return item;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the source sequence prefixed with the specified value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="values">Values to prefix the sequence with.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence starting with the specified prefix value, followed by the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> StartWith<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, params TSource[] values)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return source.StartWith_(values);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> StartWith_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, params TSource[] values)
+        {
+            foreach (var x in values)
+                yield return x;
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+                yield return item;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of accumulated values by scanning the source sequence and applying an accumulator function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TAccumulate">Accumulation type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="seed">Accumulator seed value.</param>
+        /// <param name="accumulator">Accumulation function to apply to the current accumulation value and each element of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with all intermediate accumulation values resulting from scanning the sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TAccumulate> Scan<TSource, TAccumulate>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return source.Scan_(seed, accumulator);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TAccumulate> Scan_<TSource, TAccumulate>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> accumulator)
+        {
+            var acc = seed;
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+            {
+                acc = accumulator(acc, item);
+                yield return acc;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generates a sequence of accumulated values by scanning the source sequence and applying an accumulator function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="accumulator">Accumulation function to apply to the current accumulation value and each element of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with all intermediate accumulation values resulting from scanning the sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Scan<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> accumulator)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (accumulator == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("accumulator");
+
+            return source.Scan_(accumulator);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Scan_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> accumulator)
+        {
+            var hasSeed = false;
+            var acc = default(TSource);
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+            {
+                if (!hasSeed)
+                {
+                    hasSeed = true;
+                    acc = item;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                acc = accumulator(acc, item);
+                yield return acc;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a specified number of contiguous elements from the end of the sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of elements to take from the end of the sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence with the specified number of elements counting from the end of the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeLast<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return source.TakeLast_(count);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeLast_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            var q = new Queue<TSource>(count);
+
+            foreach (var item in source)
+            {
+                if (q.Count >= count)
+                    q.Dequeue();
+                q.Enqueue(item);
+            }
+
+            while (q.Count > 0)
+                yield return q.Dequeue();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Bypasses a specified number of contiguous elements from the end of the sequence and returns the remaining elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">The number of elements to skip from the end of the sequence before returning the remaining elements.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence bypassing the specified number of elements counting from the end of the source sequence.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipLast<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return source.SkipLast_(count);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipLast_<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            var q = new Queue<TSource>();
+
+            foreach (var x in source)
+            {
+                q.Enqueue(x);
+                if (q.Count > count)
+                    yield return q.Dequeue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Repeats and concatenates the source sequence infinitely.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence obtained by concatenating the source sequence to itself infinitely.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            return Repeat_(source);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat_<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+        {
+            while (true)
+                foreach (var item in source)
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Repeats and concatenates the source sequence the given number of times.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TSource">Source sequence element type.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Source sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of times to repeat the source sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Sequence obtained by concatenating the source sequence to itself the specified number of times.</returns>
+        public static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("count");
+
+            return Repeat_(source, count);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<TSource> Repeat_<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                foreach (var item in source)
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/System.Interactive/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Resources;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security;
+
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("System.Interactive")]
+// Notice: same description as in the .nuspec files; see Source/Interactive Extensions/Setup/NuGet
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("Interactive Extensions Main Library used to express queries over enumerable sequences.")]
+#if DEBUG
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Debug")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Retail")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("Microsoft Corporation")]
+#if STABLE
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Interactive Extensions")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Interactive Extensions (Experimental Release)")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("\x00a9 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.")]
+[assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
+
+#if !PLIB
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+#endif
+
+[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]
+
+#if DESKTOPCLR && NO_CODECOVERAGE
+[assembly: AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers]
+#endif
+
+//
+// Note: Assembly (file) version numbers get inserted by the build system on the fly. Inspect the Team Build workflows
+//       and the custom activity in Build/Source/Activities/AppendVersionInfo.cs for more information.
+//

Ix/System.Interactive/System.Interactive.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>8.0.30703</ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <ProjectGuid>{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}</ProjectGuid>
+    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
+    <AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
+    <RootNamespace>System.Interactive</RootNamespace>
+    <AssemblyName>System.Interactive</AssemblyName>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
+    <ProductSignAssembly>true</ProductSignAssembly>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Common.targets" />
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <DocumentationFile>$(OutputPath)\$(AssemblyName).XML</DocumentationFile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == 'DebugPL' Or '$(Configuration)' == 'ReleasePL' ">
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>Profile1</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' " />
+    <Reference Include="System" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Observable" Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Imperative.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Multiple.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Single.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Exceptions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Creation.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Buffering.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="EnumerableEx.Aggregates.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Import.targets" />
+</Project>

Ix/Tests/App.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if SILVERLIGHT && !SILVERLIGHTM7
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Windows;
+using System.Windows.Browser;
+using Microsoft.Silverlight.Testing;
+
+namespace InteractiveTests
+{
+    public class App : Application
+    {
+        public App()
+        {
+            this.Startup += (o, e) =>
+            {
+                // TODO: Investigate UnitTestSettings configuration of TestService and LogProviders.
+                // var settings = new UnitTestSettings { StartRunImmediately = true };
+                RootVisual = UnitTestSystem.CreateTestPage(/* settings */);
+            };
+
+            this.UnhandledException += (o, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!Debugger.IsAttached)
+                {
+                    e.Handled = true;
+                    Deployment.Current.Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(delegate { ReportErrorToDOM(e); });
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private void ReportErrorToDOM(ApplicationUnhandledExceptionEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string errorMsg = e.ExceptionObject.Message + e.ExceptionObject.StackTrace;
+                errorMsg = errorMsg.Replace('"', '\'').Replace("\r\n", @"\n");
+
+                HtmlPage.Window.Eval("throw new Error(\"Unhandled Error in Silverlight Application " + errorMsg + "\");");
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Aggregates.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,2168 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int>(null, (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int>(null, 0, (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int, int>(null, 0, (x, y) => x + y, z => z));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 0, null, z => z));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 0, (x, y) => x + y, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int>(null, (x, y) => x + y, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int>(null, 0, (x, y) => x + y, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int, int>(null, 0, (x, y) => x + y, z => z, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 0, null, z => z, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Aggregate<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 0, (x, y) => x + y, null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate((x, y) => x * y);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ys.Result, 24);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate2()
+        {
+            var xs = new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate((x, y) => x * y);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate((x, y) => x * y);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate((x, y) => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => x * y);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ys.Result, 24);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate6()
+        {
+            var xs = new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => x * y);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ys.Result, 1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => x * y);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate8()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => x * y, x => x + 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ys.Result, 25);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate10()
+        {
+            var xs = new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => x * y, x => x + 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ys.Result, 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate11()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => x * y, x => x + 1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate12()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate(1, (x, y) => { throw ex; }, x => x + 1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Aggregate13()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Aggregate<int, int, int>(1, (x, y) => x * y, x => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Count_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Count<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Count<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Count<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Count<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Count<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Count<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Count1()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().Count().Result, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Count().Result, 3);
+            AssertThrows<AggregateException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(new Exception("Bang!")).Count().Wait());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Count2()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().Count(x => x < 3).Result, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Count(x => x < 3).Result, 2);
+            AssertThrows<AggregateException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(new Exception("Bang!")).Count(x => x < 3).Wait());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Count3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Count(x => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LongCount_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LongCount<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LongCount<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LongCount<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LongCount<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LongCount<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LongCount<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LongCount1()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().LongCount().Result, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().LongCount().Result, 3);
+            AssertThrows<AggregateException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(new Exception("Bang!")).LongCount().Wait());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LongCount2()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().LongCount(x => x < 3).Result, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().LongCount(x => x < 3).Result, 2);
+            AssertThrows<AggregateException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(new Exception("Bang!")).LongCount(x => x < 3).Wait());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LongCount3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().LongCount(x => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void All_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.All<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.All<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.All<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.All<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void All1()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().All(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void All2()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 2, 8, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().All(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void All3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).All(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void All4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = new[] { 2, 8, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().All(x => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Any<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Any<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Any<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Any<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Any<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Any<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any1()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Any(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any2()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 2, 8, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Any(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Any(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = new[] { 2, 8, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Any(x => { throw ex; });
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any5()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Any();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Any6()
+        {
+            var res = new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().Any();
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Contains_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Contains<int>(null, 42));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Contains<int>(null, 42, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Contains<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 42, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Contains<int>(null, 42, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Contains<int>(null, 42, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Contains<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 42, null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Contains1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Contains(3);
+            Assert.IsTrue(ys.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Contains2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Contains(6);
+            Assert.IsFalse(ys.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Contains3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Contains(-3, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsTrue(ys.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Contains4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Contains(-6, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsFalse(ys.Result);
+        }
+
+        class Eq : IEqualityComparer<int>
+        {
+            public bool Equals(int x, int y)
+            {
+                return EqualityComparer<int>.Default.Equals(Math.Abs(x), Math.Abs(y));
+            }
+
+            public int GetHashCode(int obj)
+            {
+                return EqualityComparer<int>.Default.GetHashCode(Math.Abs(obj));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.First<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.First<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.First<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.First<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.First<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.First<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().First();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().First(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).First(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First4()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).First();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First5()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).First(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).First();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).First(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First8()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().First();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void First9()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().First(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.FirstOrDefault<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.FirstOrDefault<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.FirstOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.FirstOrDefault<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.FirstOrDefault<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.FirstOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().FirstOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().FirstOrDefault(x => true);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).FirstOrDefault(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault4()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).FirstOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault5()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).FirstOrDefault(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).FirstOrDefault();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).FirstOrDefault(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault8()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().FirstOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault9()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().FirstOrDefault(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void FirstOrDefault10()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().FirstOrDefault(x => x < 10);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Last<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Last<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Last<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Last<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Last<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Last<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().Last();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().Last(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Last(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last4()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Last();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last5()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Last(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Last();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Last(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last8()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Last();
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Last9()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 23, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Last(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LastOrDefault<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LastOrDefault<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LastOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LastOrDefault<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LastOrDefault<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.LastOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().LastOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().LastOrDefault(x => true);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).LastOrDefault(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault4()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).LastOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault5()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).LastOrDefault(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).LastOrDefault();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).LastOrDefault(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault8()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().LastOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault9()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 23, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().LastOrDefault(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void LastOrDefault10()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().LastOrDefault(x => x < 10);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Single<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Single<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Single<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Single<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Single<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Single<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().Single();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().Single(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Single(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single4()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Single();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single5()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Single(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Single();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Single(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single8()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Single();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single9()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Single(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Single10()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 23, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Single(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SingleOrDefault<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SingleOrDefault<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SingleOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SingleOrDefault<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SingleOrDefault<int>(null, x => true, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SingleOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().SingleOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().SingleOrDefault(x => true);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).SingleOrDefault(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault4()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).SingleOrDefault();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault5()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).SingleOrDefault(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).SingleOrDefault();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).SingleOrDefault(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault8()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().SingleOrDefault();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault9()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().SingleOrDefault(x => x % 2 != 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault10()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().SingleOrDefault(x => x < 10);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SingleOrDefault11()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 42, 45, 90 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().SingleOrDefault(x => true);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAt<int>(null, 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAt<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAt<int>(null, 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAt<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().ElementAt(0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is ArgumentOutOfRangeException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42).ElementAt(0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42).ElementAt(1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is ArgumentOutOfRangeException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt4()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 42, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().ElementAt(1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt5()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 42, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().ElementAt(7);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is ArgumentOutOfRangeException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAt6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).ElementAt(15);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAtOrDefault<int>(null, 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAtOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAtOrDefault<int>(null, 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ElementAtOrDefault<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault1()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().ElementAtOrDefault(0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault2()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42).ElementAtOrDefault(0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault3()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42).ElementAtOrDefault(1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault4()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 42, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().ElementAtOrDefault(1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault5()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 42, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().ElementAtOrDefault(7);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ElementAtOrDefault6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).ElementAtOrDefault(15);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToList_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToList<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToList<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToList1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 42, 25, 39 };
+            var res = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable().ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result.SequenceEqual(xs));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToList2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var res = xs.ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result.Count == 0);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToList3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).ToList();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToArray_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToArray<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToArray<int>(null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToArray1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 42, 25, 39 };
+            var res = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable().ToArray();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result.SequenceEqual(xs));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToArray2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var res = xs.ToArray();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result.Length == 0);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToArray3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).ToArray();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(null, x => 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, x => 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(null, x => 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToDictionary<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, x => 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0] == 4);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1] == 1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is ArgumentException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2, x => x + 1).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0] == 5);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1] == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2, x => x + 1).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is ArgumentException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2, new Eq()).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0] == 4);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1] == 1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2, new Eq()).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is ArgumentException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToDictionary7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToDictionary(x => x % 2, x => x, new Eq()).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0] == 4);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1] == 1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(null, x => 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, x => 0, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(null, x => 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(null, x => 0, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => 0, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToLookup<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => 0, x => 0, null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2, x => x + 1).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(5));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2, x => x + 1).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(5));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(3));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2, new Eq()).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2, new Eq()).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2).Result;
+            foreach (var g in res)
+                Assert.IsTrue(g.Key == 0 || g.Key == 1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2).Result;
+            foreach (IGrouping<int, int> g in (IEnumerable)res)
+                Assert.IsTrue(g.Key == 0 || g.Key == 1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToLookup9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.ToLookup(x => x % 2, x => x, new Eq()).Result;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(0));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].Contains(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].Contains(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Count == 2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Average(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, default(int?), 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1L, 2L, 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1L, default(long?), 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0, default(double?), 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0f, default(float?), 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0m, 2.0m, 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average10()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0m, default(decimal?), 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Average(), ys.Average(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average11()
+        {
+            var xs = new int[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Average().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average12()
+        {
+            var xs = new int?[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsNull(ys.Average().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average13()
+        {
+            var xs = new long[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Average().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average14()
+        {
+            var xs = new long?[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsNull(ys.Average().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average15()
+        {
+            var xs = new double[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Average().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average16()
+        {
+            var xs = new double?[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsNull(ys.Average().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average17()
+        {
+            var xs = new float[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Average().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average18()
+        {
+            var xs = new float?[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsNull(ys.Average().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average19()
+        {
+            var xs = new decimal[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => ys.Average().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Average20()
+        {
+            var xs = new decimal?[0];
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsNull(ys.Average().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(Func<DateTime, bool>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(Func<DateTime, bool>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), Comparer<DateTime>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(IComparer<DateTime>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), Comparer<DateTime>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Min(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(IComparer<DateTime>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 1, 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, default(int?), 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2L, 1L, 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2L, default(long?), 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0, 1.0, 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0, default(double?), 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0f, 1.0f, 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0f, default(float?), 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0m, 1.0m, 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min10()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0m, default(decimal?), 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min11()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { DateTime.Now.AddDays(1), DateTime.Now.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromDays(1)), DateTime.Now.AddDays(2), DateTime.Now };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Min(), ys.Min(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(Func<DateTime, bool>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(Func<DateTime, bool>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), Comparer<DateTime>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(IComparer<DateTime>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(default(IAsyncEnumerable<DateTime>), Comparer<DateTime>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Max(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<DateTime>(), default(IComparer<DateTime>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 7, 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, default(int?), 3, 1 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2L, 7L, 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2L, default(long?), 3L, 1L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0, 7.0, 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0, default(double?), 3.0, 1.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0f, 7.0f, 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0f, default(float?), 3.0f, 1.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0m, 7.0m, 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max10()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2.0m, default(decimal?), 3.0m, 1.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max11()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { DateTime.Now.AddDays(1), DateTime.Now.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromDays(1)), DateTime.Now.AddDays(2), DateTime.Now };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Max(), ys.Max(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<long?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<double?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<float?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(default(IAsyncEnumerable<decimal?>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, int?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, long?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, double?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, float?>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Sum(AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>(), default(Func<int, decimal?>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, default(int?), 3 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1L, 2L, 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1L, default(long?), 3L };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0, default(double?), 3.0 };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0f, default(float?), 3.0f };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0m, 2.0m, 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Sum10()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1.0m, default(decimal?), 3.0m };
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(xs.Sum(), ys.Sum(x => x).Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(IComparer<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, Comparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), Comparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MinBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(IComparer<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().MinBy(x => x / 2);
+            var res = xs.Result;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 3, 2 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy2()
+        {
+            var xs = new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().MinBy(x => x / 2);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().MinBy(x => { if (x == 3) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().MinBy(x => { if (x == 4) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex)).MinBy(x => x, Comparer<int>.Default);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>)));
+                                                                      
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(IComparer<int>)));
+                                                                      
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+                                                                      
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, Comparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), Comparer<int>.Default, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.MaxBy(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(IComparer<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().MaxBy(x => x / 2);
+            var res = xs.Result;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 7, 6 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy2()
+        {
+            var xs = new int[0].ToAsyncEnumerable().MaxBy(x => x / 2);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is InvalidOperationException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().MaxBy(x => { if (x == 3) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().MaxBy(x => { if (x == 4) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex)).MaxBy(x => x, Comparer<int>.Default);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Bugs.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+//using System.Reactive.Linq;
+//using System.Reactive.Concurrency;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestInitialize]
+        public void InitTests()
+        {
+            TaskScheduler.UnobservedTaskException += (o, e) =>
+            {
+            };
+        }
+
+        /*
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestPushPopAsync()
+        {
+            var stack = new Stack<int>();
+            var count = 10;
+
+            var observable = Observable.Generate(
+              0,
+              i => i < count,
+              i => i + 1,
+              i => i,
+              i => TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1), // change this to 0 to avoid the problem [1]
+              Scheduler.ThreadPool);
+
+            var task = DoSomethingAsync(observable, stack);
+
+            // we give it a timeout so the test can fail instead of hang
+            task.Wait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, stack.Count);
+        }
+
+        private Task DoSomethingAsync(IObservable<int> observable, Stack<int> stack)
+        {
+            var ae = observable
+              .ToAsyncEnumerable()
+                //.Do(i => Debug.WriteLine("Bug-fixing side effect: " + i))   // [2]
+              .GetEnumerator();
+
+            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource<object>();
+
+            var a = default(Action);
+            a = new Action(() =>
+            {
+                ae.MoveNext().ContinueWith(t =>
+                {
+                    if (t.Result)
+                    {
+                        var i = ae.Current;
+                        Debug.WriteLine("Doing something with " + i);
+                        Thread.Sleep(50);
+                        stack.Push(i);
+                        a();
+                    }
+                    else
+                        tcs.TrySetResult(null);
+                });
+            });
+
+            a();
+
+            return tcs.Task;
+        }
+        */
+
+        static IEnumerable<int> Xs(Action a)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var rnd = new Random();
+
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    yield return rnd.Next(0, 43);
+                    Thread.Sleep(rnd.Next(0, 500));
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                a();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CorrectDispose()
+        {
+            var disposed = false;
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.WithDispose(() =>
+            {
+                disposed = true;
+            }).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ys = xs.Select(x => x + 1);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            e.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(disposed);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DisposesUponError()
+        {
+            var disposed = false;
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.WithDispose(() =>
+            {
+                disposed = true;
+            }).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var ys = xs.Select(x => { if (x == 1) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext());
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(disposed);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CorrectCancel()
+        {
+            var disposed = false;
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.WithDispose(() =>
+            {
+                disposed = true;
+            }).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ys = xs.Select(x => x + 1).Where(x => true);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var t = e.MoveNext(cts.Token);
+
+            cts.Cancel();
+
+            try
+            {
+                t.Wait();
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                // Don't care about the outcome; we could have made it to element 1
+                // but we could also have cancelled the MoveNext-calling task. Either
+                // way, we want to wait for the task to be completed and check that
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                // the cancellation bubbled all the way up to the source to dispose
+                // it. This design is chosen because cancelling a MoveNext call leaves
+                // the enumerator in an indeterminate state. Further interactions with
+                // it should be forbidden.
+                Assert.IsTrue(disposed);
+            }
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CanCancelMoveNext()
+        {
+            var evt = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+            var xs = Blocking(evt).ToAsyncEnumerable().Select(x => x).Where(x => true);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var t = e.MoveNext(cts.Token);
+
+            cts.Cancel();
+
+            try
+            {
+                t.Wait();
+                Assert.Fail();
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(t.IsCanceled);
+            }
+
+            evt.Set();
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<int> Blocking(ManualResetEvent evt)
+        {
+            evt.WaitOne();
+            yield return 42;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class MyExt
+    {
+        public static IEnumerable<T> WithDispose<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Action a)
+        {
+            return EnumerableEx.Create(() =>
+            {
+                var e = source.GetEnumerator();
+                return new Enumerator<T>(e.MoveNext, () => e.Current, () => { e.Dispose(); a(); });
+            });
+        }
+
+        class Enumerator<T> : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<bool> _moveNext;
+            private readonly Func<T> _current;
+            private readonly Action _dispose;
+
+            public Enumerator(Func<bool> moveNext, Func<T> current, Action dispose)
+            {
+                _moveNext = moveNext;
+                _current = current;
+                _dispose = dispose;
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return _current(); }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                _dispose();
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                return _moveNext();
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Conversions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToAsyncEnumerable_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToAsyncEnumerable<int>(default(IEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToAsyncEnumerable<int>(default(IObservable<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToAsyncEnumerable1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToAsyncEnumerable2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = ToAsyncEnumerable_Sequence(ex).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<int> ToAsyncEnumerable_Sequence(Exception e)
+        {
+            yield return 42;
+            throw e;
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToAsyncEnumerable3()
+        {
+            var subscribed = false;
+
+            var xs = new MyObservable<int>(obs =>
+            {
+                subscribed = true;
+
+                obs.OnNext(42);
+                obs.OnCompleted();
+
+                return new MyDisposable(() => { });
+            }).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(subscribed);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(subscribed);
+
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToAsyncEnumerable4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var subscribed = false;
+
+            var xs = new MyObservable<int>(obs =>
+            {
+                subscribed = true;
+
+                obs.OnError(ex);
+
+                return new MyDisposable(() => { });
+            }).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(subscribed);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(subscribed);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        class MyObservable<T> : IObservable<T>
+        {
+            private Func<IObserver<T>, IDisposable> _subscribe;
+
+            public MyObservable(Func<IObserver<T>, IDisposable> subscribe)
+            {
+                _subscribe = subscribe;
+            }
+
+            public IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<T> observer)
+            {
+                return _subscribe(observer);
+            }
+        }
+
+        class MyDisposable : IDisposable
+        {
+            private Action _dispose;
+
+            public MyDisposable(Action dispose)
+            {
+                _dispose = dispose;
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                _dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToEnumerable_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToEnumerable<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToEnumerable1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).ToEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsTrue(xs.SequenceEqual(new[] { 42 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToEnumerable2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().ToEnumerable();
+            Assert.IsTrue(xs.SequenceEqual(new int[0]));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToEnumerable3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).ToEnumerable();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.GetEnumerator().MoveNext(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToObservable_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ToObservable<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToObservable1()
+        {
+            var fail = false;
+            var evt = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().ToObservable();
+            xs.Subscribe(new MyObserver<int>(
+                x =>
+                {
+                    fail = true;
+                },
+                ex =>
+                {
+                    fail = true;
+                    evt.Set();
+                },
+                () =>
+                {
+                    evt.Set();
+                }
+            ));
+
+            evt.WaitOne();
+            Assert.IsFalse(fail);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToObservable2()
+        {
+            var lst = new List<int>();
+            var fail = false;
+            var evt = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).ToObservable();
+            xs.Subscribe(new MyObserver<int>(
+                x =>
+                {
+                    lst.Add(x);
+                },
+                ex =>
+                {
+                    fail = true;
+                    evt.Set();
+                },
+                () =>
+                {
+                    evt.Set();
+                }
+            ));
+
+            evt.WaitOne();
+            Assert.IsFalse(fail);
+            Assert.IsTrue(lst.SequenceEqual(new[] { 42 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToObservable3()
+        {
+            var lst = new List<int>();
+            var fail = false;
+            var evt = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10).ToObservable();
+            xs.Subscribe(new MyObserver<int>(
+                x =>
+                {
+                    lst.Add(x);
+                },
+                ex =>
+                {
+                    fail = true;
+                    evt.Set();
+                },
+                () =>
+                {
+                    evt.Set();
+                }
+            ));
+
+            evt.WaitOne();
+            Assert.IsFalse(fail);
+            Assert.IsTrue(lst.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 10)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToObservable4()
+        {
+            var ex1 = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var ex_ = default(Exception);
+            var fail = false;
+            var evt = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex1).ToObservable();
+            xs.Subscribe(new MyObserver<int>(
+                x =>
+                {
+                    fail = true;
+                },
+                ex =>
+                {
+                    ex_ = ex;
+                    evt.Set();
+                },
+                () =>
+                {
+                    fail = true;
+                    evt.Set();
+                }
+            ));
+
+            evt.WaitOne();
+            Assert.IsFalse(fail);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ex1, ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single());
+        }
+
+        class MyObserver<T> : IObserver<T>
+        {
+            private Action<T> _onNext;
+            private Action<Exception> _onError;
+            private Action _onCompleted;
+
+            public MyObserver(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+            {
+                _onNext = onNext;
+                _onError = onError;
+                _onCompleted = onCompleted;
+            }
+
+            public void OnCompleted()
+            {
+                _onCompleted();
+            }
+
+            public void OnError(Exception error)
+            {
+                _onError(error);
+            }
+
+            public void OnNext(T value)
+            {
+                _onNext(value);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Creation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    static class Ext
+    {
+        public static Task<bool> MoveNext<T>(this IAsyncEnumerator<T> enumerator)
+        {
+            return enumerator.MoveNext(CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Return()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42);
+            HasNext(xs.GetEnumerator(), 42);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Never()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Never<int>();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().IsCompleted); // Very rudimentary check
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => Nop(e.Current));
+            e.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Empty1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            NoNext(xs.GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Empty2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => Nop(e.Current));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Throw_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Throw()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => Nop(e.Current));
+        }
+
+        private void Nop(object o)
+        {
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Range_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Range1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(2, 5);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Range2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(2, 0);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Repeat_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(0, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Repeat1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(2, 5);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Repeat2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(2, 0);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Repeat3()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            e.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Defer_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Defer<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Defer1()
+        {
+            var x = 0;
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Defer<int>(() => new[] { x }.ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            {
+                var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+                HasNext(e, 0);
+                NoNext(e);
+            }
+
+            {
+                x++;
+                var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+                HasNext(e, 1);
+                NoNext(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Generate<int, int>(0, null, x => x, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Generate<int, int>(0, x => true, null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Generate<int, int>(0, x => true, x => x, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Generate(0, x => x < 5, x => x + 1, x => x * x);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 9);
+            HasNext(e, 16);
+            NoNext(e);
+            e.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Generate(0, x => { throw ex; }, x => x + 1, x => x * x);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Generate(0, x => true, x => x + 1, x => { if (x == 1) throw ex; return x * x; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Generate(0, x => true, x => { throw ex; }, x => x * x);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Using<int, IDisposable>(null, _ => null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Using<int, IDisposable>(() => new MyD(null), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using1()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var d = 0;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Using(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    i++;
+                    return new MyD(() => { d++; });
+                },
+                _ => AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)
+            );
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, i);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using2()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var d = 0;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Using(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    i++;
+                    return new MyD(() => { d++; });
+                },
+                _ => AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)
+            );
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, i);
+
+            e.Dispose();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, d);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var i = 0;
+            var d = 0;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Using<int, MyD>(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    i++;
+                    return new MyD(() => { d++; });
+                },
+                _ => { throw ex; }
+            );
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.GetEnumerator(), ex_ => ex_ == ex);
+            
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, d);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using4()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var disposed = false;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Using(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    i++;
+                    return new MyD(() => { disposed = true; });
+                },
+                _ => AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)
+            );
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, i);
+
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(disposed);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var i = 0;
+            var disposed = false;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Using(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    i++;
+                    return new MyD(() => { disposed = true; });
+                },
+                _ => AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex)
+            );
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, i);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(disposed);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using6()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var disposed = false;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Using(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    i++;
+                    return new MyD(() => { disposed = true; });
+                },
+                _ => AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10)
+            );
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, i);
+
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+
+            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var t = e.MoveNext(cts.Token);
+            cts.Cancel();
+
+            t.Wait();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(disposed);
+        }
+
+        class MyD : IDisposable
+        {
+            private readonly Action _dispose;
+
+            public MyD(Action dispose)
+            {
+                _dispose = dispose;
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                _dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Exceptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Catch<int, Exception>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Catch<int, Exception>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<Exception, IAsyncEnumerable<int>>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Catch<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Catch<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Catch<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>[])));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Catch<int>(default(IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<int>>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch1()
+        {
+            var err = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, Exception>(ex_ => { err = true; return ys; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(err);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch2()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var err = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, InvalidOperationException>(ex_ => { err = true; return ys; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(err);
+
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(err);
+
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch3()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var err = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, Exception>(ex_ => { err = true; return ys; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(err);
+
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(err);
+
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch4()
+        {
+            var ex = new DivideByZeroException();
+
+            var err = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, InvalidOperationException>(ex_ => { err = true; return ys; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(err);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch5()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+            var ex2 = new Exception("Oops!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, InvalidOperationException>(ex_ => { if (ex_.Message == "Bang!") throw ex2; return ys; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch6()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var err = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, InvalidOperationException>(ex_ => { err = true; return xs; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(err);
+
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(err);
+
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Catch(xs, ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch8()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Catch(xs, ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch9()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Catch(new[] { xs, xs, ys, ys });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch10()
+        {
+            var res = CatchXss().Catch();
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<int>> CatchXss()
+        {
+            yield return new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(new Exception("!!!")));
+            throw new Exception("Bang!");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch11()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Catch(new[] { xs, xs });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch12()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Catch(Enumerable.Empty<IAsyncEnumerable<int>>());
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Finally(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Finally(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally1()
+        {
+            var b = false;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().Finally(() => { b = true; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(b);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally2()
+        {
+            var b = false;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).Finally(() => { b = true; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(b);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+
+            var b = false;
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Finally(() => { b = true; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(b);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally4()
+        {
+            var b = false;
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Finally(() => { b = true; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(b);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally5()
+        {
+            var b = false;
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Finally(() => { b = true; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(b);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+
+            e.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(b);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally6()
+        {
+            var b = false;
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Finally(() => { b = true; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+
+            var t = e.MoveNext(cts.Token);
+            cts.Cancel();
+            t.Wait();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(b);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>[])));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(default(IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<int>>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext(xs, ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext8()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext(xs, ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext9()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext(new[] { xs, xs, ys, ys });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext10()
+        {
+            var res = OnErrorResumeNextXss().OnErrorResumeNext();
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<int>> OnErrorResumeNextXss()
+        {
+            yield return new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(new Exception("!!!")));
+            throw new Exception("Bang!");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext11()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext(new[] { xs, xs });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext12()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.OnErrorResumeNext(Enumerable.Empty<IAsyncEnumerable<int>>());
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Retry<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Retry<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 1));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Retry<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Retry();
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry2()
+        {
+            var ex = new InvalidOperationException("Bang!");
+
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+
+            var res = xs.Retry();
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Multiple.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Concat<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Concat<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Concat<int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>[])));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Concat<int>(default(IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<int>>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat1()
+        {
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Concat(AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var ys = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).Concat(new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var zs = new[] { 6, 7, 8 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Concat(xs, ys, zs);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var zs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Concat(xs, ys, zs);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat6()
+        {
+            var res = AsyncEnumerable.Concat(ConcatXss());
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<IAsyncEnumerable<int>> ConcatXss()
+        {
+            yield return new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            yield return new[] { 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            throw new Exception("Bang!");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Zip<int, int, int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Zip<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Zip<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Zip(ys, (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1 * 4);
+            HasNext(e, 2 * 5);
+            HasNext(e, 3 * 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6, 7 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Zip(ys, (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1 * 4);
+            HasNext(e, 2 * 5);
+            HasNext(e, 3 * 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 5, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Zip(ys, (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1 * 4);
+            HasNext(e, 2 * 5);
+            HasNext(e, 3 * 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var res = xs.Zip(ys, (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Zip(ys, (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Zip6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Zip(ys, (x, y) => { if (x > 0) throw ex; return x * y; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Union_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Union<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Union<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Union<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Union<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Union<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Union1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 5, 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Union(ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Union2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, -3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 5, -1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Union(ys, new Eq());
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, -3);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Intersect_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Intersect<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Intersect<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Intersect<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Intersect<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Intersect<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Intersect1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 5, 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Intersect(ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Intersect2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, -3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 5, -1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Intersect(ys, new Eq());
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, -3);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Except_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Except<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Except<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Except<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Except<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Except<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Except1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 5, 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Except(ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Except2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, -3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 5, -1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.Except(ys, new Eq());
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), new Eq(), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, new Eq(), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SequenceEqual<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(xs);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(xs);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 3, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys);
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys);
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys);
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(xs, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual9()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(xs, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual10()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 3, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual11()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual12()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsFalse(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual13()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new Eq());
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual14()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new Eq());
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual15()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, -3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, -2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new Eq());
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SequenceEqual16()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, -3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 1, -2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var res = xs.SequenceEqual(ys, new EqEx());
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => res.Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is NotImplementedException);
+        }
+
+        class EqEx : IEqualityComparer<int>
+        {
+            public bool Equals(int x, int y)
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+
+            public int GetHashCode(int obj)
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupJoin<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 4, 7, 6, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, i) => x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - 639");
+            HasNext(e, "1 - 474");
+            HasNext(e, "2 - 28");
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, i) => x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - 36");
+            HasNext(e, "1 - 4");
+            HasNext(e, "2 - ");
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, i) => x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, i) => x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => { throw ex; }, y => y % 3, (x, i) => x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => x % 3, y => { throw ex; }, (x, i) => x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupJoin7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.GroupJoin(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, i) => {
+                if (x == 1)
+                    throw ex;
+                return x + " - " + i.Aggregate("", (s, j) => s + j).Result;
+            });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - 36");
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(null, AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, x => x, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null, (x, y) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Join<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, y) => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0 + 3);
+            HasNext(e, 0 + 6);
+            HasNext(e, 1 + 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 6, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3 + 0);
+            HasNext(e, 6 + 0);
+            HasNext(e, 4 + 1);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0 + 3);
+            HasNext(e, 0 + 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 3, 6 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3 + 0);
+            HasNext(e, 6 + 0);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x % 3, y => y % 3, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => { throw ex; }, y => y, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join8()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join(ys, x => x, y => { throw ex; }, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Join9()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.Join<int, int, int, int>(ys, x => x, y => y, (x, y) => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectManyMultiple_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int>(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), AsyncEnumerable.Return(42)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectManyMultiple1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = xs.SelectMany(ys);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.Single.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,2455 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Select_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Select<int, int>(null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Select<int, int>(null, (x, i) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Select<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42), default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Select<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42), default(Func<int, int, int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Select1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Select(x => (char)('a' + x));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 'a');
+            HasNext(e, 'b');
+            HasNext(e, 'c');
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Select2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 8, 5, 7 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Select((x, i) => (char)('a' + i));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 'a');
+            HasNext(e, 'b');
+            HasNext(e, 'c');
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Select3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 0, 1, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Select(x => 1 / x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is DivideByZeroException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Select4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 8, 5, 7 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Select((x, i) => 1 / i);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is DivideByZeroException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Where<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Where<int>(null, (x, i) => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Where<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42), default(Func<int, bool>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Where<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42), default(Func<int, int, bool>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 8, 5, 7, 4, 6, 9, 2, 1, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Where(x => x % 2 == 0);
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 8, 5, 7, 4, 6, 9, 2, 1, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Where((x, i) => i % 2 == 0);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 8, 5, 7, 4, 6, 9, 2, 1, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var ys = xs.Where(x => { if (x == 4) throw ex; return true; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 8, 5, 7, 4, 6, 9, 2, 1, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var ys = xs.Where((x, i) => { if (i == 3) throw ex; return true; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Where(x => true);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Where6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            var ys = xs.Where((x, i) => true);
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int>(null, x => null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int>(null, (x, i) => null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int, int>(null, x => null, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int, int>(null, (x, i) => null, (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>>), (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>>), (x, y) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => null, default(Func<int, int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SelectMany<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), (x, i) => null, default(Func<int, int, int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany(x => Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany(x =>
+            {
+                if (x < 3)
+                    return Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+                else
+                    return AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany(x => Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany(x =>
+            {
+                if (x < 3)
+                    return Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+                else
+                    throw ex;
+            });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany((x, i) => Enumerable.Range(i + 5, x).ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 9);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany((x, i) =>
+            {
+                if (i < 2)
+                    return Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+                else
+                    return AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany((x, i) => Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable());
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany8()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany((x, i) =>
+            {
+                if (i < 2)
+                    return Enumerable.Range(0, x).ToAsyncEnumerable();
+                else
+                    throw ex;
+            });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany9()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany(x => Enumerable.Range(3, x).ToAsyncEnumerable(), (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 9);
+            HasNext(e, 12);
+            HasNext(e, 15);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany10()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany((x, i) => Enumerable.Range(i + 3, x).ToAsyncEnumerable(), (x, y) => x * y);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 10);
+            HasNext(e, 15);
+            HasNext(e, 18);
+            HasNext(e, 21);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany11()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany(x => Enumerable.Range(3, x).ToAsyncEnumerable(), (x, y) =>
+            {
+                if (x * y > 10)
+                    throw ex;
+                return x * y;
+            });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 9);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany12()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SelectMany((x, i) => Enumerable.Range(i + 3, x).ToAsyncEnumerable(), (x, y) =>
+            {
+                if (x * y > 10)
+                    throw ex;
+                return x * y;
+            });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 8);
+            HasNext(e, 10);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OfType_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OfType<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OfType()
+        {
+            var xs = new object[] { 1, 1.2, true, 4, "" }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OfType<int>();
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Cast_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Cast<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Cast()
+        {
+            var xs = new object[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Cast<int>();
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(null, x => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(null, x => { }, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>), () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => { }, default(Action)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(null, x => { }, ex => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>), ex => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => { }, default(Action<Exception>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(null, x => { }, ex => { }, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>), ex => { }, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => { }, default(Action<Exception>), () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => { }, ex => { }, default(Action)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(null, new MyObs()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Do<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(IObserver<int>)));
+        }
+
+        class MyObs : IObserver<int>
+        {
+            public void OnCompleted()
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+
+            public void OnError(Exception error)
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+
+            public void OnNext(int value)
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do1()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Do(x => sum += x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, sum);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Do(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do3()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var fail = false;
+            var done = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Do(x => sum += x, ex => { fail = true; }, () => { done = true; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, sum);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(fail);
+            Assert.IsTrue(done);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do4()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var done = false;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Do(x => sum += x, () => { done = true; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, sum);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, sum);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(done);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var exa = default(Exception);
+            var done = false;
+            var hasv = false;
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Do(x => { hasv = true; }, exx => { exa = exx; }, () => { done = true; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(hasv);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+            Assert.AreSame(((AggregateException)exa).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single(), ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var exa = default(Exception);
+            var hasv = false;
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Do(x => { hasv = true; }, exx => { exa = exx; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(hasv);
+            Assert.AreSame(((AggregateException)exa).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single(), ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(null, x => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(null, (x, i) => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(null, x => { }, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(null, (x, i) => { }, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEachAsync<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(null, x => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(null, (x, i) => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(null, x => { }, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int>), CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(null, (x, i) => { }, CancellationToken.None));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ForEach<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Action<int, int>), CancellationToken.None));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync1()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            xs.ForEachAsync(x => sum += x).Wait();
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, sum);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach1()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            xs.ForEach(x => sum += x);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, sum);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync2()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            xs.ForEach((x, i) => sum += x * i);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1 * 0 + 2 * 1 + 3 * 2 + 4 * 3, sum);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach2()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            xs.ForEachAsync((x, i) => sum += x * i).Wait();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1 * 0 + 2 * 1 + 3 * 2 + 4 * 3, sum);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEachAsync(x => { throw ex; }).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEach(x => { throw ex; }), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEachAsync((x, i) => { throw ex; }).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEach((x, i) => { throw ex; }), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEachAsync(x => { throw ex; }).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEach(x => { throw ex; }), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEachAsync6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEachAsync((x, i) => { throw ex; }).Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach6()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => xs.ForEach((x, i) => { throw ex; }), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Take_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Take<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Take<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Take1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Take(2);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Take2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Take(10);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Take3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Take(0);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Take4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Take(2);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.TakeWhile<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.TakeWhile<int>(null, (x, i) => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.TakeWhile<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, bool>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.TakeWhile<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int, bool>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile(x => x < 3);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile(x => false);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile(x => true);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile(x => x < 3);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile((x, i) => i < 2);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile((x, i) => false);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile((x, i) => true);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeWhile9()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.TakeWhile((x, i) => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Skip_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Skip<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Skip<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Skip1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Skip(2);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Skip2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Skip(10);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Skip3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Skip(0);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Skip4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Skip(2);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SkipWhile<int>(null, x => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SkipWhile<int>(null, (x, i) => true));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SkipWhile<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, bool>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SkipWhile<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int, bool>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile(x => x < 3);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile(x => false);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile(x => true);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile(x => x < 3);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile5()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile((x, i) => i < 2);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile7()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile((x, i) => false);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile8()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile((x, i) => true);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipWhile9()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.SkipWhile((x, i) => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DefaultIfEmpty<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DefaultIfEmpty<int>(null, 42));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().DefaultIfEmpty();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().DefaultIfEmpty(42);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty3()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42).DefaultIfEmpty();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty4()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(42).DefaultIfEmpty(24);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().DefaultIfEmpty();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().DefaultIfEmpty(24);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).DefaultIfEmpty();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DefaultIfEmpty8()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).DefaultIfEmpty(24);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Distinct_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct<int>(null, new Eq()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct<int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Distinct1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 1, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Distinct();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Distinct2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, -2, -1, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Distinct(new Eq());
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, -2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Reverse_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Reverse<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Reverse1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var ys = xs.Reverse();
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Reverse2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42);
+            var ys = xs.Reverse();
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Reverse3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.Reverse();
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Reverse4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.Reverse();
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderBy_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderBy<int, int>(null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderBy<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderBy<int, int>(null, x => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderBy<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderBy<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderByDescending<int, int>(null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderByDescending<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderByDescending<int, int>(null, x => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderByDescending<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.OrderByDescending<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null));
+
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).OrderBy(x => x);
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenBy<int, int>(null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenBy<int, int>(xs, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenBy<int, int>(null, x => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenBy<int, int>(xs, null, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenBy<int, int>(xs, x => x, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenByDescending<int, int>(null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenByDescending<int, int>(xs, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenByDescending<int, int>(null, x => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenByDescending<int, int>(xs, null, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.ThenByDescending<int, int>(xs, x => x, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderBy1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OrderBy(x => x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+                HasNext(e, i);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderBy2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OrderBy<int, int>(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ThenBy2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OrderBy<int, int>(x => x).ThenBy<int, int>(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderByDescending1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OrderByDescending(x => x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            for (int i = 9; i >= 0; i--)
+                HasNext(e, i);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderByDescending2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OrderByDescending<int, int>(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ThenByDescending2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 0 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.OrderBy<int, int>(x => x).ThenByDescending<int, int>(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderByThenBy1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] {
+                new { Name = "Bart", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "John", Age = 62 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 14 },
+                new { Name = "Brad", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 23 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 42 },
+            };
+
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ress = xs.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ThenBy(x => x.Age);
+            var resa = ys.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ThenBy(x => x.Age);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(ress.SequenceEqual(resa.ToEnumerable()));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderByThenBy2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] {
+                new { Name = "Bart", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "John", Age = 62 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 14 },
+                new { Name = "Brad", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 23 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 42 },
+            };
+
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ress = xs.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ThenByDescending(x => x.Age);
+            var resa = ys.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ThenByDescending(x => x.Age);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(ress.SequenceEqual(resa.ToEnumerable()));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderByThenBy3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] {
+                new { Name = "Bart", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "John", Age = 62 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 14 },
+                new { Name = "Brad", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 23 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 42 },
+            };
+
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ress = xs.OrderByDescending(x => x.Name).ThenBy(x => x.Age);
+            var resa = ys.OrderByDescending(x => x.Name).ThenBy(x => x.Age);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(ress.SequenceEqual(resa.ToEnumerable()));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OrderByThenBy4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] {
+                new { Name = "Bart", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "John", Age = 62 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 14 },
+                new { Name = "Brad", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 23 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 42 },
+            };
+
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var ress = xs.OrderByDescending(x => x.Name).ThenByDescending(x => x.Age);
+            var resa = ys.OrderByDescending(x => x.Name).ThenByDescending(x => x.Age);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(ress.SequenceEqual(resa.ToEnumerable()));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int>(null, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int>(null, x => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(null, x => x, x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(Func<int, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(null, x => x, x => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), x => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(Func<int, int>), EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(null, x => x, (x, ys) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), (x, ys) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(Func<int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(null, x => x, (x, ys) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), (x, ys) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(Func<int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>, int>), EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, (x, ys) => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(null, x => x, x => x, (x, ys) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), x => x, (x, ys) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(Func<int, int>), (x, ys) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, default(Func<int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(null, x => x, x => x, (x, ys) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), x => x, (x, ys) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(Func<int, int>), (x, ys) => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, default(Func<int, IAsyncEnumerable<int>, int>), EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.GroupBy<int, int, int, int>(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, x => x, (x, ys) => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] {
+                new { Name = "Bart", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "John", Age = 62 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 14 },
+                new { Name = "Brad", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 23 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 42 },
+            };
+
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = ys.GroupBy(x => x.Age / 10);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(e.Current.Key, 2);
+            var g1 = e.Current.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1, xs[0]);
+            HasNext(g1, xs[2]);
+            HasNext(g1, xs[4]);
+            HasNext(g1, xs[5]);
+            NoNext(g1);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(e.Current.Key, 6);
+            var g2 = e.Current.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2, xs[1]);
+            NoNext(g2);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(e.Current.Key, 1);
+            var g3 = e.Current.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g3, xs[3]);
+            NoNext(g3);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(e.Current.Key, 4);
+            var g4 = e.Current.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g4, xs[6]);
+            NoNext(g4);
+
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] {
+                new { Name = "Bart", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "John", Age = 62 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 14 },
+                new { Name = "Brad", Age = 27 },
+                new { Name = "Lisa", Age = 23 },
+                new { Name = "Eric", Age = 42 },
+            };
+
+            var ys = xs.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            var res = ys.GroupBy(x => x.Age / 10);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 2);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 6);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g3 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g3.Key, 1);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g4 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g4.Key, 4);
+
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, xs[0]);
+            HasNext(g1e, xs[2]);
+            HasNext(g1e, xs[4]);
+            HasNext(g1e, xs[5]);
+            NoNext(g1e);
+
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, xs[1]);
+            NoNext(g2e);
+
+            var g3e = g3.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g3e, xs[3]);
+            NoNext(g3e);
+
+            var g4e = g4.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g4e, xs[6]);
+            NoNext(g4e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy3()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy5()
+        {
+            var xs = GetXs().ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 42);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 42);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 43);
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, 43);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => g1e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => g2e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy6()
+        {
+            var xs = GetXs().ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 42);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 42);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => g1e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single().Message == "Bang!");           
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<int> GetXs()
+        {
+            yield return 42;
+            yield return 43;
+            throw new Exception("Bang!");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy7()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy<int, int>(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy8()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable();
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy<int, int>(x => { if (x == 3) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 1);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 1);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 2);
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, 2);
+
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => g1e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => g2e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy9()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x % 3, x => (char)('a' + x));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 0);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 'a');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'd');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'g');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'j');
+            NoNext(g1e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 1);
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, 'b');
+            HasNext(g2e, 'e');
+            HasNext(g2e, 'h');
+            NoNext(g2e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g3 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g3.Key, 2);
+            var g3e = g3.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g3e, 'c');
+            HasNext(g3e, 'f');
+            HasNext(g3e, 'i');
+            NoNext(g3e);
+
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy10()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x % 3, x => (char)('a' + x), (k, cs) => k + " - " + cs.Aggregate("", (a, c) => a + c).Result);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - adgj");
+            HasNext(e, "1 - beh");
+            HasNext(e, "2 - cfi");
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy11()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x % 3, (k, cs) => k + " - " + cs.Aggregate("", (a, c) => a + c).Result);
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - 0369");
+            HasNext(e, "1 - 147");
+            HasNext(e, "2 - 258");
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy12()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 0);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 0);
+            HasNext(g1e, 3);
+            HasNext(g1e, 6);
+            HasNext(g1e, 9);
+            NoNext(g1e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 1);
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, 1);
+            HasNext(g2e, 4);
+            HasNext(g2e, 7);
+            NoNext(g2e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g3 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g3.Key, 2);
+            var g3e = g3.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g3e, 2);
+            HasNext(g3e, 5);
+            HasNext(g3e, 8);
+            NoNext(g3e);
+
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy13()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, x => (char)('a' + x), new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 0);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 'a');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'd');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'g');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'j');
+            NoNext(g1e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 1);
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, 'b');
+            HasNext(g2e, 'e');
+            HasNext(g2e, 'h');
+            NoNext(g2e);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g3 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g3.Key, 2);
+            var g3e = g3.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g3e, 'c');
+            HasNext(g3e, 'f');
+            HasNext(g3e, 'i');
+            NoNext(g3e);
+
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy14()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, x => (char)('a' + x), (k, cs) => k + " - " + cs.Aggregate("", (a, c) => a + c).Result, new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - adgj");
+            HasNext(e, "1 - beh");
+            HasNext(e, "2 - cfi");
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy15()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, (k, cs) => k + " - " + cs.Aggregate("", (a, c) => a + c).Result, new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, "0 - 0369");
+            HasNext(e, "1 - 147");
+            HasNext(e, "2 - 258");
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy16()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, x => (char)('a' + x), new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 0);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 'a');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'd');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'g');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'j');
+            NoNext(g1e);
+            g1e.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g2 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g2.Key, 1);
+            var g2e = g2.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g2e, 'b');
+            HasNext(g2e, 'e');
+            HasNext(g2e, 'h');
+            NoNext(g2e);
+            g2e.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g3 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g3.Key, 2);
+            var g3e = g3.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g3e, 'c');
+            HasNext(g3e, 'f');
+            HasNext(g3e, 'i');
+            NoNext(g3e);
+            g3e.Dispose();
+
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            e.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy17()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, x => (char)('a' + x), new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+            e.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GroupBy18()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var ys = xs.GroupBy(x => x, x => (char)('a' + x), new EqMod(3));
+
+            var e = ys.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            var g1 = e.Current;
+            Assert.AreEqual(g1.Key, 0);
+            var g1e = g1.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(g1e, 'a');
+
+            e.Dispose();
+
+            HasNext(g1e, 'd');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'g');
+            HasNext(g1e, 'j');
+            NoNext(g1e);
+            g1e.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        class EqMod : IEqualityComparer<int>
+        {
+            private readonly int _d;
+
+            public EqMod(int d)
+            {
+                _d = d;
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(int x, int y)
+            {
+                return EqualityComparer<int>.Default.Equals(x % _d, y % _d);
+            }
+
+            public int GetHashCode(int obj)
+            {
+                return EqualityComparer<int>.Default.GetHashCode(obj % _d);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void AsAsyncEnumerable_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.AsAsyncEnumerable<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void AsAsyncEnumerable1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42);
+            var ys = xs.AsAsyncEnumerable();
+
+            Assert.AreNotSame(xs, ys);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 42);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSeq_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 3));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Repeat(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSeq1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Repeat();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSeq2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Repeat(3);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSeq3()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var xs = RepeatXs(() => i++).ToAsyncEnumerable().Repeat(3);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, i);
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<int> RepeatXs(Action started)
+        {
+            started();
+
+            yield return 1;
+            yield return 2;
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSeq4()
+        {
+            var xs = new FailRepeat().ToAsyncEnumerable().Repeat();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is NotImplementedException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSeq5()
+        {
+            var xs = new FailRepeat().ToAsyncEnumerable().Repeat(3);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is NotImplementedException);
+        }
+
+        class FailRepeat : IEnumerable<int>
+        {
+            public IEnumerator<int> GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+
+            System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.IgnoreElements(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().IgnoreElements();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => { var ignored = e.Current; });
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return(42).IgnoreElements();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => { var ignored = e.Current; });
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements3()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Range(0, 10).IgnoreElements();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => { var ignored = e.Current; });
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).IgnoreElements();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.StartWith(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.StartWith(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith1()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Empty<int>().StartWith(1, 2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith2()
+        {
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Return<int>(0).StartWith(1, 2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = AsyncEnumerable.Throw<int>(ex).StartWith(1, 2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Buffer(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 1));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Buffer(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 1, 1));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Buffer(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Buffer(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1, 1));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Buffer(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 1, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Buffer(2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 1, 2 }));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 3, 4 }));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 5 }));
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Buffer(3, 2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 3, 4, 5 }));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 5 }));
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Buffer(2, 3);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 1, 2 }));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.Current.SequenceEqual(new[] { 4, 5 }));
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>)));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), default(Func<int, int>), EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.DistinctUntilChanged(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, default(IEqualityComparer<int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().DistinctUntilChanged();
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            HasNext(e, 7);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().DistinctUntilChanged(x => (x + 1) / 2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 5);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 2 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().DistinctUntilChanged(x => { if (x == 4) throw ex; return x; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Expand(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Expand(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Expand(x => AsyncEnumerable.Return(x - 1).Repeat(x - 1));
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand2()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Expand(x => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Expand(x => null);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() is NullReferenceException);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Scan(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 3, (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Scan(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), 3, null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Scan(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Scan(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Scan(8, (x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 9);
+            HasNext(e, 11);
+            HasNext(e, 14);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Scan((x, y) => x + y);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 6);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan3()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Scan(8, (x, y) => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan4()
+        {
+            var ex = new Exception("Bang!");
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Scan((x, y) => { throw ex; });
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<Exception>(() => e.MoveNext().Wait(), ex_ => ((AggregateException)ex_).Flatten().InnerExceptions.Single() == ex);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctKey_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null));
+
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), x => x, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.Distinct(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), x => x, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctKey1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().Distinct(x => x / 2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.TakeLast(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.TakeLast(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().TakeLast(2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().TakeLast(5);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            HasNext(e, 4);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast_Null()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SkipLast(default(IAsyncEnumerable<int>), 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => AsyncEnumerable.SkipLast(AsyncEnumerable.Return(42), -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().SkipLast(2);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.ToAsyncEnumerable().SkipLast(5);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/AsyncTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if DESKTOPCLR40
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public partial class AsyncTests
+    {
+        public void AssertThrows<E>(Action a)
+            where E : Exception
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                a();
+                Assert.Fail();
+            }
+            catch (E)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AssertThrows<E>(Action a, Func<E, bool> assert)
+            where E : Exception
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                a();
+                Assert.Fail();
+            }
+            catch (E e)
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(assert(e));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void NoNext<T>(IAsyncEnumerator<T> e)
+        {
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext().Result);
+        }
+
+        public void HasNext<T>(IAsyncEnumerator<T> e, T value)
+        {
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext().Result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(value, e.Current);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/Properties/AppManifest.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<Deployment xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/client/2007/deployment"
+        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
+>
+    <Deployment.Parts>
+    </Deployment.Parts>
+    
+</Deployment>

Ix/Tests/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+// General Information about an assembly is controlled through the following 
+// set of attributes. Change these attribute values to modify the information
+// associated with an assembly.
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("Tests")]
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("Microsoft")]
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Tests")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("Copyright © Microsoft 2011")]
+[assembly: AssemblyTrademark("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCulture("")]
+
+// Setting ComVisible to false makes the types in this assembly not visible 
+// to COM components.  If you need to access a type in this assembly from 
+// COM, set the ComVisible attribute to true on that type.
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+
+// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
+[assembly: Guid("aec256c2-1e0e-48d7-a312-7184dc67b1f0")]
+
+// Version information for an assembly consists of the following four values:
+//
+//      Major Version
+//      Minor Version 
+//      Build Number
+//      Revision
+//
+// You can specify all the values or you can default the Build and Revision Numbers 
+// by using the '*' as shown below:
+//[assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.0.0.0")]
+//[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion("1.0.0.0")]

Ix/Tests/Tests.Aggregates.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsEmtpy_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.IsEmpty<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsEmpty_Empty()
+        {
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.Empty<int>().IsEmpty());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsEmpty_NonEmpty()
+        {
+            Assert.IsFalse(new[] { 1 }.IsEmpty());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Min(null, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Min(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Min()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, new[] { 5, 3, 7 }.Min(new Mod3Comparer()));
+        }
+
+        class Mod3Comparer : IComparer<int>
+        {
+            public int Compare(int x, int y)
+            {
+                return Comparer<int>.Default.Compare(x % 3, y % 3);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MinBy(null, (int x) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MinBy(new[] { 1 }, default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MinBy(null, (int x) => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MinBy(new[] { 1 }, default(Func<int, int>), Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MinBy(new[] { 1 }, (int x) => x, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 2, 5, 0, 7, 4, 3, 6, 2, 1 }.MinBy(x => x % 3);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 0, 3, 6 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MinBy_Empty()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => Enumerable.Empty<int>().MinBy(x => x));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Max(null, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Max(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Max()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(5, new[] { 2, 5, 3, 7 }.Max(new Mod7Comparer()));
+        }
+
+        class Mod7Comparer : IComparer<int>
+        {
+            public int Compare(int x, int y)
+            {
+                return Comparer<int>.Default.Compare(x % 7, y % 7);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MaxBy(null, (int x) => x));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MaxBy(new[] { 1 }, default(Func<int, int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MaxBy(null, (int x) => x, Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MaxBy(new[] { 1 }, default(Func<int, int>), Comparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.MaxBy(new[] { 1 }, (int x) => x, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 2, 5, 0, 7, 4, 3, 6, 2, 1 }.MaxBy(x => x % 3);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 2, 5, 2 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MaxBy_Empty()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => Enumerable.Empty<int>().MaxBy(x => x));
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.Buffering.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Share<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share1()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Share();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share2()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Share();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+            NoNext(e1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share3()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Share();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+            NoNext(e1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share4()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Share();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            e1.Dispose();
+            Assert.IsFalse(e1.MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share5()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Share();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            rng.Dispose();
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => e1.MoveNext());
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => rng.GetEnumerator());
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => ((IEnumerable)rng).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Share6()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Share();
+
+            var e1 = ((IEnumerable)rng).GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, (int)e1.Current);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Publish<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish0()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            var rng = Tick(i => n += i).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, n);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, n);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, n);
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, n);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, n);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, n);
+        }
+
+        static IEnumerable<int> Tick(Action<int> t)
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                t(i);
+                yield return i++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish1()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish2()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+            NoNext(e2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish3()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+            NoNext(e2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish4()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+            NoNext(e2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish5()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            e1.Dispose();
+
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish6()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex)).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e1.MoveNext());
+
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e2.MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        class MyException : Exception
+        {
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish7()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+
+            var e3 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            NoNext(e3);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish8()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            rng.Dispose();
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => e1.MoveNext());
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => rng.GetEnumerator());
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => ((IEnumerable)rng).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish9()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = ((IEnumerable)rng).GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, (int)e1.Current);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish10()
+        {
+            var rnd = Rand().Take(1000).Publish();
+            Assert.IsTrue(rnd.Zip(rnd, (l, r) => l == r).All(x => x));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MemoizeLimited_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int>(null, 2));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int>(new[] { 1 }, 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int>(new[] { 1 }, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize0()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            var rng = Tick(i => n += i).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, n);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, n);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, n);
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, n);
+
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, n);
+
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, n);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Publish11()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Publish();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            e1.Dispose();
+
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            e2.Dispose();
+
+            var e3 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e3, 3);
+            HasNext(e3, 4);
+            NoNext(e3);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize1()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize2()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            NoNext(e1);
+
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize3()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 4);
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+            NoNext(e1);
+
+            HasNext(e2, 3);
+            HasNext(e2, 4);
+            NoNext(e2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize4()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize(2);
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            HasNext(e2, 2);
+
+            var e3 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<InvalidOperationException>(() => e3.MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize6()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex)).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e1.MoveNext());
+
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e2.MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize7()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+            e1.Dispose();
+
+            var e2 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e2, 0);
+            HasNext(e2, 1);
+            e2.Dispose();
+
+            var e3 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e3, 0);
+            HasNext(e3, 1);
+            HasNext(e3, 2);
+            HasNext(e3, 3);
+            HasNext(e3, 4);
+            NoNext(e3);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize8()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = rng.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e1, 0);
+            HasNext(e1, 1);
+            HasNext(e1, 2);
+
+            rng.Dispose();
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => e1.MoveNext());
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => rng.GetEnumerator());
+            AssertThrows<ObjectDisposedException>(() => ((IEnumerable)rng).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize9()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Memoize();
+
+            var e1 = ((IEnumerable)rng).GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsTrue(e1.MoveNext());
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, (int)e1.Current);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Memoize10()
+        {
+            var rnd = Rand().Take(1000).Memoize();
+            Assert.IsTrue(rnd.Zip(rnd, (l, r) => l == r).All(x => x));
+        }
+
+        static Random s_rand = new Random();
+
+        static IEnumerable<int> Rand()
+        {
+            while (true)
+                yield return s_rand.Next();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ShareLambda_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Share<int, int>(null, xs => xs));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Share<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ShareLambda()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(_ => n++).Share(xs => xs.Zip(xs, (l, r) => l + r).Take(4)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 0 + 1, 2 + 3, 4 + 5, 6 + 7 }));
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void PublishLambda_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Publish<int, int>(null, xs => xs));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Publish<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void PublishLambda()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(_ => n++).Publish(xs => xs.Zip(xs, (l, r) => l + r).Take(4)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 4).Select(x => x * 2)));
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MemoizeLambda_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int, int>(null, xs => xs));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MemoizeLambda()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(_ => n++).Memoize(xs => xs.Zip(xs, (l, r) => l + r).Take(4)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 4).Select(x => x * 2)));
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MemoizeLimitedLambda_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int, int>(null, 2, xs => xs));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, 2, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, 0, xs => xs));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Memoize<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, -1, xs => xs));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void MemoizeLimitedLambda()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(_ => n++).Memoize(2, xs => xs.Zip(xs, (l, r) => l + r).Take(4)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 4).Select(x => x * 2)));
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, n);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.Creation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Create_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Create<int>(default(Func<IEnumerator<int>>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Create1()
+        {
+            var hot = false;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Create<int>(() =>
+            {
+                hot = true;
+                return MyEnumerator();
+            });
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(hot);
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsTrue(hot);
+
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            NoNext(e);
+
+            hot = false;
+            var f = ((IEnumerable)res).GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsTrue(hot);
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerator<int> MyEnumerator()
+        {
+            yield return 1;
+            yield return 2;
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Return()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, EnumerableEx.Return(42).Single());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Throw_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Throw()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e.MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Defer_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Defer<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Defer1()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var n = 5;
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Defer(() =>
+            {
+                i++;
+                return Enumerable.Range(0, n);
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, i);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(xs, Enumerable.Range(0, n)));
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, i);
+
+            n = 3;
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(xs, Enumerable.Range(0, n)));
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, i);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Defer2()
+        {
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Defer<int>(() =>
+            {
+                throw new MyException();
+            });
+
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => xs.GetEnumerator().MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Generate<int, int>(0, null, _ => _, _ => _));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Generate<int, int>(0, _ => true, null, _ => _));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Generate<int, int>(0, _ => true, _ => _, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Generate()
+        {
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Generate(0, x => x < 5, x => x + 1, x => x * x).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 0, 1, 4, 9, 16 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Using<int, MyDisposable>(null, d => new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Using<int, MyDisposable>(() => new MyDisposable(), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using1()
+        {
+            var d = default(MyDisposable);
+
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Using(() => d = new MyDisposable(), d_ => new[] { 1 });
+            Assert.IsNull(d);
+
+            var d1 = default(MyDisposable);
+            xs.ForEach(_ => { d1 = d; Assert.IsNotNull(d1); Assert.IsFalse(d1.Done); });
+            Assert.IsTrue(d1.Done);
+
+            var d2 = default(MyDisposable);
+            xs.ForEach(_ => { d2 = d; Assert.IsNotNull(d2); Assert.IsFalse(d2.Done); });
+            Assert.IsTrue(d2.Done);
+
+            Assert.AreNotSame(d1, d2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using2()
+        {
+            var d = default(MyDisposable);
+
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Using(() => d = new MyDisposable(), d_ => EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException()));
+            Assert.IsNull(d);
+
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => xs.ForEach(_ => { }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(d.Done);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Using3()
+        {
+            var d = default(MyDisposable);
+
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Using<int, MyDisposable>(() => d = new MyDisposable(), d_ => { throw new MyException(); });
+            Assert.IsNull(d);
+
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => xs.ForEach(_ => { }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(d.Done);
+        }
+
+        class MyDisposable : IDisposable
+        {
+            public bool Done;
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                Done = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatElementInfinite()
+        {
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Repeat(42).Take(1000);
+            Assert.IsTrue(xs.All(x => x == 42));
+            Assert.IsTrue(xs.Count() == 1000);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSequence_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Repeat<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Repeat<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Repeat<int>(new[] { 1 }, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSequence1()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.Do(_ => i++).Repeat();
+
+            var res = xs.Take(10).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, res.Count);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Buffer(2).Select(b => b.Sum()).All(x => x == 3));
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, i);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void RepeatSequence2()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.Do(_ => i++).Repeat(5);
+
+            var res = xs.ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, res.Count);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.Buffer(2).Select(b => b.Sum()).All(x => x == 3));
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, i);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.Exceptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Catch<int>(null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Catch<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Catch<int>(default(IEnumerable<int>[])));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Catch<int>(default(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<int>>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Catch<int, Exception>(null, ex => new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Catch<int, Exception>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch1()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex).Catch<int, MyException>(e => { Assert.AreSame(ex, e); return new[] { 42 }; }).Single();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch2()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex).Catch<int, Exception>(e => { Assert.AreSame(ex, e); return new[] { 42 }; }).Single();
+            Assert.AreEqual(42, res);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch3()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() =>
+            {
+                EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex).Catch<int, InvalidOperationException>(e => { Assert.Fail(); return new[] { 42 }; }).Single();
+            });
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch4()
+        {
+            var xs = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+            var res = xs.Catch<int, MyException>(e => { Assert.Fail(); return new[] { 42 }; });
+            Assert.IsTrue(xs.SequenceEqual(res));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch5()
+        {
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 5), Enumerable.Range(5, 5) };
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Catch(xss);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 5)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch6()
+        {
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 5), Enumerable.Range(5, 5) };
+            var res = xss.Catch();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 5)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch7()
+        {
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 5), Enumerable.Range(5, 5) };
+            var res = xss[0].Catch(xss[1]);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 5)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch8()
+        {
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException())), Enumerable.Range(5, 5) };
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Catch(xss);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 10)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch9()
+        {
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException())), Enumerable.Range(5, 5) };
+            var res = xss.Catch();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 10)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch10()
+        {
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException())), Enumerable.Range(5, 5) };
+            var res = xss[0].Catch(xss[1]);
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 10)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Catch11()
+        {
+            var e1 = new MyException();
+            var ex1 = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(e1);
+
+            var e2 = new MyException();
+            var ex2 = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(e2);
+
+            var e3 = new MyException();
+            var ex3 = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(e3);
+
+            var xss = new[] { Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Concat(ex1), Enumerable.Range(2, 2).Concat(ex2), ex3 };
+            var res = xss.Catch();
+
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 2);
+            HasNext(e, 3);
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e.MoveNext(), ex => ex == e3);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Finally<int>(null, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Finally<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally1()
+        {
+            var done = false;
+
+            var xs = Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Finally(() => done = true);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            NoNext(e);
+            Assert.IsTrue(done);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally2()
+        {
+            var done = false;
+
+            var xs = Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Finally(() => done = true);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            e.Dispose();
+            Assert.IsTrue(done);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Finally3()
+        {
+            var done = false;
+
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var xs = EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex).Finally(() => done = true);
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            var e = xs.GetEnumerator();
+            Assert.IsFalse(done);
+
+            try
+            {
+                HasNext(e, 0);
+                Assert.Fail();
+            }
+            catch (MyException ex_)
+            {
+                Assert.AreSame(ex, ex_);
+            }
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(done);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(default(IEnumerable<int>[])));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext<int>(default(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<int>>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext1()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 };
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 };
+
+            var res = xs.OnErrorResumeNext(ys);
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext2()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException()));
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 };
+
+            var res = xs.OnErrorResumeNext(ys);
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext3()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 };
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 };
+            var zs = new[] { 5, 6 };
+
+            var res = EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext(xs, ys, zs);
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext4()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException()));
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 };
+            var zs = new[] { 5, 6 };
+
+            var res = EnumerableEx.OnErrorResumeNext(xs, ys, zs);
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext5()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 };
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 };
+
+            var res = new[] { xs, ys }.OnErrorResumeNext();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void OnErrorResumeNext6()
+        {
+            var xs = new[] { 1, 2 }.Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(new MyException()));
+            var ys = new[] { 3, 4 };
+
+            var res = new[] { xs, ys }.OnErrorResumeNext();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Retry<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Retry<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Retry<int>(new[] { 1 }, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry1()
+        {
+            var xs = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+
+            var res = xs.Retry();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, xs));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry2()
+        {
+            var xs = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+
+            var res = xs.Retry(2);
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, xs));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Retry3()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var xs = Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Concat(EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex));
+
+            var res = xs.Retry(2);
+            var e = res.GetEnumerator();
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            HasNext(e, 0);
+            HasNext(e, 1);
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() => e.MoveNext(), ex_ => ex == ex_);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.Imperative.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void While_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.While<int>(null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.While<int>(() => true, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void While1()
+        {
+            var x = 5;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.While(() => x > 0, EnumerableEx.Defer(() => new[] { x }).Do(_ => x--)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void While2()
+        {
+            var x = 0;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.While(() => x > 0, EnumerableEx.Defer(() => new[] { x }).Do(_ => x--)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new int[0]));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DoWhile_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DoWhile<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DoWhile<int>(null, () => true));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DoWhile1()
+        {
+            var x = 5;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.DoWhile(EnumerableEx.Defer(() => new[] { x }).Do(_ => x--), () => x > 0).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DoWhile2()
+        {
+            var x = 0;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.DoWhile(EnumerableEx.Defer(() => new[] { x }).Do(_ => x--), () => x > 0).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 0 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void If_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.If<int>(null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.If<int>(() => true, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.If<int>(null, new[] { 1 }, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.If<int>(() => true, null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.If<int>(() => true, new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void If1()
+        {
+            var x = 5;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.If(() => x > 0, new[] { +1 }, new[] { -1 });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(+1, res.Single());
+
+            x = -x;
+            Assert.AreEqual(-1, res.Single());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void If2()
+        {
+            var x = 5;
+            var res = EnumerableEx.If(() => x > 0, new[] { +1 });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(+1, res.Single());
+
+            x = -x;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.IsEmpty());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Case_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Case<int, int>(null, new Dictionary<int, IEnumerable<int>>()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Case<int, int>(() => 1, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Case<int, int>(null, new Dictionary<int, IEnumerable<int>>(), new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Case<int, int>(() => 1, null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Case<int, int>(() => 1, new Dictionary<int, IEnumerable<int>>(), null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Case1()
+        {
+            var x = 1;
+            var d = 'd';
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Case<int, char>(() => x, new Dictionary<int, IEnumerable<char>>
+            {
+                { 0, new[] { 'a' } },
+                { 1, new[] { 'b' } },
+                { 2, new[] { 'c' } },
+                { 3, EnumerableEx.Defer(() => new[] { d }) },
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual('b', res.Single());
+            Assert.AreEqual('b', res.Single());
+
+            x = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual('a', res.Single());
+
+            x = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual('c', res.Single());
+
+            x = 3;
+            Assert.AreEqual('d', res.Single());
+
+            d = 'e';
+            Assert.AreEqual('e', res.Single());
+
+            x = 4;
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.IsEmpty());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Case2()
+        {
+            var x = 1;
+            var d = 'd';
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Case<int, char>(() => x, new Dictionary<int, IEnumerable<char>>
+            {
+                { 0, new[] { 'a' } },
+                { 1, new[] { 'b' } },
+                { 2, new[] { 'c' } },
+                { 3, EnumerableEx.Defer(() => new[] { d }) },
+            }, new[] { 'z' });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual('b', res.Single());
+            Assert.AreEqual('b', res.Single());
+
+            x = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual('a', res.Single());
+
+            x = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual('c', res.Single());
+
+            x = 3;
+            Assert.AreEqual('d', res.Single());
+
+            d = 'e';
+            Assert.AreEqual('e', res.Single());
+
+            x = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual('z', res.Single());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void For_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.For<int, int>(null, x => new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.For<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void For()
+        {
+            var res = EnumerableEx.For(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }, x => Enumerable.Range(0, x)).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2 }));
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.Multiple.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Concat(default(IEnumerable<int>[])));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Concat(default(IEnumerable<IEnumerable<int>>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat1()
+        {
+            var res = new[]
+            {
+                new[] { 1, 2, 3 },
+                new[] { 4, 5 }
+            }.Concat();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat2()
+        {
+            var i = 0;
+            var xss = Enumerable.Range(0, 3).Select(x => Enumerable.Range(0, x + 1)).Do(_ => ++i);
+
+            var res = xss.Concat().Select(x => i + " - " + x).ToList();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 
+                "1 - 0",
+                "2 - 0",
+                "2 - 1",
+                "3 - 0",
+                "3 - 1",
+                "3 - 2",
+            }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Concat3()
+        {
+            var res = EnumerableEx.Concat(
+                new[] { 1, 2, 3 },
+                new[] { 4, 5 }
+            );
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.SelectMany<int, int>(null, new[] { 1 }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.SelectMany<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SelectMany()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 2 }.SelectMany(new[] { 'a', 'b', 'c' }).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c' }));
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.Qbservable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+#if !SILVERLIGHTM7
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Queryable_Enumerable_Parity()
+        {
+            var enu = typeof(EnumerableEx).GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static).ToList();
+            var qry = typeof(QueryableEx).GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static).ToList();
+
+            var onlyInObs = enu.Select(m => m.Name).Except(qry.Select(m => m.Name)).Except(new[] { "ForEach", "ToEnumerable", "Multicast", "GetAwaiter", "ToEvent", "ToEventPattern", "ForEachAsync" }).ToList();
+            var onlyInQbs = qry.Select(m => m.Name).Except(enu.Select(m => m.Name)).Except(new[] { "ToQueryable", "get_Provider", "Empty", "Range" }).ToList();
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(onlyInObs.Count == 0, "Missing Queryable operator: " + string.Join(", ", onlyInObs.ToArray()));
+            Assert.IsTrue(onlyInQbs.Count == 0, "Missing Enumerable operator: " + string.Join(", ", onlyInQbs.ToArray()));
+
+            var enus = enu.GroupBy(m => m.Name);
+            var qrys = qry.GroupBy(m => m.Name);
+            var mtch = (from o in enus
+                        join q in qrys on o.Key equals q.Key
+                        select new { Name = o.Key, Enumerable = o.ToList(), Queryable = q.ToList() })
+                       .ToList();
+
+            Func<Type, bool> filterReturn = t =>
+            {
+                if (t.IsGenericType)
+                {
+                    var gd = t.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
+                    if (gd == typeof(IBuffer<>))
+                        return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            };
+
+            Func<MethodInfo, bool> filterHelper = m =>
+            {
+                return !m.IsDefined(typeof(EditorBrowsableAttribute), false);
+            };
+
+            foreach (var group in mtch)
+            {
+                var oss = group.Enumerable.Where(m => filterReturn(m.ReturnType)).Select(m => GetSignature(m, false)).OrderBy(x => x).ToList();
+                var qss = group.Queryable.Where(m => filterHelper(m)).Select(m => GetSignature(m, true)).OrderBy(x => x).ToList();
+
+                Assert.IsTrue(oss.SequenceEqual(qss), "Mismatch between QueryableEx and EnumerableEx for " + group.Name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSignature(MethodInfo m, bool correct)
+        {
+            var ps = m.GetParameters();
+            var pss = ps.AsEnumerable();
+            if (correct && ps.Length > 0 && ps[0].ParameterType == typeof(IQueryProvider))
+                pss = pss.Skip(1);
+
+            var gens = m.IsGenericMethod ? string.Format("<{0}>", string.Join(", ", m.GetGenericArguments().Select(a => GetTypeName(a, correct)).ToArray())) : "";
+
+            var pars = string.Join(", ", pss.Select(p => (Attribute.IsDefined(p, typeof(ParamArrayAttribute)) ? "params " : "") + GetTypeName(p.ParameterType, correct) + " " + p.Name).ToArray());
+            if (Attribute.IsDefined(m, typeof(ExtensionAttribute)))
+            {
+                if (pars.StartsWith("IQbservable") || pars.StartsWith("IQueryable"))
+                    pars = "this " + pars;
+            }
+
+            return string.Format("{0} {1}{2}({3})", GetTypeName(m.ReturnType, correct), m.Name, gens, pars);
+        }
+
+        public static string GetTypeName(Type t, bool correct)
+        {
+            if (t.IsGenericType)
+            {
+                var gtd = t.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
+                if (gtd == typeof(Expression<>))
+                    return GetTypeName(t.GetGenericArguments()[0], false);
+
+                var args = string.Join(", ", t.GetGenericArguments().Select(a => GetTypeName(a, false)).ToArray());
+
+                var len = t.Name.IndexOf('`');
+                var name = len >= 0 ? t.Name.Substring(0, len) : t.Name;
+                if (correct && name == "IQbservable")
+                    name = "IObservable";
+                if (correct && name == "IQueryable")
+                    name = "IEnumerable";
+
+                return string.Format("{0}<{1}>", name, args);
+            }
+
+            if (t.IsArray)
+            {
+                return GetTypeName(t.GetElementType(), correct) + "[]";
+            }
+
+            return t.Name;
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QueryableRetarget1()
+        {
+            var res = QueryableEx.Provider.Empty<int>().AsEnumerable().ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new int[0]));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QueryableRetarget2()
+        {
+            var res = QueryableEx.Provider.Return(42).AsEnumerable().ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 42 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QueryableRetarget3()
+        {
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).AsQueryable().TakeLast(2).AsEnumerable().ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(new[] { 8, 9 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QueryableRetarget4()
+        {
+            var res = QueryableEx.Provider.Range(0, 10).AsEnumerable().ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(res.SequenceEqual(Enumerable.Range(0, 10)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif

Ix/Tests/Tests.Single.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Hide_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Hide<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Hide()
+        {
+            var xs = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
+            var ys = xs.Hide();
+            Assert.IsFalse(ys is List<int>);
+            Assert.IsTrue(xs.SequenceEqual(ys));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.ForEach<int>(null, x => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.ForEach<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(Action<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.ForEach<int>(null, (x, i) => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.ForEach<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(Action<int, int>)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach1()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            Enumerable.Range(5, 3).ForEach(x => n += x);
+            Assert.AreEqual(5 + 6 + 7, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ForEach2()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            Enumerable.Range(5, 3).ForEach((x, i) => n += x * i);
+            Assert.AreEqual(5 * 0 + 6 * 1 + 7 * 2, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Buffer<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Buffer<int>(null, 5, 3));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Buffer<int>(new[] { 1 }, 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Buffer<int>(new[] { 1 }, 5, 0));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.Buffer<int>(new[] { 1 }, 0, 3));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer1()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+
+            var res = rng.Buffer(3).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, res.Count);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].SequenceEqual(new[] { 0, 1, 2 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].SequenceEqual(new[] { 3, 4, 5 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[2].SequenceEqual(new[] { 6, 7, 8 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[3].SequenceEqual(new[] { 9 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer2()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+
+            var res = rng.Buffer(5).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, res.Count);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].SequenceEqual(new[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].SequenceEqual(new[] { 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer3()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Empty<int>();
+
+            var res = rng.Buffer(5).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, res.Count);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer4()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+
+            var res = rng.Buffer(3, 2).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(5, res.Count);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].SequenceEqual(new[] { 0, 1, 2 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].SequenceEqual(new[] { 2, 3, 4 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[2].SequenceEqual(new[] { 4, 5, 6 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[3].SequenceEqual(new[] { 6, 7, 8 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[4].SequenceEqual(new[] { 8, 9 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Buffer5()
+        {
+            var rng = Enumerable.Range(0, 10);
+
+            var res = rng.Buffer(3, 4).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, res.Count);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[0].SequenceEqual(new[] { 0, 1, 2 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[1].SequenceEqual(new[] { 4, 5, 6 }));
+            Assert.IsTrue(res[2].SequenceEqual(new[] { 8, 9 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(null, _ => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(null, _ => { }, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(null, _ => { }, _ => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(null, _ => { }, _ => { }, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(Action<int>)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(Action<int>), () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, _ => { }, default(Action)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(Action<int>), _ => { }, () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, _ => { }, default(Action<Exception>), () => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, _ => { }, _ => { }, default(Action)));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(Action<int>), _ => { }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, _ => { }, default(Action<Exception>)));
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(null, new MyObserver()));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Do<int>(new[] { 1 }, default(IObserver<int>)));
+#endif
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do1()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(x => n += x).ForEach(_ => { });
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do2()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(x => n += x, () => n *= 2).ForEach(_ => { });
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do3()
+        {
+            var ex = new MyException();
+            var ok = false;
+            AssertThrows<MyException>(() =>
+                EnumerableEx.Throw<int>(ex).Do(x => { Assert.Fail(); }, e => { Assert.AreEqual(ex, e); ok = true; }).ForEach(_ => { })
+            );
+            Assert.IsTrue(ok);
+        }
+
+#if !NO_RXINTERFACES
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do4()
+        {
+            var obs = new MyObserver();
+            Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(obs).ForEach(_ => { });
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(obs.Done);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, obs.Sum);
+        }
+
+        class MyObserver : IObserver<int>
+        {
+            public int Sum;
+            public bool Done;
+
+            public void OnCompleted()
+            {
+                Done = true;
+            }
+
+            public void OnError(Exception error)
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException();
+            }
+
+            public void OnNext(int value)
+            {
+                Sum += value;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Do5()
+        {
+            var sum = 0;
+            var done = false;
+            Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(x => sum += x, ex => { throw ex; }, () => done = true).ForEach(_ => { });
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(done);
+            Assert.AreEqual(45, sum);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.StartWith<int>(null, 5));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith1()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Range(1, 5);
+            var r = e.StartWith(0).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, Enumerable.Range(0, 6)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void StartWith2()
+        {
+            var oops = false;
+            var e = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Do(_ => oops = true);
+            var r = e.StartWith(0).Take(1).ToList();
+            Assert.IsFalse(oops);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Expand<int>(null, _ => new[] { _ }));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Expand<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand1()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 0 }.Expand(x => new[] { x + 1 }).Take(10).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, Enumerable.Range(0, 10)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Expand2()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 3 }.Expand(x => Enumerable.Range(0, x)).ToList();
+            var exp = new[] {
+                3,
+                0, 1, 2,
+                0,
+                0, 1,
+                0
+            };
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, exp));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Distinct_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Distinct<int, int>(null, _ => _));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Distinct<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Distinct<int, int>(null, _ => _, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Distinct<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Distinct<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, _ => _, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Distinct1()
+        {
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Distinct(x => x % 5).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, Enumerable.Range(0, 5)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Distinct2()
+        {
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Distinct(x => x % 5, new MyEqualityComparer()).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 0, 1 }));
+        }
+
+        class MyEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<int>
+        {
+            public bool Equals(int x, int y)
+            {
+                return x % 2 == y % 2;
+            }
+
+            public int GetHashCode(int obj)
+            {
+                return EqualityComparer<int>.Default.GetHashCode(obj % 2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int>(null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int>(null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int, int>(null, _ => _));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int, int>(null, _ => _, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, null, EqualityComparer<int>.Default));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.DistinctUntilChanged<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, _ => _, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged1()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1 }.DistinctUntilChanged().ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 3, 2, 1 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void DistinctUntilChanged2()
+        {
+            var res = new[] { 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7 }.DistinctUntilChanged(x => x / 2).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 2, 4, 6 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.IgnoreElements<int>(null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IgnoreElements()
+        {
+            var n = 0;
+            Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Do(_ => n++).IgnoreElements().Take(5).ForEach(_ => { });
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, n);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.TakeLast<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.TakeLast<int>(new[] { 1 }, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast_Empty()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var r = e.TakeLast(1).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, e));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast_All()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Range(0, 5);
+            var r = e.TakeLast(5).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, e));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TakeLast_Part()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Range(0, 5);
+            var r = e.TakeLast(3).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, e.Skip(2)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.SkipLast<int>(null, 5));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => EnumerableEx.SkipLast<int>(new[] { 1 }, -1));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast_Empty()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Empty<int>();
+            var r = e.SkipLast(1).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, e));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast_All()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Range(0, 5);
+            var r = e.SkipLast(0).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, e));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SkipLast_Part()
+        {
+            var e = Enumerable.Range(0, 5);
+            var r = e.SkipLast(3).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(r, e.Take(2)));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan_Arguments()
+        {
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Scan<int>(null, (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Scan<int>(new[] { 1 }, null));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Scan<int, int>(null, 0, (x, y) => x + y));
+            AssertThrows<ArgumentNullException>(() => EnumerableEx.Scan<int, int>(new[] { 1 }, 0, null));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan1()
+        {
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Scan((n, x) => n + x).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 1, 3, 6, 10 }));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Scan2()
+        {
+            var res = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Scan(10, (n, x) => n - x).ToList();
+            Assert.IsTrue(Enumerable.SequenceEqual(res, new[] { 10, 9, 7, 4, 0 }));
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public partial class Tests
+    {
+        public void AssertThrows<E>(Action a)
+            where E : Exception
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                a();
+                Assert.Fail();
+            }
+            catch (E)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AssertThrows<E>(Action a, Func<E, bool> assert)
+            where E : Exception
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                a();
+                Assert.Fail();
+            }
+            catch (E e)
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(assert(e));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void NoNext<T>(IEnumerator<T> e)
+        {
+            Assert.IsFalse(e.MoveNext());
+        }
+
+        public void HasNext<T>(IEnumerator<T> e, T value)
+        {
+            Assert.IsTrue(e.MoveNext());
+            Assert.AreEqual(value, e.Current);
+        }
+    }
+}

Ix/Tests/Tests.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>
+    </ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <ProjectGuid>{C4C8532A-F8D2-428B-962E-FD578A1E647C}</ProjectGuid>
+    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
+    <AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
+    <RootNamespace>Tests</RootNamespace>
+    <AssemblyName>Tests</AssemblyName>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
+    <ProjectTypeGuids>{3AC096D0-A1C2-E12C-1390-A8335801FDAB};{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}</ProjectTypeGuids>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Common.targets" />
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' AND !('$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7')">
+    <SilverlightApplication>true</SilverlightApplication>
+    <XapOutputs>true</XapOutputs>
+    <XapFilename>$(AssemblyName).xap</XapFilename>
+    <GenerateSilverlightManifest>true</GenerateSilverlightManifest>
+    <SilverlightManifestTemplate>Properties\AppManifest.xml</SilverlightManifestTemplate>
+    <SilverlightAppEntry>InteractiveTests.App</SilverlightAppEntry>
+    <TestPageFileName>TestPage.html</TestPageFileName>
+    <CreateTestPage>true</CreateTestPage>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <!-- Temporary workaround to disable tests as part of automated builds (defeating the **\Tests*.dll the search pattern). -->
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(BuildPlatform)' != 'DESKTOPCLR'">
+    <AssemblyName>_$(AssemblyName)</AssemblyName>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <!-- See readme.txt file in the References\$(BuildFlavor) folder for information on the test assemblies used here. -->
+    <Reference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework">
+      <HintPath>..\..\..\..\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\Common7\IDE\PublicAssemblies\Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework.dll</HintPath>
+    </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' Or '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'XNA' " />
+    <Reference Include="System" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Observable" Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+    <Reference Include="System.Windows" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' " />
+    <Reference Include="System.Windows.Browser" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' AND !('$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7')" />
+    <Reference Include="Microsoft.Silverlight.Testing" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' AND !('$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7')">
+      <Private>true</Private>
+    </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="System.Windows.Forms" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'DESKTOPCLR' " />
+    <Reference Include="WindowsBase" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'DESKTOPCLR' " />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <CodeAnalysisDependentAssemblyPaths Condition=" '$(VS100COMNTOOLS)' != '' " Include="$(VS100COMNTOOLS)..\IDE\PrivateAssemblies">
+      <Visible>False</Visible>
+    </CodeAnalysisDependentAssemblyPaths>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="App.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Creation.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Conversions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Single.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Multiple.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Aggregates.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Bugs.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="AsyncTests.Exceptions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Imperative.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Qbservable.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Single.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Multiple.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Exceptions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Creation.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Buffering.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Tests.Aggregates.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Interactive.Async\System.Interactive.Async.csproj" Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'DESKTOPCLR40' ">
+      <Project>{7269A578-326A-4C3E-9874-A2D2600095BC}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Interactive.Async</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Interactive.Providers\System.Interactive.Providers.csproj" Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' != 'SILVERLIGHTM7' And '$(BuildPlatform)' != 'XNA' ">
+      <Project>{6D62E966-469D-4A99-BD43-0A17FA14FB4F}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Interactive.Providers</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Interactive\System.Interactive.csproj">
+      <Project>{8E4B04F0-915E-48F9-9796-76278C6094BD}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Interactive</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Import.targets" />
+</Project>

Ix/TraceAndTestImpact.testsettings

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<TestSettings name="Trace and Test Impact" id="bd61148a-e78f-4b4e-9741-a2c91e57d9c6" xmlns="http://microsoft.com/schemas/VisualStudio/TeamTest/2010">
+  <Description>These are test settings for Trace and Test Impact.</Description>
+  <Execution>
+    <TestTypeSpecific />
+    <AgentRule name="Execution Agents">
+      <DataCollectors>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/SystemInfo/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.DataCollection.SystemInfo.SystemInfoDataCollector, Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.DataCollection.SystemInfo, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="System Information">
+        </DataCollector>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/ActionLog/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.ManualTest.ActionLog.ActionLogPlugin, Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.ManualTest.ActionLog, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="Actions">
+        </DataCollector>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/HttpProxy/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TraceCollector.HttpProxyCollector, Microsoft.VisualStudio.TraceCollector, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="ASP.NET Client Proxy for IntelliTrace and Test Impact">
+        </DataCollector>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/TestImpact/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TraceCollector.TestImpactDataCollector, Microsoft.VisualStudio.TraceCollector, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="Test Impact">
+        </DataCollector>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/TraceDebugger/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TraceCollector.TraceDebuggerDataCollector, Microsoft.VisualStudio.TraceCollector, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="IntelliTrace">
+        </DataCollector>
+      </DataCollectors>
+    </AgentRule>
+  </Execution>
+</TestSettings>

Ix/license.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+Microsoft Open Technologies would like to thank its contributors, a list
+of whom are at http://aspnetwebstack.codeplex.com/wikipage?title=Contributors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may
+obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions
+and limitations under the License.

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Reactive Extensions Libraries
+
+
+Tx is set of code samples showing how to use LINQ to events, such as:
+
+* **Real-Time standing queries:**. E.g. producing a histogram every second how many bytes were send/received over TCP per IP address. 
+* **Queries on past history from trace/log files:** E.g. from past trace of IIS find the slow requests by correlating "begin" and "end" events.
+
+The initial set of supported technologies is:
+
+* Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)
+* Windows Event Logs
+* SQL Server Extended Events (XEvent)
+
+
+
+* Reactive Extensions:
**	Rx.NET: The Reactive Extensions (Rx) is a library for composing asynchronous and event-based programs using observable sequences and LINQ-style query operators.
**	RxJS: The Reactive Extensions for JavaScript (RxJS) is a library for composing asynchronous and event-based programs using observable sequences and LINQ-style query operators in JavaScript which can target both the browser and Node.js.
**	Rx++: The Reactive Extensions for Native (RxC) is a library for composing asynchronous and event-based programs using observable sequences and LINQ-style query operators in both C and C++.

*	Interactive Extensions
**	Ix: The Interactive Extensions (Ix) is a .NET library which extends LINQ to Objects to provide many of the operators available in Rx but targeted for IEnumerable<T>.
**	IxJS: An implementation of LINQ to Objects and the Interactive Extensions (Ix) in JavaScript.
**	Ix++: An implantation of LINQ for Native Developers in C++

*	Bindings:
**	Tx: a set of code samples showing how to use LINQ to events, such as real-time standing queries and queries on past history from trace and log files, which targets ETW, Windows Event Logs and SQL Server Extended Events.
**	LINQ2Charts: an example for Rx bindings.  Similar to existing APIs like LINQ to XML, it allows developers to use LINQ to create/change/update charts in an easy way and avoid having to deal with XML or other underneath data structures. We would love to see more Rx bindings like this one.
+#Contributing Code

Before submitting a feature or substantial code contribution please  discuss it with the team and ensure it follows the product roadmap. Note that all code submissions will be rigorously reviewed and tested by the Rx Team, and only those that meet an extremely high bar for both quality and design/roadmap appropriateness will be merged into the source. 

You will need to submit a  Contributor License Agreement form before submitting your pull request. This needs to only be done once for any Microsoft OSS project. Download the Contributor License Agreement (CLA). Please fill in, sign, scan and email it to [email protected]. 
+
+
+
+
+
+

Rx.NET/.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
+* text=auto
+
+# Custom for Visual Studio
+*.cs     diff=csharp
+*.sln    merge=union
+*.csproj merge=union
+*.vbproj merge=union
+*.fsproj merge=union
+*.dbproj merge=union
+
+# Standard to msysgit
+*.doc	 diff=astextplain
+*.DOC	 diff=astextplain
+*.docx diff=astextplain
+*.DOCX diff=astextplain
+*.dot  diff=astextplain
+*.DOT  diff=astextplain
+*.pdf  diff=astextplain
+*.PDF	 diff=astextplain
+*.rtf	 diff=astextplain
+*.RTF	 diff=astextplain

Rx.NET/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#################
+## Eclipse
+#################
+
+*.pydevproject
+.project
+.metadata
+bin/
+tmp/
+*.tmp
+*.bak
+*.swp
+*~.nib
+local.properties
+.classpath
+.settings/
+.loadpath
+
+# External tool builders
+.externalToolBuilders/
+
+# Locally stored "Eclipse launch configurations"
+*.launch
+
+# CDT-specific
+.cproject
+
+# PDT-specific
+.buildpath
+
+
+#################
+## Visual Studio
+#################
+
+## Ignore Visual Studio temporary files, build results, and
+## files generated by popular Visual Studio add-ons.
+
+# User-specific files
+*.suo
+*.user
+*.sln.docstates
+
+# Build results
+[Dd]ebug/
+[Rr]elease/
+*_i.c
+*_p.c
+*.ilk
+*.meta
+*.obj
+*.pch
+*.pdb
+*.pgc
+*.pgd
+*.rsp
+*.sbr
+*.tlb
+*.tli
+*.tlh
+*.tmp
+*.vspscc
+.builds
+*.dotCover
+
+## TODO: If you have NuGet Package Restore enabled, uncomment this
+#packages/
+
+# Visual C++ cache files
+ipch/
+*.aps
+*.ncb
+*.opensdf
+*.sdf
+
+# Visual Studio profiler
+*.psess
+*.vsp
+
+# ReSharper is a .NET coding add-in
+_ReSharper*
+
+# Installshield output folder
+[Ee]xpress
+
+# DocProject is a documentation generator add-in
+DocProject/buildhelp/
+DocProject/Help/*.HxT
+DocProject/Help/*.HxC
+DocProject/Help/*.hhc
+DocProject/Help/*.hhk
+DocProject/Help/*.hhp
+DocProject/Help/Html2
+DocProject/Help/html
+
+# Click-Once directory
+publish
+
+# Others
+[Bb]in
+[Oo]bj
+sql
+TestResults
+*.Cache
+ClientBin
+stylecop.*
+~$*
+*.dbmdl
+Generated_Code #added for RIA/Silverlight projects
+
+# Backup & report files from converting an old project file to a newer
+# Visual Studio version. Backup files are not needed, because we have git ;-)
+_UpgradeReport_Files/
+Backup*/
+UpgradeLog*.XML
+
+
+
+############
+## Windows
+############
+
+# Windows image file caches
+Thumbs.db
+
+# Folder config file
+Desktop.ini
+
+
+#############
+## Python
+#############
+
+*.py[co]
+
+# Packages
+*.egg
+*.egg-info
+dist
+build
+eggs
+parts
+bin
+var
+sdist
+develop-eggs
+.installed.cfg
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+.coverage
+.tox
+
+#Translations
+*.mo
+
+#Mr Developer
+.mr.developer.cfg
+
+# Mac crap
+.DS_Store

Rx.NET/Build.bat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+msbuild BuildAll.proj

Rx.NET/BuildAll.proj

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <LayoutOutputFolder>$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\..\Layout\Rx\</LayoutOutputFolder>
+    <SetupOutputFolder>$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\..\Setup\Rx\</SetupOutputFolder>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <!-- Current platforms -->
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <!-- Important: The HomoIcon build task requires the 4.0 builds to appear first! (currently disabled) -->
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Debug40</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Release40</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Debug45</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Release45</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Debug8</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Release8</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>DebugPL</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>ReleasePL</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>DebugWP7</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>ReleaseWP7</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>DebugSL5</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>ReleaseSL5</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+
+  <!-- Legacy platforms -->
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>DebugSL4</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>ReleaseSL4</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Debug35</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>Release35</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>DebugXNA4</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>ReleaseXNA4</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+
+  <!-- Future platforms -->
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>DebugWP8</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+    <Flavor Include="Rx.sln">
+      <Configuration>ReleaseWP8</Configuration>
+    </Flavor>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+
+  <Target Name="ExpandFlavors">
+    <CreateItem Include="@(Flavor)" AdditionalMetadata="Properties=Configuration=%(Flavor.Configuration)%3BPlatform=Any CPU%3BOutDir=$(LayoutOutputFolder)\%(Flavor.Configuration)\">
+      <Output TaskParameter="Include" ItemName="ProjectToBuild" />
+    </CreateItem>
+    <CreateItem Include="Setup\BuildAll.proj" AdditionalMetadata="Properties=BinariesLayoutFolder=$(LayoutOutputFolder)%3BOutDir=$(SetupOutputFolder)" Condition=" '$(BuildSetup)' == '1' ">
+      <Output TaskParameter="Include" ItemName="SetupToBuild" />
+    </CreateItem>
+  </Target>
+  <Target Name="Build" DependsOnTargets="ExpandFlavors">
+    <MSBuild Projects="@(ProjectToBuild)" Targets="Build" />
+    <MSBuild Projects="@(SetupToBuild)" Targets="Build" />
+  </Target>
+  <Target Name="Clean" DependsOnTargets="ExpandFlavors">
+    <MSBuild Projects="@(ProjectToBuild)" Targets="Clean" />
+    <MSBuild Projects="@(SetupToBuild)" Targets="Clean" />
+  </Target>
+  <Target Name="Rebuild" DependsOnTargets="ExpandFlavors">
+    <MSBuild Projects="@(ProjectToBuild)" Targets="Rebuild" />
+    <MSBuild Projects="@(SetupToBuild)" Targets="Rebuild" />
+  </Target>
+</Project>

Rx.NET/BuildSetup.bat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+msbuild BuildAll.proj /p:BuildSetup=1 /p:BuildNumber=0.9.0.0 /p:RxRelease=EXPERIMENTAL

Rx.NET/Clean.bat

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+msbuild BuildAll.proj /t:Clean /p:BuildSetup=1

Rx.NET/Common.targets

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>8.0.30703</ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile />
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+
+  <!--
+       ***********************
+       * SUPPORTED PLATFORMS *
+       ***********************
+   -->
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugPL|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>PL</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleasePL|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>PL</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug45|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>45</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release45|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>45</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug8|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>8</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release8|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>8</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug40|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>40</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release40|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>40</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugSL5|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>SL5</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseSL5|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>SL5</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugWP7|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>WP7</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseWP7|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>WP7</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugWP8|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>WP8</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseWP8|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>WP8</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugXBLV|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>XBLV</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseXBLV|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>XBLV</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'PL' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_EVENTARGS_CONSTRAINT;HAS_EDI;HAS_WINRT;HAS_PROGRESS;PREFER_ASYNC;HAS_AWAIT;HAS_APTCA;NO_REMOTING;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_THREAD;CRIPPLED_REFLECTION;PLIB</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>.NETPortable</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>Profile7</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+    <NoStdLib>true</NoStdLib>
+    <SignKeyEnhanced>true</SignKeyEnhanced>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == '45' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_EVENTARGS_CONSTRAINT;HAS_EDI;HAS_WINRT;HAS_PROGRESS;PREFER_ASYNC;HAS_AWAIT;HAS_APTCA;                                                              HAS_DISPATCHER_PRIORITY;HAS_WINFORMS</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <NoStdLib>true</NoStdLib>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR45</BuildFlavor>
+    <SignKeyEnhanced>true</SignKeyEnhanced>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == '8' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_EVENTARGS_CONSTRAINT;HAS_EDI;HAS_WINRT;HAS_PROGRESS;PREFER_ASYNC;HAS_AWAIT;          NO_REMOTING;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_THREAD;CRIPPLED_REFLECTION</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>.NETCore</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <NoStdLib>true</NoStdLib>
+    <BuildPlatform>WINDOWS</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>WINDOWS8</BuildFlavor>
+    <DefaultLanguage>en-US</DefaultLanguage>
+    <SignKeyEnhanced>true</SignKeyEnhanced>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == '40' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_TASK_DELAY;HAS_APTCA;HAS_WINFORMS</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR40</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'SL5' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_RXINTERFACES;USE_SL_DISPATCHER;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_STOPWATCH;NO_CDS;NO_TASK_DELAY</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v5.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT5</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'WP7' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);USE_SL_DISPATCHER;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_REMOTING;NO_CDS;NO_TLS;NO_VARIANCE;NO_TPL;NO_HASHSET;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_EXPRESSIONVISITOR;NO_LAZY;NO_WEAKTABLE;NO_INTERLOCKED_64;WINDOWSPHONE7</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkProfile>WindowsPhone71</TargetFrameworkProfile>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHTM7</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'WP8' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);USE_SL_DISPATCHER;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_REMOTING;NO_CDS_COLLECTIONS</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>WindowsPhone</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v8.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>WINDOWS_PHONE</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>WINDOWS_PHONE8</BuildFlavor>
+    <NoStdLib>true</NoStdLib>
+    <SignKeyEnhanced>true</SignKeyEnhanced>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'XBLV' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_RXINTERFACES;USE_SL_DISPATCHER;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_STOPWATCH;NO_CDS;NO_TPL;NO_LAZY;NO_WEAKTABLE;NO_VARIANCE;NO_HASHSET;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_EXPRESSIONVISITOR;NO_EXPRESSIONS</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>XBOX_LAKEVIEW</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+
+  <!--
+       ********************
+       * LEGACY PLATFORMS *
+       ********************
+   -->
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug35|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>35</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release35|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>35</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugSL3|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>SL3</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseSL3|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>SL3</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugSL4|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>SL4</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseSL4|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>SL4</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugXNA4|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>XNA4</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseXNA4|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>XNA4</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugCF35|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Debug</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>CF35</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseCF35|AnyCPU' ">
+    <BuildConfig>Release</BuildConfig>
+    <BuildTarget>CF35</BuildTarget>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == '35' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_RXINTERFACES;NO_VARIANCE;NO_TPL;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_EXPRESSIONVISITOR;NO_CDS;NO_LAZY;NO_WEAKTABLE;HAS_APTCA</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>DESKTOPCLR</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>DESKTOPCLR20</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'SL3' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_RXINTERFACES;USE_SL_DISPATCHER;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_STOPWATCH;NO_CDS;NO_TPL;NO_LAZY;NO_WEAKTABLE;NO_VARIANCE;NO_HASHSET;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_EXPRESSIONVISITOR</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT3</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'SL4' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_RXINTERFACES;USE_SL_DISPATCHER;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_REMOTING;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_STOPWATCH;NO_CDS;NO_TPL</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkIdentifier>Silverlight</TargetFrameworkIdentifier>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <SilverlightVersion>$(TargetFrameworkVersion)</SilverlightVersion>
+    <SilverlightApplication>false</SilverlightApplication>
+    <BuildPlatform>SILVERLIGHT</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>SILVERLIGHT4</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'XNA4' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_VARIANCE;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_SERIALIZABLE;NO_TPL;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_HASHSET;NO_RXINTERFACES;NO_REMOTING;NO_EXPRESSIONVISITOR;NO_CDS;NO_LAZY;NO_EXPRESSIONS;NO_WEAKTABLE;NO_DEBUGGER_ATTRIBUTES;USE_SLEEP_MS;NO_INTERLOCKED_64</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <XnaFrameworkVersion>v4.0</XnaFrameworkVersion>
+    <XnaPlatform>Xbox 360</XnaPlatform>
+    <NoStdLib>true</NoStdLib>
+    <BuildPlatform>XNA</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>XNA4</BuildFlavor>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildTarget)' == 'CF35' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_VARIANCE;NO_TPL;NO_LARGEARITY;NO_RXINTERFACES;NO_EXPRESSIONVISITOR;NO_CDS;NO_EXPRESSIONS;NO_HASHSET;NO_SEMAPHORE;NO_DATETIMEOFFSET;NO_ASSEMBLYFILEVERSIONATTRIBUTE;NO_SYNCCTX;NO_TLS;NO_LAZY;NO_REMOTING;NO_WEAKTABLE;NO_DEBUGGER_ATTRIBUTES;USE_SLEEP_MS;NO_INTERLOCKED_64</DefineConstants>
+    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v3.5</TargetFrameworkVersion>
+    <BuildPlatform>NETCF</BuildPlatform>
+    <BuildFlavor>NETCF35</BuildFlavor>
+    <NoStdLib>true</NoStdLib>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'NETCF' ">
+    <!-- The following seems to be required for Microsoft.CompactFramework.targets to be happy. It doesn't seem to impact generated metadata. -->
+    <PlatformFamilyName>PocketPC</PlatformFamilyName>
+    <PlatformID>4118C335-430C-497f-BE48-11C3316B135E</PlatformID>
+    <OSVersion>5.1</OSVersion>
+    <NativePlatformName>Windows Mobile 5.0 Pocket PC SDK</NativePlatformName>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+
+  <!--
+       ********************
+       * GENERAL SETTINGS *
+       ********************
+   -->
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);$(BuildPlatform);$(BuildFlavor);TRACE</DefineConstants>
+    <OutputPath>bin\$(BuildConfig)$(BuildTarget)</OutputPath>
+    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
+    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildConfig)' == 'Debug' ">
+    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
+    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);DEBUG</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildConfig)' == 'Release' ">
+    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
+    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(NoOpt)' == '1' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_PERF</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  
+  <ItemGroup Condition=" '$(NoStdLib)' == 'true' ">
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'NETCF' ">
+    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <!-- Temporary flag to enable stress test builds. Should be refactored into a separate project and be written in a more platform-neutral manner. (TFS 484720) -->
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'DESKTOPCLR40' OR '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'DESKTOPCLR45' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);STRESS</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(ProductSignAssembly)' == 'true' AND '$(SignedBuild)' == '1' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);SIGNED</DefineConstants>
+    <SignAssembly>true</SignAssembly>
+    <DelaySign>true</DelaySign>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(SignAssembly)' == 'true' AND '$(SignKeyEnhanced)' != 'true' ">
+    <AssemblyOriginatorKeyFile>..\35MSSharedLib1024.snk</AssemblyOriginatorKeyFile>
+    <SignKeyId>72</SignKeyId>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(SignAssembly)' == 'true' AND '$(SignKeyEnhanced)' == 'true' ">
+    <AssemblyOriginatorKeyFile>..\272MSSharedLibSN2048.snk</AssemblyOriginatorKeyFile>
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);SIGNENHANCED</DefineConstants>
+    <SignKeyId>272</SignKeyId>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(BuildLab)' == '1' ">
+    <DefineConstants>$(DefineConstants);NO_CODECOVERAGE</DefineConstants>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <GetReferenceAssemblyPathsDependsOn>CP_SetBuildReferencePath</GetReferenceAssemblyPathsDependsOn>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Target Name="CP_SetBuildReferencePath">
+    <PropertyGroup>
+      <TargetFrameworkDirectory>$(ProjectDir)..\..\References\$(BuildFlavor)</TargetFrameworkDirectory>
+    </PropertyGroup>
+  </Target>
+
+</Project>

Rx.NET/Import.targets

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <!-- Non-Portable Library build -->
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\WindowsXaml\v11.0\Microsoft.Windows.UI.Xaml.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' == '.NETCore' " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And ('$(BuildPlatform)' == 'DESKTOPCLR' Or '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'XNA') " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\Silverlight\$(SilverlightVersion)\Microsoft.Silverlight.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' AND !('$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7') " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\Silverlight for Phone\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.Silverlight.$(TargetFrameworkProfile).Overrides.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\Silverlight for Phone\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.Silverlight.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier).$(TargetFrameworkVersion).Overrides.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'WINDOWS_PHONE8' "/>
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier).CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'WINDOWS_PHONE8' "/>
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\XNA Game Studio\Microsoft.Xna.GameStudio.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' != '.NETPortable' And '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'XNA' "/>
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\Compact\Microsoft.CompactFramework.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'NETCF' " />
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\Xbox 360 ADK\Microsoft.Xbox360.Adk.App.targets" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'XBOX' " />
+
+  <!-- Portable Library Build -->
+  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\Portable\$(TargetFrameworkVersion)\Microsoft.Portable.CSharp.targets" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' == '.NETPortable' " />
+
+  <Target Name="AfterBuild">
+    <WriteLinesToFile Condition=" '$(ProductSignAssembly)' == 'true' AND '$(SignedBuild)' == '1' "
+                      File="$(OutDir)\$(TargetFileName).sign" Overwrite="true"
+                      Lines="[$(SignKeyId)] Auto-generated file. Indicates the corresponding binary file needs to be signed." />
+
+    <!-- Hack for Metro; for some reason the XAML build creates intermediary folders, so we flatten the hierarchy for consumption by the setup build at a later stage -->
+    <CreateItem Include="$(OutDir)\*.*" Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' == '.NETCore' ">
+      <Output TaskParameter="Include" ItemName="BuiltFilesInOutDir" />
+    </CreateItem>
+    <Copy SourceFiles="@(BuiltFilesInOutDir)" DestinationFolder="$(OutDir)\.." Condition=" '$(TargetFrameworkIdentifier)' == '.NETCore' " />
+  </Target>
+</Project>

Rx.NET/Local.testsettings

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<TestSettings name="Local" id="a2f63e98-7f97-4ca7-9d25-6313d3452023" xmlns="http://microsoft.com/schemas/VisualStudio/TeamTest/2010">
+  <Description>These are default test settings for a local test run.</Description>
+  <Execution>
+    <TestTypeSpecific>
+      <UnitTestRunConfig testTypeId="13cdc9d9-ddb5-4fa4-a97d-d965ccfc6d4b">
+        <AssemblyResolution>
+          <TestDirectory useLoadContext="true" />
+        </AssemblyResolution>
+      </UnitTestRunConfig>
+      <WebTestRunConfiguration testTypeId="4e7599fa-5ecb-43e9-a887-cd63cf72d207">
+        <Browser name="Internet Explorer 7.0">
+          <Headers>
+            <Header name="User-Agent" value="Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)" />
+            <Header name="Accept" value="*/*" />
+            <Header name="Accept-Language" value="{{$IEAcceptLanguage}}" />
+            <Header name="Accept-Encoding" value="GZIP" />
+          </Headers>
+        </Browser>
+      </WebTestRunConfiguration>
+    </TestTypeSpecific>
+    <AgentRule name="LocalMachineDefaultRole">
+      <DataCollectors>
+        <DataCollector uri="datacollector://microsoft/CodeCoverage/1.0" assemblyQualifiedName="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.CodeCoverage.CoveragePlugIn, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Plugins.CodeCoverage, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" friendlyName="Code Coverage">
+          <Configuration>
+            <CodeCoverage xmlns="">
+              <Regular>
+                <CodeCoverageItem binaryFile="System.Reactive.Core\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.Core.dll" pdbFile="System.Reactive.Core\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.Core.pdb" instrumentInPlace="true" />
+                <CodeCoverageItem binaryFile="System.Reactive.Interfaces\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.Interfaces.dll" pdbFile="System.Reactive.Interfaces\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.Interfaces.pdb" instrumentInPlace="true" />
+                <CodeCoverageItem binaryFile="System.Reactive.Linq\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.Linq.dll" pdbFile="System.Reactive.Linq\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.Linq.pdb" instrumentInPlace="true" />
+                <CodeCoverageItem binaryFile="System.Reactive.PlatformServices\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.PlatformServices.dll" pdbFile="System.Reactive.PlatformServices\bin\Debug40\System.Reactive.PlatformServices.pdb" instrumentInPlace="true" />
+              </Regular>
+            </CodeCoverage>
+          </Configuration>
+        </DataCollector>
+      </DataCollectors>
+    </AgentRule>
+  </Execution>
+</TestSettings>

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/ColdObservable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive;
+using System;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    class ColdObservable<T> : ITestableObservable<T>
+    {
+        readonly TestScheduler scheduler;
+        readonly Recorded<Notification<T>>[] messages;
+        readonly List<Subscription> subscriptions = new List<Subscription>();
+
+        public ColdObservable(TestScheduler scheduler, params Recorded<Notification<T>>[] messages)
+        {
+            if (scheduler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("scheduler");
+            if (messages == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("messages");
+
+            this.scheduler = scheduler;
+            this.messages = messages;
+        }
+
+        public virtual IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            subscriptions.Add(new Subscription(scheduler.Clock));
+            var index = subscriptions.Count - 1;
+
+            var d = new CompositeDisposable();
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < messages.Length; ++i)
+            {
+                var notification = messages[i].Value;
+                d.Add(scheduler.ScheduleRelative(default(object), messages[i].Time, (scheduler1, state1) => { notification.Accept(observer); return Disposable.Empty; }));
+            }
+
+            return Disposable.Create(() =>
+            {
+                subscriptions[index] = new Subscription(subscriptions[index].Subscribe, scheduler.Clock);
+                d.Dispose();
+            });
+        }
+
+        public IList<Subscription> Subscriptions
+        {
+            get { return subscriptions; }
+        }
+
+        public IList<Recorded<Notification<T>>> Messages
+        {
+            get { return messages; }
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/GlobalSuppressions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+// This file is used by Code Analysis to maintain SuppressMessage 
+// attributes that are applied to this project.
+// Project-level suppressions either have no target or are given 
+// a specific target and scoped to a namespace, type, member, etc.
+//
+// To add a suppression to this file, right-click the message in the 
+// Error List, point to "Suppress Message(s)", and click 
+// "In Project Suppression File".
+// You do not need to add suppressions to this file manually.
+
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA2210:AssembliesShouldHaveValidStrongNames")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1053:StaticHolderTypesShouldNotHaveConstructors", Scope = "type", Target = "Microsoft.Reactive.Testing.ReactiveTest")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1014:MarkAssembliesWithClsCompliant")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1004:GenericMethodsShouldProvideTypeParameter", Scope = "member", Target = "Microsoft.Reactive.Testing.ReactiveAssert.#Throws`1(System.Action,System.String)")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1004:GenericMethodsShouldProvideTypeParameter", Scope = "member", Target = "Microsoft.Reactive.Testing.ReactiveAssert.#Throws`1(System.Action)")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1016:MarkAssembliesWithAssemblyVersion")]

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/HotObservable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive;
+using System;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    class HotObservable<T> : ITestableObservable<T>
+    {
+        readonly TestScheduler scheduler;
+        readonly List<IObserver<T>> observers = new List<IObserver<T>>();
+        readonly List<Subscription> subscriptions = new List<Subscription>();
+        readonly Recorded<Notification<T>>[] messages;
+
+        public HotObservable(TestScheduler scheduler, params Recorded<Notification<T>>[] messages)
+        {
+            if (scheduler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("scheduler");
+            if (messages == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("messages");
+
+            this.scheduler = scheduler;
+            this.messages = messages;
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < messages.Length; ++i)
+            {
+                var notification = messages[i].Value;
+                scheduler.ScheduleAbsolute(default(object), messages[i].Time, (scheduler1, state1) =>
+                {
+                    var _observers = observers.ToArray();
+                    for (var j = 0; j < _observers.Length; ++j)
+                    {
+                        notification.Accept(_observers[j]);
+                    }
+                    return Disposable.Empty;
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            observers.Add(observer);
+            subscriptions.Add(new Subscription(scheduler.Clock));
+            var index = subscriptions.Count - 1;
+
+            return Disposable.Create(() =>
+            {
+                observers.Remove(observer);
+                subscriptions[index] = new Subscription(subscriptions[index].Subscribe, scheduler.Clock);
+            });
+        }
+
+        public IList<Subscription> Subscriptions
+        {
+            get { return subscriptions; }
+        }
+
+        public IList<Recorded<Notification<T>>> Messages
+        {
+            get { return messages; }
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/ITestObservable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Observable sequence that records subscription lifetimes and timestamped notification messages sent to observers.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+    public interface ITestableObservable<T> : IObservable<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a list of all the subscriptions to the observable sequence, including their lifetimes.
+        /// </summary>
+        IList<Subscription> Subscriptions { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded timestamped notification messages that were sent by the observable sequence to its observers.
+        /// </summary>
+        IList<Recorded<Notification<T>>> Messages { get; }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/ITestObserver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Observer that records received notification messages and timestamps those.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+    public interface ITestableObserver<T> : IObserver<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets recorded timestamped notification messages received by the observer.
+        /// </summary>
+        IList<Recorded<Notification<T>>> Messages { get; }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
+    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
+    <ProductVersion>8.0.30703</ProductVersion>
+    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
+    <ProjectGuid>{E7B7408B-B039-4F30-B6CF-CC06218CE4CA}</ProjectGuid>
+    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
+    <AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
+    <RootNamespace>Microsoft.Reactive.Testing</RootNamespace>
+    <AssemblyName>Microsoft.Reactive.Testing</AssemblyName>
+    <FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
+    <ProductSignAssembly>true</ProductSignAssembly>
+    <CodeAnalysisRuleSet>..\Rx.ruleset</CodeAnalysisRuleSet>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'ReleaseXBLV|AnyCPU'">
+    <OutputPath>bin\ReleaseXBLV\</OutputPath>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'DebugXBLV|AnyCPU'">
+    <OutputPath>bin\DebugXBLV\</OutputPath>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Common.targets" />
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <DocumentationFile>$(OutputPath)\$(AssemblyName).XML</DocumentationFile>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Reference Include="mscorlib" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' " />
+    <Reference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTesting.Silverlight" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'SILVERLIGHT' " />
+    <Reference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework" Condition=" '$(BuildPlatform)' == 'DESKTOPCLR' " />
+    <Reference Include="System" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
+    <Reference Include="System.Observable" Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'SILVERLIGHTM7' " />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup Condition=" '$(BuildFlavor)' == 'WINDOWS8' ">
+    <SDKReference Include="MSTestFramework, Version=11.0" />
+    <SDKReference Include="TestPlatform, Version=11.0" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="ColdObservable.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="GlobalSuppressions.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="HotObservable.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="ITestObservable.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="ITestObserver.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="MockObserver.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="NamespaceDoc.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="ReactiveAssert.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="ReactiveTest.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Recorded.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Subscription.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="TestScheduler.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Reactive.Core\System.Reactive.Core.csproj">
+      <Project>{4E516F10-DA7A-4D43-963E-A93865ABEA5B}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Reactive.Core</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Reactive.Interfaces\System.Reactive.Interfaces.csproj">
+      <Project>{9E9B9C60-98B0-40FA-9C2B-1218D417CAA4}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Reactive.Interfaces</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\System.Reactive.Linq\System.Reactive.Linq.csproj">
+      <Project>{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}</Project>
+      <Name>System.Reactive.Linq</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="..\Import.targets" />
+</Project>

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/MockObserver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive;
+using System;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    class MockObserver<T> : ITestableObserver<T>
+    {
+        TestScheduler scheduler;
+        List<Recorded<Notification<T>>> messages;
+
+        public MockObserver(TestScheduler scheduler)
+        {
+            if (scheduler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("scheduler");
+
+            this.scheduler = scheduler;
+            this.messages = new List<Recorded<Notification<T>>>();
+        }
+
+        public void OnNext(T value)
+        {
+            messages.Add(new Recorded<Notification<T>>(scheduler.Clock, Notification.CreateOnNext<T>(value)));
+        }
+
+        public void OnError(Exception exception)
+        {
+            messages.Add(new Recorded<Notification<T>>(scheduler.Clock, Notification.CreateOnError<T>(exception)));
+        }
+
+        public void OnCompleted()
+        {
+            messages.Add(new Recorded<Notification<T>>(scheduler.Clock, Notification.CreateOnCompleted<T>()));
+        }
+
+        public IList<Recorded<Notification<T>>> Messages
+        {
+            get { return messages; }
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/NamespaceDoc.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The <b>Microsoft.Reactive.Testing</b> namespace contains interfaces and classes providing functionality to test applications and libraries built using Reactive Extensions.
+    /// </summary>
+    [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute]
+    class NamespaceDoc
+    {
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Resources;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("Microsoft.Reactive.Testing")]
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("Reactive Extensions Testing Library used to write unit tests for queries and custom operators over observable sequences.")]
+#if DEBUG
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Debug")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Retail")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("Microsoft Corporation")]
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Reactive Extensions")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("\x00a9 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.")]
+[assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
+
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+
+//
+// Note: Assembly (file) version numbers get inserted by the build system on the fly. Inspect the Team Build workflows
+//       and the custom activity in Source/Build/Activities/AppendVersionInfo.cs for more information.
+//

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/ReactiveAssert.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+using System.Reactive.Linq;
+
+#if WINDOWS8
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestPlatform.UnitTestFramework;
+#else
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+#endif
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Helper class to write asserts in unit tests for applications and libraries built using Reactive Extensions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class ReactiveAssert
+    {
+        static string Message<T>(IEnumerable<T> actual, IEnumerable<T> expected)
+        {
+            var sb = new StringBuilder();
+            sb.AppendLine();
+            sb.Append("Expected: [");
+            sb.Append(string.Join(", ", expected.Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()));
+            sb.Append("]");
+            sb.AppendLine();
+            sb.Append("Actual..: [");
+            sb.Append(string.Join(", ", actual.Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray()));
+            sb.Append("]");
+            sb.AppendLine();
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that both enumerable sequences have equal length and equal elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected one.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AreElementsEqual<T>(IEnumerable<T> expected, IEnumerable<T> actual)
+        {
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+
+            if (!expected.SequenceEqual(actual))
+                Assert.Fail(Message(actual, expected));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that both enumerable sequences have equal length and equal elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected one.</param>
+        /// <param name="message">Error message for assert failure.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AreElementsEqual<T>(IEnumerable<T> expected, IEnumerable<T> actual, string message)
+        {
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+
+            if (!expected.SequenceEqual(actual))
+                Assert.Fail(message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that both observable sequences have equal length and equal notifications.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected one.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AreElementsEqual<T>(IObservable<T> expected, IObservable<T> actual)
+        {
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+
+            AreElementsEqual(expected.Materialize().ToEnumerable(), actual.Materialize().ToEnumerable());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that both observable sequences have equal length and equal elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected one.</param>
+        /// <param name="message">Error message for assert failure.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AreElementsEqual<T>(IObservable<T> expected, IObservable<T> actual, string message)
+        {
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+
+            AreElementsEqual(expected.Materialize().ToEnumerable(), actual.Materialize().ToEnumerable(), message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that the given action throws an exception of the type specified in the generic parameter, or a subtype thereof.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TException">Type of the exception to check for.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="action">Action to run.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="action"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void Throws<TException>(Action action) where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            var failed = false;
+            try
+            {
+                action();
+                failed = true;
+            }
+            catch (TException)
+            {
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Assert.Fail(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "Expected {0} threw {1}.\r\n\r\nStack trace:\r\n{2}", typeof(TException).Name, ex.GetType().Name, ex.StackTrace));
+            }
+
+            if (failed)
+                Assert.Fail(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "Expected {0}.", typeof(TException).Name));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that the given action throws an exception of the type specified in the generic parameter, or a subtype thereof.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TException">Type of the exception to check for.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="action">Action to run.</param>
+        /// <param name="message">Error message for assert failure.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="action"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void Throws<TException>(Action action, string message) where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            var failed = false;
+            try
+            {
+                action();
+                failed = true;
+            }
+            catch (TException)
+            {
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                Assert.Fail(message);
+            }
+
+            if (failed)
+                Assert.Fail(message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that the given action throws the specified exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TException">Type of the exception to check for.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="exception">Exception to assert being thrown.</param>
+        /// <param name="action">Action to run.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="action"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void Throws<TException>(TException exception, Action action) where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            var failed = false;
+            try
+            {
+                action();
+                failed = true;
+            }
+            catch (TException ex)
+            {
+                Assert.AreSame(exception, ex);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Assert.Fail(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "Expected {0} threw {1}.\r\n\r\nStack trace:\r\n{2}", typeof(TException).Name, ex.GetType().Name, ex.StackTrace));
+            }
+
+            if (failed)
+                Assert.Fail(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "Expected {0}.", typeof(TException).Name));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that the given action throws the specified exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TException">Type of the exception to check for.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="exception">Exception to assert being thrown.</param>
+        /// <param name="action">Action to run.</param>
+        /// <param name="message">Error message for assert failure.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="action"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void Throws<TException>(TException exception, Action action, string message) where TException : Exception
+        {
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            var failed = false;
+            try
+            {
+                action();
+                failed = true;
+            }
+            catch (TException ex)
+            {
+                Assert.AreSame(exception, ex);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                Assert.Fail(message);
+            }
+
+            if (failed)
+                Assert.Fail(message);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that both enumerable sequences have equal length and equal elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected one.</param>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected sequence.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AssertEqual<T>(this IEnumerable<T> actual, IEnumerable<T> expected)
+        {
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+
+            ReactiveAssert.AreElementsEqual(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts the enumerable sequence has the expected elements.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected elements.</param>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected elements.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AssertEqual<T>(this IEnumerable<T> actual, params T[] expected)
+        {
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+
+            ReactiveAssert.AreElementsEqual(expected, actual);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asserts that both observable sequences have equal length and equal notifications.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="actual">Actual sequence to compare against the expected one.</param>
+        /// <param name="expected">Expected sequence.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="expected"/> or <paramref name="actual"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static void AssertEqual<T>(this IObservable<T> actual, IObservable<T> expected)
+        {
+            if (actual == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("actual");
+            if (expected == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("expected");
+
+            ReactiveAssert.AreElementsEqual(expected, actual);
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/ReactiveTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Reactive;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Base class to write unit tests for applications and libraries built using Reactive Extensions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ReactiveTest
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Default virtual time used for creation of observable sequences in <see cref="ReactiveTest"/>-based unit tests.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const long Created = 100;
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Default virtual time used to subscribe to observable sequences in <see cref="ReactiveTest"/>-based unit tests.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const long Subscribed = 200;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Default virtual time used to dispose subscriptions in <see cref="ReactiveTest"/>-based unit tests.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const long Disposed = 1000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for an OnNext notification record at a given time with a given value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type for the resulting notification object.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="ticks">Recorded virtual time the OnNext notification occurs.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Recorded value stored in the OnNext notification.</param>
+        /// <returns>Recorded OnNext notification.</returns>
+        public static Recorded<Notification<T>> OnNext<T>(long ticks, T value)
+        {
+            return new Recorded<Notification<T>>(ticks, Notification.CreateOnNext<T>(value));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for writing an assert that checks for an OnNext notification record at a given time, using the specified predicate to check the value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type for the resulting notification object.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="ticks">Recorded virtual time the OnNext notification occurs.</param>
+        /// <param name="predicate">Predicate function to check the OnNext notification value against an expected value.</param>
+        /// <returns>Recorded OnNext notification with a predicate to assert a given value.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="predicate"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static Recorded<Notification<T>> OnNext<T>(long ticks, Func<T, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return new Recorded<Notification<T>>(ticks, new OnNextPredicate<T>(predicate));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for an OnCompleted notification record at a given time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type for the resulting notification object.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="ticks">Recorded virtual time the OnCompleted notification occurs.</param>
+        /// <returns>Recorded OnCompleted notification.</returns>
+        public static Recorded<Notification<T>> OnCompleted<T>(long ticks)
+        {
+            return new Recorded<Notification<T>>(ticks, Notification.CreateOnCompleted<T>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for an OnError notification record at a given time with a given error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type for the resulting notification object.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="ticks">Recorded virtual time the OnError notification occurs.</param>
+        /// <param name="exception">Recorded exception stored in the OnError notification.</param>
+        /// <returns>Recorded OnError notification.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="exception"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static Recorded<Notification<T>> OnError<T>(long ticks, Exception exception)
+        {
+            if (exception == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("exception");
+
+            return new Recorded<Notification<T>>(ticks, Notification.CreateOnError<T>(exception));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for writing an assert that checks for an OnError notification record at a given time, using the specified predicate to check the exception.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type for the resulting notification object.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="ticks">Recorded virtual time the OnError notification occurs.</param>
+        /// <param name="predicate">Predicate function to check the OnError notification value against an expected exception.</param>
+        /// <returns>Recorded OnError notification with a predicate to assert a given exception.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="predicate"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static Recorded<Notification<T>> OnError<T>(long ticks, Func<Exception, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            if (predicate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate");
+
+            return new Recorded<Notification<T>>(ticks, new OnErrorPredicate<T>(predicate));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for a subscription record based on a given subscription and disposal time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Virtual time indicating when the subscription was created.</param>
+        /// <param name="end">Virtual time indicating when the subscription was disposed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Subscription object.</returns>
+        public static Subscription Subscribe(long start, long end)
+        {
+            return new Subscription(start, end);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Factory method for a subscription record based on a given subscription time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="start">Virtual time indicating when the subscription was created.</param>
+        /// <returns>Subscription object.</returns>
+        public static Subscription Subscribe(long start)
+        {
+            return new Subscription(start);
+        }
+
+        #region Predicate-based notification assert helper classes
+
+        class OnNextPredicate<T> : PredicateNotification<T>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<T, bool> _predicate;
+
+            public OnNextPredicate(Func<T, bool> predicate)
+            {
+                _predicate = predicate;
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(Notification<T> other)
+            {
+                if (Object.ReferenceEquals(this, other))
+                    return true;
+                if (Object.ReferenceEquals(other, null))
+                    return false;
+                if (other.Kind != NotificationKind.OnNext)
+                    return false;
+
+                return _predicate(other.Value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        class OnErrorPredicate<T> : PredicateNotification<T>
+        {
+            private readonly Func<Exception, bool> _predicate;
+
+            public OnErrorPredicate(Func<Exception, bool> predicate)
+            {
+                _predicate = predicate;
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(Notification<T> other)
+            {
+                if (Object.ReferenceEquals(this, other))
+                    return true;
+                if (Object.ReferenceEquals(other, null))
+                    return false;
+                if (other.Kind != NotificationKind.OnError)
+                    return false;
+
+                return _predicate(other.Exception);
+            }
+        }
+
+        abstract class PredicateNotification<T> : Notification<T>
+        {
+            #region Non-implemented members (by design)
+
+            public override T Value
+            {
+                get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
+            }
+
+            public override bool HasValue
+            {
+                get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
+            }
+
+            public override Exception Exception
+            {
+                get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
+            }
+
+            public override NotificationKind Kind
+            {
+                get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
+            }
+
+            public override void Accept(IObserver<T> observer)
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+
+            public override TResult Accept<TResult>(IObserver<T, TResult> observer)
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+
+            public override void Accept(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+
+            public override TResult Accept<TResult>(Func<T, TResult> onNext, Func<Exception, TResult> onError, Func<TResult> onCompleted)
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/Recorded.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Globalization;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Record of a value including the virtual time it was produced on.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the value.</typeparam>
+#if !NO_DEBUGGER_ATTRIBUTES
+    [DebuggerDisplay("{Value}@{Time}")]
+#endif
+#if !NO_SERIALIZABLE
+    [Serializable]
+#endif
+    public struct Recorded<T> : IEquatable<Recorded<T>>
+    {
+        private readonly long _time;
+        private readonly T _value;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the virtual time the value was produced on.
+        /// </summary>
+        public long Time { get { return _time; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded value.
+        /// </summary>
+        public T Value { get { return _value; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new object recording the production of the specified value at the given virtual time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="time">Virtual time the value was produced on.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">Value that was produced.</param>
+        public Recorded(long time, T value)
+        {
+            _time = time;
+            _value = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether the given recorded object is equal to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Recorded object to check for equality.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if both objects are equal; false otherwise.</returns>
+        public bool Equals(Recorded<T> other)
+        {
+            return Time == other.Time && EqualityComparer<T>.Default.Equals(Value, other.Value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the two specified Recorded&lt;T&gt; values have the same Time and Value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">The first Recorded&lt;T&gt; value to compare.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The second Recorded&lt;T&gt; value to compare.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the first Recorded&lt;T&gt; value has the same Time and Value as the second Recorded&lt;T&gt; value; otherwise, false.</returns>
+        public static bool operator ==(Recorded<T> left, Recorded<T> right)
+        {
+            return left.Equals(right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the two specified Recorded&lt;T&gt; values don't have the same Time and Value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">The first Recorded&lt;T&gt; value to compare.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The second Recorded&lt;T&gt; value to compare.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the first Recorded&lt;T&gt; value has a different Time or Value as the second Recorded&lt;T&gt; value; otherwise, false.</returns>
+        public static bool operator !=(Recorded<T> left, Recorded<T> right)
+        {
+            return !left.Equals(right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the specified System.Object is equal to the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">The System.Object to compare with the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the specified System.Object is equal to the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value; otherwise, false.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is Recorded<T>)
+                return Equals((Recorded<T>)obj);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code for the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A hash code for the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value.</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return Time.GetHashCode() + EqualityComparer<T>.Default.GetHashCode(Value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a string representation of the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>String representation of the current Recorded&lt;T&gt; value.</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return Value.ToString() + "@" + Time.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/Subscription.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Globalization;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Records information about subscriptions to and unsubscriptions from observable sequences.
+    /// </summary>
+#if !NO_DEBUGGER_ATTRIBUTES
+    [DebuggerDisplay("({Subscribe}, {Unsubscribe})")]
+#endif
+#if !NO_SERIALIZABLE
+    [Serializable]
+#endif
+    public struct Subscription : IEquatable<Subscription>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Infinite virtual time value, used to indicate an unsubscription never took place.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const long Infinite = long.MaxValue;
+
+        private long _subscribe;
+        private long _unsubscribe;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the subscription virtual time.
+        /// </summary>
+        public long Subscribe { get { return _subscribe; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the unsubscription virtual time.
+        /// </summary>
+        public long Unsubscribe { get { return _unsubscribe; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new subscription object with the given virtual subscription time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="subscribe">Virtual time at which the subscription occurred.</param>-
+        public Subscription(long subscribe)
+        {
+            _subscribe = subscribe;
+            _unsubscribe = Infinite;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new subscription object with the given virtual subscription and unsubscription time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="subscribe">Virtual time at which the subscription occurred.</param>
+        /// <param name="unsubscribe">Virtual time at which the unsubscription occurred.</param>
+        public Subscription(long subscribe, long unsubscribe)
+        {
+            _subscribe = subscribe;
+            _unsubscribe = unsubscribe;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether the given subscription is equal to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">Subscription object to check for equality.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if both objects are equal; false otherwise.</returns>
+        public bool Equals(Subscription other)
+        {
+            return Subscribe == other.Subscribe && Unsubscribe == other.Unsubscribe;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the two specified Subscription values have the same Subscribe and Unsubscribe.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">The first Subscription value to compare.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The second Subscription value to compare.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the first Subscription value has the same Subscribe and Unsubscribe as the second Subscription value; otherwise, false.</returns>
+        public static bool operator==(Subscription left, Subscription right)
+        {
+            return left.Equals(right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the two specified Subscription values don't have the same Subscribe and Unsubscribe.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">The first Subscription value to compare.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The second Subscription value to compare.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the first Subscription value has a different Subscribe or Unsubscribe as the second Subscription value; otherwise, false.</returns>
+        public static bool operator !=(Subscription left, Subscription right)
+        {
+            return !left.Equals(right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the specified System.Object is equal to the current Subscription value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">The System.Object to compare with the current Subscription value.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the specified System.Object is equal to the current Subscription value; otherwise, false.</returns>
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is Subscription)
+                return Equals((Subscription)obj);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the hash code for the current Subscription value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A hash code for the current Subscription value.</returns>
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return Subscribe.GetHashCode() ^ Unsubscribe.GetHashCode();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a string representation of the current Subscription value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>String representation of the current Subscription value.</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            if (Unsubscribe == Infinite)
+                return string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "({0}, Infinite)", Subscribe);
+            else
+                return string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "({0}, {1})", Subscribe, Unsubscribe);
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Microsoft.Reactive.Testing/TestScheduler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Reactive;
+using System.Reactive.Concurrency;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Reactive.Testing
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Virtual time scheduler used for testing applications and libraries built using Reactive Extensions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class TestScheduler : VirtualTimeScheduler<long, long>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Schedules an action to be executed at the specified virtual time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TState">The type of the state passed to the scheduled action.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="state">State passed to the action to be executed.</param>
+        /// <param name="action">Action to be executed.</param>
+        /// <param name="dueTime">Absolute virtual time at which to execute the action.</param>
+        /// <returns>Disposable object used to cancel the scheduled action (best effort).</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="action"/> is null.</exception>
+        public override IDisposable ScheduleAbsolute<TState>(TState state, long dueTime, Func<IScheduler, TState, IDisposable> action)
+        {
+            if (dueTime <= Clock)
+                dueTime = Clock + 1;
+
+            return base.ScheduleAbsolute<TState>(state, dueTime, action);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a relative virtual time to an absolute virtual time value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="absolute">Absolute virtual time value.</param>
+        /// <param name="relative">Relative virtual time value to add.</param>
+        /// <returns>Resulting absolute virtual time sum value.</returns>
+        protected override long Add(long absolute, long relative)
+        {
+            return absolute + relative;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the absolute virtual time value to a DateTimeOffset value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="absolute">Absolute virtual time value to convert.</param>
+        /// <returns>Corresponding DateTimeOffset value.</returns>
+        protected override DateTimeOffset ToDateTimeOffset(long absolute)
+        {
+            return new DateTimeOffset(absolute, TimeSpan.Zero);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the TimeSpan value to a relative virtual time value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timeSpan">TimeSpan value to convert.</param>
+        /// <returns>Corresponding relative virtual time value.</returns>
+        protected override long ToRelative(TimeSpan timeSpan)
+        {
+            return timeSpan.Ticks;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the test scheduler and uses the specified virtual times to invoke the factory function, subscribe to the resulting sequence, and dispose the subscription.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the observable sequence being tested.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="create">Factory method to create an observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="created">Virtual time at which to invoke the factory to create an observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="subscribed">Virtual time at which to subscribe to the created observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="disposed">Virtual time at which to dispose the subscription.</param>
+        /// <returns>Observer with timestamped recordings of notification messages that were received during the virtual time window when the subscription to the source sequence was active.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="create"/> is null.</exception>
+        public ITestableObserver<T> Start<T>(Func<IObservable<T>> create, long created, long subscribed, long disposed)
+        {
+            if (create == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("create");
+
+            var source = default(IObservable<T>);
+            var subscription = default(IDisposable);
+            var observer = CreateObserver<T>();
+
+            ScheduleAbsolute(default(object), created, (scheduler, state) => { source = create(); return Disposable.Empty; });
+            ScheduleAbsolute(default(object), subscribed, (scheduler, state) => { subscription = source.Subscribe(observer); return Disposable.Empty; });
+            ScheduleAbsolute(default(object), disposed, (scheduler, state) => { subscription.Dispose(); return Disposable.Empty; });
+
+            Start();
+
+            return observer;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the test scheduler and uses the specified virtual time to dispose the subscription to the sequence obtained through the factory function.
+        /// Default virtual times are used for <see cref="ReactiveTest.Created">factory invocation</see> and <see cref="ReactiveTest.Subscribed">sequence subscription</see>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the observable sequence being tested.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="create">Factory method to create an observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="disposed">Virtual time at which to dispose the subscription.</param>
+        /// <returns>Observer with timestamped recordings of notification messages that were received during the virtual time window when the subscription to the source sequence was active.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="create"/> is null.</exception>
+        public ITestableObserver<T> Start<T>(Func<IObservable<T>> create, long disposed)
+        {
+            if (create == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("create");
+
+            return Start(create, ReactiveTest.Created, ReactiveTest.Subscribed, disposed);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the test scheduler and uses default virtual times to <see cref="ReactiveTest.Created">invoke the factory function</see>, to <see cref="ReactiveTest.Subscribed">subscribe to the resulting sequence</see>, and to <see cref="ReactiveTest.Disposed">dispose the subscription</see>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the observable sequence being tested.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="create">Factory method to create an observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>Observer with timestamped recordings of notification messages that were received during the virtual time window when the subscription to the source sequence was active.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="create"/> is null.</exception>
+        public ITestableObserver<T> Start<T>(Func<IObservable<T>> create)
+        {
+            if (create == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("create");
+
+            return Start(create, ReactiveTest.Created, ReactiveTest.Subscribed, ReactiveTest.Disposed);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a hot observable using the specified timestamped notification messages.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the observable sequence being created.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="messages">Notifications to surface through the created sequence at their specified absolute virtual times.</param>
+        /// <returns>Hot observable sequence that can be used to assert the timing of subscriptions and notifications.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="messages"/> is null.</exception>
+        public ITestableObservable<T> CreateHotObservable<T>(params Recorded<Notification<T>>[] messages)
+        {
+            if (messages == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("messages");
+
+            return new HotObservable<T>(this, messages);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a cold observable using the specified timestamped notification messages.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the observable sequence being created.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="messages">Notifications to surface through the created sequence at their specified virtual time offsets from the sequence subscription time.</param>
+        /// <returns>Cold observable sequence that can be used to assert the timing of subscriptions and notifications.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="messages"/> is null.</exception>
+        public ITestableObservable<T> CreateColdObservable<T>(params Recorded<Notification<T>>[] messages)
+        {
+            if (messages == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("messages");
+
+            return new ColdObservable<T>(this, messages);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer that records received notification messages and timestamps those.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The element type of the observer being created.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>Observer that can be used to assert the timing of received notifications.</returns>
+        public ITestableObserver<T> CreateObserver<T>()
+        {
+            return new MockObserver<T>(this);
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/Rx.ruleset

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<RuleSet Name="New Rule Set" Description=" " ToolsVersion="10.0">
+  <Rules AnalyzerId="Microsoft.Analyzers.ManagedCodeAnalysis" RuleNamespace="Microsoft.Rules.Managed">
+    <Rule Id="CA1000" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1002" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1003" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1004" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1007" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1008" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1009" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1010" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1012" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1013" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1014" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1016" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1017" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1018" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1019" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1020" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1021" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1023" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1024" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1025" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1026" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1027" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1028" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1030" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1032" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1033" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1034" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1035" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1036" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1038" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1039" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1040" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1041" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1043" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1044" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1045" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1046" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1047" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1048" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1049" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1050" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1051" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1052" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1053" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1054" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1055" Action="Warning" />
+    <Rule Id="CA1056" Action="Warning" />
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Rx.NET/Rx.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,1782 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio 2012
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Linq", "System.Reactive.Linq\System.Reactive.Linq.csproj", "{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Microsoft.Reactive.Testing", "Microsoft.Reactive.Testing\Microsoft.Reactive.Testing.csproj", "{E7B7408B-B039-4F30-B6CF-CC06218CE4CA}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Tests.System.Reactive", "Tests.System.Reactive\Tests.System.Reactive.csproj", "{2FEFC068-E2DE-43A9-A4E6-E0336A532B7A}"
+EndProject
+Project("{2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8}") = "Solution Items", "Solution Items", "{9492F965-20BF-4F80-A09F-54344F3862AE}"
+	ProjectSection(SolutionItems) = preProject
+		35MSSharedLib1024.snk = 35MSSharedLib1024.snk
+		Import.targets = Import.targets
+		license.txt = license.txt
+		Local.testsettings = Local.testsettings
+		Rx.ruleset = Rx.ruleset
+		Rx.vsmdi = Rx.vsmdi
+		Test.ruleset = Test.ruleset
+		TraceAndTestImpact.testsettings = TraceAndTestImpact.testsettings
+	EndProjectSection
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Windows.Forms", "System.Reactive.Windows.Forms\System.Reactive.Windows.Forms.csproj", "{E32328A1-1F5B-45F9-B005-02EF5CC2CF0D}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Windows.Threading", "System.Reactive.Windows.Threading\System.Reactive.Windows.Threading.csproj", "{2F7D32BD-5BFC-45D4-9899-F1A76DB32FCB}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Providers", "System.Reactive.Providers\System.Reactive.Providers.csproj", "{C7B9D7BE-F47F-466B-A6B0-E46F1069B171}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.WindowsRuntime", "System.Reactive.WindowsRuntime\System.Reactive.WindowsRuntime.csproj", "{EE655A70-A899-4B38-84D3-FB9F63A8C661}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Interfaces", "System.Reactive.Interfaces\System.Reactive.Interfaces.csproj", "{9E9B9C60-98B0-40FA-9C2B-1218D417CAA4}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Core", "System.Reactive.Core\System.Reactive.Core.csproj", "{4E516F10-DA7A-4D43-963E-A93865ABEA5B}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.PlatformServices", "System.Reactive.PlatformServices\System.Reactive.PlatformServices.csproj", "{0CCCF009-763F-40D2-8655-7A94828023BF}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Runtime.Remoting", "System.Reactive.Runtime.Remoting\System.Reactive.Runtime.Remoting.csproj", "{7A6EF49E-7946-4101-9C89-407B9C53A173}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Experimental", "System.Reactive.Experimental\System.Reactive.Experimental.csproj", "{41E65B96-733B-41C4-A1BB-7476359B89EB}"
+EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "System.Reactive.Debugger", "System.Reactive.Debugger\System.Reactive.Debugger.csproj", "{FFB7A57C-BC22-4B71-88D4-2489B3FF10B6}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(TestCaseManagementSettings) = postSolution
+		CategoryFile = Rx.vsmdi
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
+		Debug|Mixed Platforms = Debug|Mixed Platforms
+		Debug|x86 = Debug|x86
+		Debug35|Any CPU = Debug35|Any CPU
+		Debug35|Mixed Platforms = Debug35|Mixed Platforms
+		Debug35|x86 = Debug35|x86
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+		Debug8|Mixed Platforms = Debug8|Mixed Platforms
+		Debug8|x86 = Debug8|x86
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+		DebugCF35|Mixed Platforms = DebugCF35|Mixed Platforms
+		DebugCF35|x86 = DebugCF35|x86
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+		DebugPL|Mixed Platforms = DebugPL|Mixed Platforms
+		DebugPL|x86 = DebugPL|x86
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+		DebugSL3|Mixed Platforms = DebugSL3|Mixed Platforms
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+		DebugXNA4|x86 = DebugXNA4|x86
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+		Release|Mixed Platforms = Release|Mixed Platforms
+		Release|x86 = Release|x86
+		Release35|Any CPU = Release35|Any CPU
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+		Release35|x86 = Release35|x86
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+		Release40|Mixed Platforms = Release40|Mixed Platforms
+		Release40|x86 = Release40|x86
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+		Release45|Mixed Platforms = Release45|Mixed Platforms
+		Release45|x86 = Release45|x86
+		Release8|Any CPU = Release8|Any CPU
+		Release8|Mixed Platforms = Release8|Mixed Platforms
+		Release8|x86 = Release8|x86
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+		ReleaseCF35|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseCF35|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseCF35|x86 = ReleaseCF35|x86
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+		ReleasePL|Mixed Platforms = ReleasePL|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleasePL|x86 = ReleasePL|x86
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+		ReleaseSL3|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseSL3|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseSL3|x86 = ReleaseSL3|x86
+		ReleaseSL4|Any CPU = ReleaseSL4|Any CPU
+		ReleaseSL4|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseSL4|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseSL4|x86 = ReleaseSL4|x86
+		ReleaseSL5|Any CPU = ReleaseSL5|Any CPU
+		ReleaseSL5|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseSL5|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseSL5|x86 = ReleaseSL5|x86
+		ReleaseWP7|Any CPU = ReleaseWP7|Any CPU
+		ReleaseWP7|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseWP7|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseWP7|x86 = ReleaseWP7|x86
+		ReleaseWP8|Any CPU = ReleaseWP8|Any CPU
+		ReleaseWP8|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseWP8|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseWP8|x86 = ReleaseWP8|x86
+		ReleaseXBLV|Any CPU = ReleaseXBLV|Any CPU
+		ReleaseXBLV|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseXBLV|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseXBLV|x86 = ReleaseXBLV|x86
+		ReleaseXNA4|Any CPU = ReleaseXNA4|Any CPU
+		ReleaseXNA4|Mixed Platforms = ReleaseXNA4|Mixed Platforms
+		ReleaseXNA4|x86 = ReleaseXNA4|x86
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug35|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug35|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug35|Mixed Platforms.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug35|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = Debug35|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug35|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug35|Any CPU
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+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug40|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug40|Any CPU
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+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug45|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug45|Any CPU
+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug8|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = DebugPL|Any CPU
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+		{63252AE9-5186-45CA-BFCD-FA51C6B66A43}.Debug8|Mixed Platforms.Build.0 = Debug8|Any CPU
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+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal

Rx.NET/Rx.vsmdi

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<TestLists xmlns="http://microsoft.com/schemas/VisualStudio/TeamTest/2010">
+  <TestList name="Lists of Tests" id="8c43106b-9dc1-4907-a29f-aa66a61bf5b6">
+    <RunConfiguration id="a2f63e98-7f97-4ca7-9d25-6313d3452023" name="Local" storage="local.testsettings" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.Common.TestRunConfiguration, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Common, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+  </TestList>
+</TestLists>

Rx.NET/Rx.vssscc

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+""
+{
+"FILE_VERSION" = "9237"
+"ENLISTMENT_CHOICE" = "NEVER"
+"PROJECT_FILE_RELATIVE_PATH" = ""
+"NUMBER_OF_EXCLUDED_FILES" = "0"
+"ORIGINAL_PROJECT_FILE_PATH" = ""
+"NUMBER_OF_NESTED_PROJECTS" = "0"
+"SOURCE_CONTROL_SETTINGS_PROVIDER" = "PROJECT"
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/GlobalSuppressions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+// This file is used by Code Analysis to maintain SuppressMessage 
+// attributes that are applied to this project.
+// Project-level suppressions either have no target or are given 
+// a specific target and scoped to a namespace, type, member, etc.
+//
+// To add a suppression to this file, right-click the message in the 
+// Error List, point to "Suppress Message(s)", and click 
+// "In Project Suppression File".
+// You do not need to add suppressions to this file manually.
+
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1020:AvoidNamespacesWithFewTypes", Scope = "namespace", Target = "System", Justification = "By design.")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA2210:AssembliesShouldHaveValidStrongNames", Justification = "Taken care of by lab build.")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1016:MarkAssembliesWithAssemblyVersion", Justification = "Taken care of by lab build.")]
+[assembly: System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1062:Validate arguments of public methods", MessageId = "0", Scope = "member", Target = "System.Reactive.Concurrency.LocalScheduler+WorkItem.#CompareTo(System.Reactive.Concurrency.LocalScheduler+WorkItem)", Justification = "Checked all enqueue operations against null reference insertions.")]

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/InternalsVisibleTo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+
+#if SIGNED
+
+#if SIGNENHANCED // Key 272 for .NET 4.5 and beyond
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Debugger, PublicKey=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")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Experimental, PublicKey=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")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Linq, PublicKey=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")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.PlatformServices, PublicKey=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")]
+#else            // Key 35 for older platforms
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Debugger, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100b5fc90e7027f67871e773a8fde8938c81dd402ba65b9201d60593e96c492651e889cc13f1415ebb53fac1131ae0bd333c5ee6021672d9718ea31a8aebd0da0072f25d87dba6fc90ffd598ed4da35e44c398c454307e8e33b8426143daec9f596836f97c8f74750e5975c64e2189f45def46b2a2b1247adc3652bf5c308055da9")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Experimental, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100b5fc90e7027f67871e773a8fde8938c81dd402ba65b9201d60593e96c492651e889cc13f1415ebb53fac1131ae0bd333c5ee6021672d9718ea31a8aebd0da0072f25d87dba6fc90ffd598ed4da35e44c398c454307e8e33b8426143daec9f596836f97c8f74750e5975c64e2189f45def46b2a2b1247adc3652bf5c308055da9")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Linq, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100b5fc90e7027f67871e773a8fde8938c81dd402ba65b9201d60593e96c492651e889cc13f1415ebb53fac1131ae0bd333c5ee6021672d9718ea31a8aebd0da0072f25d87dba6fc90ffd598ed4da35e44c398c454307e8e33b8426143daec9f596836f97c8f74750e5975c64e2189f45def46b2a2b1247adc3652bf5c308055da9")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.PlatformServices, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100b5fc90e7027f67871e773a8fde8938c81dd402ba65b9201d60593e96c492651e889cc13f1415ebb53fac1131ae0bd333c5ee6021672d9718ea31a8aebd0da0072f25d87dba6fc90ffd598ed4da35e44c398c454307e8e33b8426143daec9f596836f97c8f74750e5975c64e2189f45def46b2a2b1247adc3652bf5c308055da9")]
+#endif
+
+#else
+
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Debugger")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Experimental")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.Linq")]
+[assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("System.Reactive.PlatformServices")]
+
+#endif

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/NamespaceDocs.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+namespace System.Reactive.PlatformServices
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The <b>System.Reactive.PlatformServices</b> namespace contains interfaces and classes used by the runtime infrastructure of Reactive Extensions.
+    /// Those are not intended to be used directly from user code and are subject to change in future releases of the product.
+    /// </summary>
+    [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute]
+    class NamespaceDoc
+    {
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Observable.Extensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Reactive;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+
+namespace System
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides a set of static methods for subscribing delegates to observables.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class ObservableExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subscribes to the observable sequence without specifying any handlers.
+        /// This method can be used to evaluate the observable sequence for its side-effects only.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the source sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Observable sequence to subscribe to.</param>
+        /// <returns>IDisposable object used to unsubscribe from the observable sequence.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="source"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IDisposable Subscribe<T>(this IObservable<T> source)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+
+            //
+            // [OK] Use of unsafe Subscribe: non-pretentious constructor for an observer; this overload is not to be used internally.
+            //
+            return source.Subscribe/*Unsafe*/(new AnonymousObserver<T>(Stubs<T>.Ignore, Stubs.Throw, Stubs.Nop));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subscribes an element handler to an observable sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the source sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Observable sequence to subscribe to.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element in the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>IDisposable object used to unsubscribe from the observable sequence.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="source"/> or <paramref name="onNext"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IDisposable Subscribe<T>(this IObservable<T> source, Action<T> onNext)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            //
+            // [OK] Use of unsafe Subscribe: non-pretentious constructor for an observer; this overload is not to be used internally.
+            //
+            return source.Subscribe/*Unsafe*/(new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, Stubs.Throw, Stubs.Nop));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subscribes an element handler and an exception handler to an observable sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the source sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Observable sequence to subscribe to.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element in the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Action to invoke upon exceptional termination of the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>IDisposable object used to unsubscribe from the observable sequence.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="source"/> or <paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onError"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IDisposable Subscribe<T>(this IObservable<T> source, Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+
+            //
+            // [OK] Use of unsafe Subscribe: non-pretentious constructor for an observer; this overload is not to be used internally.
+            //
+            return source.Subscribe/*Unsafe*/(new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, onError, Stubs.Nop));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subscribes an element handler and a completion handler to an observable sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the source sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Observable sequence to subscribe to.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element in the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Action to invoke upon graceful termination of the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>IDisposable object used to unsubscribe from the observable sequence.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="source"/> or <paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onCompleted"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IDisposable Subscribe<T>(this IObservable<T> source, Action<T> onNext, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            //
+            // [OK] Use of unsafe Subscribe: non-pretentious constructor for an observer; this overload is not to be used internally.
+            //
+            return source.Subscribe/*Unsafe*/(new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, Stubs.Throw, onCompleted));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subscribes an element handler, an exception handler, and a completion handler to an observable sequence.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the source sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Observable sequence to subscribe to.</param>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Action to invoke for each element in the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Action to invoke upon exceptional termination of the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Action to invoke upon graceful termination of the observable sequence.</param>
+        /// <returns>IDisposable object used to unsubscribe from the observable sequence.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="source"/> or <paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onError"/> or <paramref name="onCompleted"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IDisposable Subscribe<T>(this IObservable<T> source, Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            //
+            // [OK] Use of unsafe Subscribe: non-pretentious constructor for an observer; this overload is not to be used internally.
+            //
+            return source.Subscribe/*Unsafe*/(new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, onError, onCompleted));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subscribes to the specified source, re-routing synchronous exceptions during invocation of the Subscribe method to the observer's OnError channel.
+        /// This method is typically used when writing query operators.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the source sequence.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="source">Observable sequence to subscribe to.</param>
+        /// <param name="observer">Observer that will be passed to the observable sequence, and that will be used for exception propagation.</param>
+        /// <returns>IDisposable object used to unsubscribe from the observable sequence.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="source"/> or <paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Advanced)]
+        public static IDisposable SubscribeSafe<T>(this IObservable<T> source, IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (source == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source");
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            //
+            // The following types are white-listed and should not exhibit exceptional behavior
+            // for regular operation circumstances.
+            //
+            if (source is ObservableBase<T>)
+                return source.Subscribe(observer);
+
+#if !NO_PERF
+            var producer = source as Producer<T>;
+            if (producer != null)
+                return producer.SubscribeRaw(observer, false);
+#endif
+
+            var d = Disposable.Empty;
+
+            try
+            {
+                d = source.Subscribe(observer);
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception)
+            {
+                //
+                // The effect of redirecting the exception to the OnError channel is automatic
+                // clean-up of query operator state for a large number of cases. For example,
+                // consider a binary and temporal query operator with the following Subscribe
+                // behavior (implemented using the Producer pattern with a Run method):
+                //
+                //   public IDisposable Run(...)
+                //   {
+                //       var tm = _scheduler.Schedule(_due, Tick);
+                //
+                //       var df = _fst.SubscribeSafe(new FstObserver(this, ...));
+                //       var ds = _snd.SubscribeSafe(new SndObserver(this, ...)); // <-- fails
+                //
+                //       return new CompositeDisposable(tm, df, ds);
+                //   }
+                //
+                // If the second subscription fails, we're not leaving the first subscription
+                // or the scheduled job hanging around. Instead, the OnError propagation to
+                // the SndObserver should take care of a Dispose call to the observer's parent
+                // object. The handshake between Producer and Sink objects will ultimately
+                // cause disposal of the CompositeDisposable that's returned from the method.
+                //
+                observer.OnError(exception);
+            }
+
+            return d;
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Observer.Extensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.Reactive.Concurrency;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Reactive
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides a set of static methods for creating observers.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class Observer
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from a notification callback.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="handler">Action that handles a notification.</param>
+        /// <returns>The observer object that invokes the specified handler using a notification corresponding to each message it receives.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="handler"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> ToObserver<T>(this Action<Notification<T>> handler)
+        {
+            if (handler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("handler");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(
+                x => handler(Notification.CreateOnNext<T>(x)),
+                exception => handler(Notification.CreateOnError<T>(exception)),
+                () => handler(Notification.CreateOnCompleted<T>())
+            );
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a notification callback from an observer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">Observer object.</param>
+        /// <returns>The action that forwards its input notification to the underlying observer.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Naming", "CA1704:IdentifiersShouldBeSpelledCorrectly", MessageId = "Notifier", Justification = "Backward compat.")]
+        public static Action<Notification<T>> ToNotifier<T>(this IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return n => n.Accept(observer);
+        }      
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>The observer object implemented using the given actions.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> Create<T>(Action<T> onNext)
+        {
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext and OnError actions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Observer's OnError action implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>The observer object implemented using the given actions.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onError"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> Create<T>(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError)
+        {
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, onError);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext and OnCompleted actions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Observer's OnCompleted action implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>The observer object implemented using the given actions.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onCompleted"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> Create<T>(Action<T> onNext, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, onCompleted);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext, OnError, and OnCompleted actions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Observer's OnError action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Observer's OnCompleted action implementation.</param>
+        /// <returns>The observer object implemented using the given actions.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onError"/> or <paramref name="onCompleted"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> Create<T>(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(onNext, onError, onCompleted);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Hides the identity of an observer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">An observer whose identity to hide.</param>
+        /// <returns>An observer that hides the identity of the specified observer.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> AsObserver<T>(this IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(observer.OnNext, observer.OnError, observer.OnCompleted);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks access to the observer for grammar violations. This includes checking for multiple OnError or OnCompleted calls, as well as reentrancy in any of the observer methods.
+        /// If a violation is detected, an InvalidOperationException is thrown from the offending observer method call.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer whose callback invocations should be checked for grammar violations.</param>
+        /// <returns>An observer that checks callbacks invocations against the observer grammar and, if the checks pass, forwards those to the specified observer.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> Checked<T>(this IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return new CheckedObserver<T>(observer);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Synchronizes access to the observer such that its callback methods cannot be called concurrently from multiple threads. This overload is useful when coordinating access to an observer.
+        /// Notice reentrant observer callbacks on the same thread are still possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer whose callbacks should be synchronized.</param>
+        /// <returns>An observer that delivers callbacks to the specified observer in a synchronized manner.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Because a <see cref="System.Threading.Monitor">Monitor</see> is used to perform the synchronization, there's no protection against reentrancy from the same thread.
+        /// Hence, overlapped observer callbacks are still possible, which is invalid behavior according to the observer grammar. In order to protect against this behavior as
+        /// well, use the <see cref="Synchronize{T}(IObserver{T}, bool)"/> overload, passing true for the second parameter.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static IObserver<T> Synchronize<T>(IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return new SynchronizedObserver<T>(observer, new object());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Synchronizes access to the observer such that its callback methods cannot be called concurrently. This overload is useful when coordinating access to an observer.
+        /// The <paramref name="preventReentrancy"/> parameter configures the type of lock used for synchronization.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer whose callbacks should be synchronized.</param>
+        /// <param name="preventReentrancy">If set to true, reentrant observer callbacks will be queued up and get delivered to the observer in a sequential manner.</param>
+        /// <returns>An observer that delivers callbacks to the specified observer in a synchronized manner.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// When the <paramref name="preventReentrancy"/> parameter is set to false, behavior is identical to the <see cref="Synchronize{T}(IObserver{T})"/> overload which uses
+        /// a <see cref="System.Threading.Monitor">Monitor</see> for synchronization. When the <paramref name="preventReentrancy"/> parameter is set to true, an <see cref="AsyncLock"/>
+        /// is used to queue up callbacks to the specified observer if a reentrant call is made.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static IObserver<T> Synchronize<T>(IObserver<T> observer, bool preventReentrancy)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            if (preventReentrancy)
+                return new AsyncLockObserver<T>(observer, new AsyncLock());
+            else
+                return new SynchronizedObserver<T>(observer, new object());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Synchronizes access to the observer such that its callback methods cannot be called concurrently by multiple threads, using the specified gate object for use by a <see cref="System.Threading.Monitor">Monitor</see>-based lock.
+        /// This overload is useful when coordinating multiple observers that access shared state by synchronizing on a common gate object.
+        /// Notice reentrant observer callbacks on the same thread are still possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer whose callbacks should be synchronized.</param>
+        /// <param name="gate">Gate object to synchronize each observer call on.</param>
+        /// <returns>An observer that delivers callbacks to the specified observer in a synchronized manner.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> or <paramref name="gate"/> is null.</exception>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Because a <see cref="System.Threading.Monitor">Monitor</see> is used to perform the synchronization, there's no protection against reentrancy from the same thread.
+        /// Hence, overlapped observer callbacks are still possible, which is invalid behavior according to the observer grammar. In order to protect against this behavior as
+        /// well, use the <see cref="Synchronize{T}(IObserver{T}, AsyncLock)"/> overload.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static IObserver<T> Synchronize<T>(IObserver<T> observer, object gate)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+            if (gate == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("gate");
+
+            return new SynchronizedObserver<T>(observer, gate);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Synchronizes access to the observer such that its callback methods cannot be called concurrently, using the specified asynchronous lock to protect against concurrent and reentrant access.
+        /// This overload is useful when coordinating multiple observers that access shared state by synchronizing on a common asynchronous lock.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer whose callbacks should be synchronized.</param>
+        /// <param name="asyncLock">Gate object to synchronize each observer call on.</param>
+        /// <returns>An observer that delivers callbacks to the specified observer in a synchronized manner.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> or <paramref name="asyncLock"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> Synchronize<T>(IObserver<T> observer, AsyncLock asyncLock)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+            if (asyncLock == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("asyncLock");
+
+            return new AsyncLockObserver<T>(observer, asyncLock);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Schedules the invocation of observer methods on the given scheduler.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer to schedule messages for.</param>
+        /// <param name="scheduler">Scheduler to schedule observer messages on.</param>
+        /// <returns>Observer whose messages are scheduled on the given scheduler.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> or <paramref name="scheduler"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> NotifyOn<T>(this IObserver<T> observer, IScheduler scheduler)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+            if (scheduler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("scheduler");
+
+            return new ObserveOnObserver<T>(scheduler, observer, null);
+        }
+
+#if !NO_SYNCCTX
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Schedules the invocation of observer methods on the given synchonization context.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer to schedule messages for.</param>
+        /// <param name="context">Synchonization context to schedule observer messages on.</param>
+        /// <returns>Observer whose messages are scheduled on the given synchonization context.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> or <paramref name="context"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> NotifyOn<T>(this IObserver<T> observer, SynchronizationContext context)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+            if (context == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("context");
+
+            return new ObserveOnObserver<T>(new SynchronizationContextScheduler(context), observer, null);
+        }
+#endif
+
+#if HAS_PROGRESS
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an observer to a progress object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the progress objects received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer to convert.</param>
+        /// <returns>Progress object whose Report messages correspond to the observer's OnNext messages.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IProgress<T> ToProgress<T>(this IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+
+            return new AnonymousProgress<T>(observer.OnNext);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts an observer to a progress object, using the specified scheduler to invoke the progress reporting method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the progress objects received by the source observer.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="observer">The observer to convert.</param>
+        /// <param name="scheduler">Scheduler to report progress on.</param>
+        /// <returns>Progress object whose Report messages correspond to the observer's OnNext messages.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="observer"/> or <paramref name="scheduler"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IProgress<T> ToProgress<T>(this IObserver<T> observer, IScheduler scheduler)
+        {
+            if (observer == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("observer");
+            if (scheduler == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("scheduler");
+
+            return new AnonymousProgress<T>(new ObserveOnObserver<T>(scheduler, observer, null).OnNext);
+        }
+
+        class AnonymousProgress<T> : IProgress<T>
+        {
+            private readonly Action<T> _progress;
+
+            public AnonymousProgress(Action<T> progress)
+            {
+                _progress = progress;
+            }
+
+            public void Report(T value)
+            {
+                _progress(value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts a progress object to an observer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the progress objects received by the progress reporter.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="progress">The progress object to convert.</param>
+        /// <returns>Observer whose OnNext messages correspond to the progress object's Report messages.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="progress"/> is null.</exception>
+        public static IObserver<T> ToObserver<T>(this IProgress<T> progress)
+        {
+            if (progress == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("progress");
+
+            return new AnonymousObserver<T>(progress.Report);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Resources;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security;
+
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("System.Reactive.Core")]
+// Notice: same description as in the .nuspec files; see Source/Rx/Setup/NuGet
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("Reactive Extensions Core Library containing base classes and scheduler infrastructure.")]
+#if DEBUG
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Debug")]
+#else
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("Retail")]
+#endif
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("Microsoft Corporation")]
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Reactive Extensions")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("\x00a9 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.")]
+[assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
+
+#if !PLIB
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+#endif
+
+[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]
+
+#if HAS_APTCA && NO_CODECOVERAGE
+[assembly: AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers]
+#endif
+
+#if XBOX_LAKEVIEW
+[assembly: SecurityTransparent]
+#endif
+
+//
+// Note: Assembly (file) version numbers get inserted by the build system on the fly. Inspect the Team Build workflows
+//       and the custom activity in Build/Source/Activities/AppendVersionInfo.cs for more information.
+//

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Reactive/AnonymousObservable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+
+namespace System.Reactive
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Class to create an IObservable&lt;T&gt; instance from a delegate-based implementation of the Subscribe method.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+    public sealed class AnonymousObservable<T> : ObservableBase<T>
+    {
+        private readonly Func<IObserver<T>, IDisposable> _subscribe;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observable sequence object from the specified subscription function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="subscribe">Subscribe method implementation.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="subscribe"/> is null.</exception>
+        public AnonymousObservable(Func<IObserver<T>, IDisposable> subscribe)
+        {
+            if (subscribe == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("subscribe");
+
+            _subscribe = subscribe;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calls the subscription function that was supplied to the constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="observer">Observer to send notifications to.</param>
+        /// <returns>Disposable object representing an observer's subscription to the observable sequence.</returns>
+        protected override IDisposable SubscribeCore(IObserver<T> observer)
+        {
+            return _subscribe(observer) ?? Disposable.Empty;
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Reactive/AnonymousObserver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+namespace System.Reactive
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Class to create an IObserver&lt;T&gt; instance from delegate-based implementations of the On* methods.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements in the sequence.</typeparam>
+    public sealed class AnonymousObserver<T> : ObserverBase<T>
+    {
+        private readonly Action<T> _onNext;
+        private readonly Action<Exception> _onError;
+        private readonly Action _onCompleted;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext, OnError, and OnCompleted actions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Observer's OnError action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Observer's OnCompleted action implementation.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onError"/> or <paramref name="onCompleted"/> is null.</exception>
+        public AnonymousObserver(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted)
+        {
+            if (onNext == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onNext");
+            if (onError == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onError");
+            if (onCompleted == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("onCompleted");
+
+            _onNext = onNext;
+            _onError = onError;
+            _onCompleted = onCompleted;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> is null.</exception>
+        public AnonymousObserver(Action<T> onNext)
+            : this(onNext, Stubs.Throw, Stubs.Nop)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext and OnError actions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onError">Observer's OnError action implementation.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onError"/> is null.</exception>
+        public AnonymousObserver(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError)
+            : this(onNext, onError, Stubs.Nop)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an observer from the specified OnNext and OnCompleted actions.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="onNext">Observer's OnNext action implementation.</param>
+        /// <param name="onCompleted">Observer's OnCompleted action implementation.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="onNext"/> or <paramref name="onCompleted"/> is null.</exception>
+        public AnonymousObserver(Action<T> onNext, Action onCompleted)
+            : this(onNext, Stubs.Throw, onCompleted)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calls the onNext action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">Next element in the sequence.</param>
+        protected override void OnNextCore(T value)
+        {
+            _onNext(value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calls the onError action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="error">The error that has occurred.</param>
+        protected override void OnErrorCore(Exception error)
+        {
+            _onError(error);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calls the onCompleted action.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected override void OnCompletedCore()
+        {
+            _onCompleted();
+        }
+
+        internal IObserver<T> MakeSafe(IDisposable disposable)
+        {
+            return new AnonymousSafeObserver<T>(_onNext, _onError, _onCompleted, disposable);
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Reactive/AnonymousSafeObserver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Reactive
+{
+    //
+    // See AutoDetachObserver.cs for more information on the safeguarding requirement and
+    // its implementation aspects.
+    //
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This class fuses logic from ObserverBase, AnonymousObserver, and SafeObserver into one class. When an observer
+    /// needs to be safeguarded, an instance of this type can be created by SafeObserver.Create when it detects its
+    /// input is an AnonymousObserver, which is commonly used by end users when using the Subscribe extension methods
+    /// that accept delegates for the On* handlers. By doing the fusion, we make the call stack depth shorter which
+    /// helps debugging and some performance.
+    /// </summary>
+    class AnonymousSafeObserver<T> : IObserver<T>
+    {
+        private readonly Action<T> _onNext;
+        private readonly Action<Exception> _onError;
+        private readonly Action _onCompleted;
+        private readonly IDisposable _disposable;
+
+        private int isStopped;
+
+        public AnonymousSafeObserver(Action<T> onNext, Action<Exception> onError, Action onCompleted, IDisposable disposable)
+        {
+            _onNext = onNext;
+            _onError = onError;
+            _onCompleted = onCompleted;
+            _disposable = disposable;
+        }
+
+        public void OnNext(T value)
+        {
+            if (isStopped == 0)
+            {
+                var __noError = false;
+                try
+                {
+                    _onNext(value);
+                    __noError = true;
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    if (!__noError)
+                        _disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void OnError(Exception error)
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref isStopped, 1) == 0)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    _onError(error);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    _disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void OnCompleted()
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref isStopped, 1) == 0)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    _onCompleted();
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    _disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Reactive/Concurrency/AsyncLock.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace System.Reactive.Concurrency
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Asynchronous lock.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class AsyncLock : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly Queue<Action> queue = new Queue<Action>();
+        private bool isAcquired = false;
+        private bool hasFaulted = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Queues the action for execution. If the caller acquires the lock and becomes the owner,
+        /// the queue is processed. If the lock is already owned, the action is queued and will get
+        /// processed by the owner.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="action">Action to queue for execution.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="action"/> is null.</exception>
+        public void Wait(Action action)
+        {
+            if (action == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("action");
+
+            var isOwner = false;
+            lock (queue)
+            {
+                if (!hasFaulted)
+                {
+                    queue.Enqueue(action);
+                    isOwner = !isAcquired;
+                    isAcquired = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isOwner)
+            {
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    var work = default(Action);
+                    lock (queue)
+                    {
+                        if (queue.Count > 0)
+                            work = queue.Dequeue();
+                        else
+                        {
+                            isAcquired = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        work();
+                    }
+                    catch
+                    {
+                        lock (queue)
+                        {
+                            queue.Clear();
+                            hasFaulted = true;
+                        }
+                        throw;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears the work items in the queue and drops further work being queued.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            lock (queue)
+            {
+                queue.Clear();
+                hasFaulted = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Reactive/Concurrency/CatchScheduler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+
+#if !NO_WEAKTABLE
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+#endif
+
+namespace System.Reactive.Concurrency
+{
+    class CatchScheduler<TException> : SchedulerWrapper
+        where TException : Exception
+    {
+        private readonly Func<TException, bool> _handler;
+
+        public CatchScheduler(IScheduler scheduler, Func<TException, bool> handler)
+            : base(scheduler)
+        {
+            _handler = handler;
+        }
+
+        protected override Func<IScheduler, TState, IDisposable> Wrap<TState>(Func<IScheduler, TState, IDisposable> action)
+        {
+            return (self, state) =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    return action(GetRecursiveWrapper(self), state);
+                }
+                catch (TException exception)
+                {
+                    if (!_handler(exception))
+                        throw;
+
+                    return Disposable.Empty;
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+#if !NO_WEAKTABLE
+        public CatchScheduler(IScheduler scheduler, Func<TException, bool> handler, ConditionalWeakTable<IScheduler, IScheduler> cache)
+            : base(scheduler, cache)
+        {
+            _handler = handler;
+        }
+
+        protected override SchedulerWrapper Clone(IScheduler scheduler, ConditionalWeakTable<IScheduler, IScheduler> cache)
+        {
+            return new CatchScheduler<TException>(scheduler, _handler, cache);
+        }
+#else
+        protected override SchedulerWrapper Clone(IScheduler scheduler)
+        {
+            return new CatchScheduler<TException>(scheduler, _handler);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        protected override bool TryGetService(IServiceProvider provider, Type serviceType, out object service)
+        {
+            service = provider.GetService(serviceType);
+
+            if (service != null)
+            {
+                if (serviceType == typeof(ISchedulerLongRunning))
+                    service = new CatchSchedulerLongRunning((ISchedulerLongRunning)service, _handler);
+                else if (serviceType == typeof(ISchedulerPeriodic))
+                    service = new CatchSchedulerPeriodic((ISchedulerPeriodic)service, _handler);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        class CatchSchedulerLongRunning : ISchedulerLongRunning
+        {
+            private readonly ISchedulerLongRunning _scheduler;
+            private readonly Func<TException, bool> _handler;
+
+            public CatchSchedulerLongRunning(ISchedulerLongRunning scheduler, Func<TException, bool> handler)
+            {
+                _scheduler = scheduler;
+                _handler = handler;
+            }
+
+            public IDisposable ScheduleLongRunning<TState>(TState state, Action<TState, ICancelable> action)
+            {
+                return _scheduler.ScheduleLongRunning(state, (state_, cancel) =>
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        action(state_, cancel);
+                    }
+                    catch (TException exception)
+                    {
+                        if (!_handler(exception))
+                            throw;
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        class CatchSchedulerPeriodic : ISchedulerPeriodic
+        {
+            private readonly ISchedulerPeriodic _scheduler;
+            private readonly Func<TException, bool> _handler;
+
+            public CatchSchedulerPeriodic(ISchedulerPeriodic scheduler, Func<TException, bool> handler)
+            {
+                _scheduler = scheduler;
+                _handler = handler;
+            }
+
+            public IDisposable SchedulePeriodic<TState>(TState state, TimeSpan period, Func<TState, TState> action)
+            {
+                var failed = false;
+
+                var d = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+
+                d.Disposable = _scheduler.SchedulePeriodic(state, period, state_ =>
+                {
+                    //
+                    // Cancellation may not be granted immediately; prevent from running user
+                    // code in that case. Periodic schedulers are assumed to introduce some
+                    // degree of concurrency, so we should return from the SchedulePeriodic
+                    // call eventually, allowing the d.Dispose() call in the catch block to
+                    // take effect.
+                    //
+                    if (failed)
+                        return default(TState);
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        return action(state_);
+                    }
+                    catch (TException exception)
+                    {
+                        failed = true;
+
+                        if (!_handler(exception))
+                            throw;
+
+                        d.Dispose();
+                        return default(TState);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                return d;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

Rx.NET/System.Reactive.Core/Reactive/Concurrency/ConcurrencyAbstractionLayer.Default.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+#if !NO_THREAD
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace System.Reactive.Concurrency
+{
+    //
+    // WARNING: This code is kept *identically* in two places. One copy is kept in System.Reactive.Core for non-PLIB platforms.
+    //          Another copy is kept in System.Reactive.PlatformServices to enlighten the default lowest common denominator
+    //          behavior of Rx for PLIB when used on a more capable platform.
+    //
+    internal class DefaultConcurrencyAbstractionLayer/*Impl*/ : IConcurrencyAbstractionLayer
+    {
+        public IDisposable StartTimer(Action<object> action, object state, TimeSpan dueTime)
+        {
+            return new Timer(action, state, Normalize(dueTime));
+        }
+
+        public IDisposable StartPeriodicTimer(Action action, TimeSpan period)
+        {
+            //
+            // MSDN documentation states the following:
+            //
+            //    "If period is zero (0) or negative one (-1) milliseconds and dueTime is positive, callback is invoked once;
+            //     the periodic behavior of the timer is disabled, but can be re-enabled using the Change method."
+            //
+            if (period <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("period");
+
+            return new PeriodicTimer(action, period);
+        }
+
+        public IDisposable QueueUserWorkItem(Action<object> action, object state)
+        {
+            System.Threading.ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => action(_), state);
+            return Disposable.Empty;
+        }
+
+#if USE_SLEEP_MS
+        public void Sleep(TimeSpan timeout)
+        {
+            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep((int)Normalize(timeout).TotalMilliseconds);
+        }
+#else
+        public void Sleep(TimeSpan timeout)
+        {
+            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(Normalize(timeout));
+        }
+#endif
+
+        public IStopwatch StartStopwatch()
+        {
+            return new DefaultStopwatch();
+        }
+
+        public bool SupportsLongRunning
+        {
+            get { return true; }
+        }
+
+        public void StartThread(Action<object> action, object state)
+        {
+            new Thread(() =>
+            {
+                action(state);
+            }).Start();
+        }
+
+        private static TimeSpan Normalize(TimeSpan dueTime)
+        {
+            if (dueTime < TimeSpan.Zero)
+                return TimeSpan.Zero;
+
+            return dueTime;
+        }
+
+        class Timer : IDisposable
+        {
+            //
+            // Note: the dictionary exists to "root" the timers so that they are not garbage collected and finalized while they are running.
+            //
+#if !NO_HASHSET
+            private static readonly HashSet<System.Threading.Timer> s_timers = new HashSet<System.Threading.Timer>();
+#else
+            private static readonly Dictionary<System.Threading.Timer, object> s_timers = new Dictionary<System.Threading.Timer, object>();
+#endif
+
+            private Action<object> _action;
+            private System.Threading.Timer _timer;
+
+            private bool _hasAdded;
+            private bool _hasRemoved;
+
+            public Timer(Action<object> action, object state, TimeSpan dueTime)
+            {
+                _action = action;
+                _timer = new System.Threading.Timer(Tick, state, dueTime, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(System.Threading.Timeout.Infinite));
+
+                lock (s_timers)
+                {
+                    if (!_hasRemoved)
+                    {
+#if !NO_HASHSET
+                        s_timers.Add(_timer);
+#else
+                        s_timers.Add(_timer, null);
+#endif
+
+                        _hasAdded = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void Tick(object state)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    _action(state);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                _action = Stubs<object>.Ignore;
+
+                var timer = default(System.Threading.Timer);
+
+                lock (s_timers)
+                {
+                    if (!_hasRemoved)
+                    {
+                        timer = _timer;
+                        _timer = null;
+
+                        if (_hasAdded && timer != null)
+                            s_timers.Remove(timer);
+
+                        _hasRemoved = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (timer != null)
+                    timer.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        class PeriodicTimer : IDisposable
+        {
+            //
+            // Note: the dictionary exists to "root" the timers so that they are not garbage collected and finalized while they are running.
+            //
+#if !NO_HASHSET
+            private static readonly HashSet<System.Threading.Timer> s_timers = new HashSet<System.Threading.Timer>();
+#else
+            private static readonly Dictionary<System.Threading.Timer, object> s_timers = new Dictionary<System.Threading.Timer, object>();
+#endif
+
+            private Action _action;
+            private System.Threading.Timer _timer;
+
+            public PeriodicTimer(Action action, TimeSpan period)
+            {
+                _action = action;
+                _timer = new System.Threading.Timer(Tick, null, period, period);
+
+                lock (s_timers)
+                {
+#if !NO_HASHSET
+                    s_timers.Add(_timer);
+#else
+                    s_timers.Add(_timer, null);
+#endif
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void Tick(object state)
+            {
+                _action();
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                var timer = default(System.Threading.Timer);
+
+                lock (s_timers)
+                {
+                    timer = _timer;
+                    _timer = null;
+
+                    if (timer != null)
+                        s_timers.Remove(timer);
+                }
+
+                if (timer != null)
+                {
+                    timer.Dispose();
+                    _action = Stubs.Nop;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+#else
+using System;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace System.Reactive.Concurrency
+{
+    internal class DefaultConcurrencyAbstractionLayer : IConcurrencyAbstractionLayer
+    {
+        public IDisposable StartTimer(Action<object> action, object state, TimeSpan dueTime)
+        {
+            var cancel = new CancellationDisposable();
+            Task.Delay(dueTime, cancel.Token).ContinueWith(
+                _ => action(state),
+                TaskContinuationOptions.ExecuteSynchronously | TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnRanToCompletion
+            );
+            return cancel;
+        }
+
+        public IDisposable StartPeriodicTimer(Action action, TimeSpan period)
+        {
+            var cancel = new CancellationDisposable();
+
+            var moveNext = default(Action);
+            moveNext = () =>
+            {
+                Task.Delay(period, cancel.Token).ContinueWith(
+                    _ =>
+                    {
+                        moveNext();
+                        action();
+                    },
+                    TaskContinuationOptions.ExecuteSynchronously | TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnRanToCompletion
+                );
+            };
+
+            moveNext();
+
+            return cancel;
+        }
+
+        public IDisposable QueueUserWorkItem(Action<object> action, object state)
+        {
+            var cancel = new CancellationDisposable();
+            Task.Factory.StartNew(action, state, cancel.Token);
+            return cancel;
+        }
+        
+        public void Sleep(TimeSpan timeout)
+        {
+            Task.Delay(timeout).Wait();
+        }
+
+        public IStopwatch StartStopwatch()
+        {
+            return new DefaultStopwatch();
+        }
+
+        public bool SupportsLongRunning
+        {
+            get { return true; }
+        }
+
+        public void StartThread(Action<object> action, object state)
+        {
+            Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+            {
+                action(state);
+            }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif